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Hurricane Iwa

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Hurricane Iwa
Hurricane Iwa brushing the northern Hawaiian Islands at peak intensity on November 24
Meteorological history
FormedNovember 19, 1982
DissipatedNovember 25, 1982
Category 1 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds90 mph (150 km/h)
Lowest pressure968 mbar (hPa); 28.59 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities1 direct, 3 indirect
Damage$312 million (1982 USD)
Areas affectedHawaii
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Iwa, taken from the Hawaiian language name for the frigatebird (ʻiwa, lit. "Thief"), was at the time the costliest hurricane to affect the state of Hawaiʻi. Iwa was the twenty-third tropical storm and the twelfth and final hurricane of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season. It developed from an active trough of low pressure near the equator on November 19. The storm moved erratically northward until becoming a hurricane on November 23 when it began accelerating to the northeast in response to strong upper-level flow from the north. Iwa passed within 25 miles of the island of Kauaʻi with peak winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) on November 23 (November 24 Coordinated Universal Time), and the next day it became extratropical to the northeast of the state.

The hurricane devastated the islands of Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, and Oʻahu with wind gusts exceeding 100 mph (160 km/h) and rough seas exceeding 30 feet (9.1 m) in height. The first significant hurricane to hit the Hawaiian Islands since statehood in 1959, Iwa severely damaged or destroyed 2,345 buildings, including 1,927 houses, leaving 500 people homeless. Damage throughout the state totaled $312 million (1982 USD$, 985 million 2024 USD). One person (Seaman Joseph Cantu of the U.S. Navy aboard the destroyer ship U.S.S. Goldsborough) was killed from the high seas, and three deaths were indirectly related to the hurricane's aftermath.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A very active trough of low pressure persisted along the equator in the middle of November, with westerly surface winds and windspread convection located along the trough from 140° W to 140° E. An organized circulation developed near Palmyra Atoll on November 18, and steadily developed as it drifted westward.[1] Though very late in the season, warm temperatures to the south of the Hawaiian Islands due to the strongest El Niño in many years allowed the disturbance to develop into Tropical Storm Iwa on November 19 while located about 970 miles (1,560 km) southwest of the southernmost point in Hawaii. The storm tracked slowly northward after forming and initially remained a weak tropical storm. After turning to the northeast, Iwa began slowly intensifying, and on November 23 after turning to the north-northwest Iwa strengthened into a hurricane while located 580 miles (930 km) southwest of the southern tip of Hawaii.[1][2]

Shortly after becoming a hurricane, Iwa turned and accelerated to the northeast in response to strong upper level flow to its north. The hurricane possessed sufficient moisture, instability, and upper divergence for continued intensification, and Iwa reached peak winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) late on November 23 while located 245 miles (394 km) southwest of Waimea on the island of Kauaʻi. Its forward speed increased to 30 to 40 mph, and Iwa passed just north of the island of Kauai on November 23 (November 24 in UTC). The right semicircle of the storm extended across Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, with gusts from 100 to 120 mph (160 to 190 km/h). After passing Hawaii, the convection of Iwa rapidly deteriorated as it gradually lost tropical characteristics. Late on November 24, the hurricane degenerated into a tropical storm, and on November 25 Iwa became an extratropical cyclone while located about 600 miles (970 km) northeast of Hawaii.[2]

Impact

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Hawaii
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1473 58.00 Lane 2018 Kahūnā Falls, Hawaii [3]
2 1321 52.00 Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station [4]
3 985 38.76 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch 36 [5]
4 700 28.82 Hone 2024 Hakalau [6]
5 635 25.00 Maggie 1970 Various stations [7]
6 519 20.42 Nina 1957 Wainiha [8]
7 516 20.33 Iwa 1982 Intake Wainiha 1086 [9]
8 476 18.75 Fabio 1988 Papaikou Mauka 140.1 [9]
9 387 15.25 Iselle 2014 Kulani NWR [10]
10 381 15.00 One-C 1994 Waiākea-Uka, Piihonua [11]

Hurricane Iwa produced estimated gusts reaching 120 mph (190 km/h) across Kauaʻi and Oʻahu. The acceleration of the hurricane concentrated the energy of its swells, resulting in high waves and storm surge across the Hawaiian Islands, though primarily near the path of the center. It is estimated the storm surge reached eight feet (two meters) on the south coast of Kauaʻi.[2] There, the surge reached 900 feet (270 m) inland, exceeding a 100-year flood event for the area.[12] The heaviest rainfall reported from the island chain was from the Intake Wainiha 1086 site, where 20.33 inches (516 mm) was measured.[9] Possible tornadoes were reported in association with a rain squall in Oʻahu.[2] Waves on the coast of Oʻahu reached 16.4 feet in height (3 m),[13] and waves on southern Kauaʻi surpassed 30 feet (9.1 m) in height.[14]

Hurricane Iwa passing just north of Kauaʻi on November 24

During the worst of the storm, 5,800 people were evacuated from shoreline areas of Kauaʻi to temporary shelters. Strong waves sank or grounded several small vessels on the southwestern coast of Kauaʻi,[2] with 44 of the 45 boats at Port Allen being sunk.[14] The worst of the damage from the hurricane occurred in Poipu, where the rough surf destroyed or severely damaged several exposed luxury hotels and condominiums. Elsewhere on the island, damage was greatest in areas where there was no protective barrier reef offshore. Several small aircraft were damaged at Lihue airport from the winds, including many overturned small planes.[2] The winds destroyed several buildings across the island, including one of Kauaʻi's oldest churches and a warehouse. Additionally, the winds destroyed the roof of a bank.[15] Strong winds initially left the entire island of Kauaʻi without power.[16] Highway 56 on the east side of the island was obstructed by fallen telephone poles, forcing residents to drive on the unpaved, red dirt cane roads usually reserved for hauling sugar cane from the fields. Rising waters washed out multiple roads near the coastline. The strong winds destroyed nearly all papaya and banyan trees on the island.[17] The hurricane destroyed or greatly damaged 1,907 homes on the island and caused minor damage to 2,983 others, leaving one-eighth of the island's homes unlivable.[18]

Rough seas killed a person on a Navy Destroyer the USS Goldsborough DDG-20 in Pearl Harbor when the seaman hit a stanchion,[1] with four others injured on the ship. One of the four injured was swept overboard two miles (three kilometers) from the harbor. Before the arrival of the hurricane, around 1,000 evacuated the low-lying coastline to shelters.[15] Rough waves destroyed four and damaged two deep-water communication cables between Oʻahu and Kauaʻi.[13] In Oʻahu, damage from wind and surf was heaviest on the southwest coast between Nānākuli and Mākaha. The storm surge washed sand into streets in Waikīkī and flooded cars in areas of basement parking. Wind damage was greatest in areas where winds blew from southerly directions off of mountains. The winds damaged several small aircraft and a Douglas DC-3 plane in Honolulu. Gusty winds shattered glass windows in the Honolulu International Airport, injuring several passengers.[2] Some flights in and out of the Honolulu airport were delayed, while other domestic airports were temporarily closed.[15] The passage of the hurricane damaged at least 6,391 homes, 21 hotels, and two condominium buildings on the island.[19] Additionally, 418 buildings, including 30 businesses, were destroyed on Oʻahu.[18]

Surf damage was reported throughout the Hawaiian islands.[2] 120 people were treated for injuries,[15] though most were minor.[2] An estimated 500 people throughout Hawaii were left homeless due to the hurricane.[15] Damage on the private island of Niʻihau was severe. An aerial survey indicated 20 homes were destroyed and 160 were damaged, indicating that the hurricane affected nearly all of the island's 226 residents. Reportedly no one was injured on Niʻihau.[18] At the time, Hurricane Iwa was the costliest storm to hit the state of Hawaiʻi,[12] with damage totaling $312 million (1982 USD$, 985 million 2024 USD).[20]

The last female Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho braccatus) was lost in the storm. Her mate was recorded singing in solitary until he went silent and presumably died in 1987, marking the extinction of their species.[21]

Aftermath

Three days after Hurricane Iwa passed the state, Governor George Ariyoshi declared the islands of Kauai and Niʻihau as disaster areas and began filing papers for a federal disaster declaration.[22] On November 28, five days after the hurricane struck, President Ronald Reagan declared the islands of Kauaʻi, Niʻihau, and Oʻahu as a disaster area. The declaration allocated federal funds to aid the affected citizens.[19] The state Department of Education decided to close all schools on Kauaʻi indefinitely.[18]

The thousands of residents without power celebrated Thanksgiving by cooking turkeys on outdoor grills or smokers. Army and Air Force planes delivered 20,000 Thanksgiving rations to the thousands left in temporary shelters. The United States military also airlifted generators to Kauaʻi due to several days of power outages.[22] By three weeks after the hurricane, utility crews restored power to nearly all major areas in Oʻahu, while 5,000 remained without power in Kauaʻi.[18] By around a month after the hurricane passed the island, utilities were restored to most of the entire island. All roads and highways were cleared, as well.[17] One 25th Infantry Division soldier at Schofield Barracks died while cleaning up after the hurricane.[1] Two people died in a traffic accident due to malfunctioning traffic lights.[23] Following the storm, significant redevelopment occurred in Poipu, where the hurricane flooded areas several hundred feet inland. Hurricane Iniki struck the same area ten years later. Officials estimate a hurricane similar to Iwa striking Oʻahu in 1992 could cause up to $7.5 billion in damage (USD).[24]

Retirement

The Central Pacific Hurricane Center retired the name Iwa subsequent to the storm and replaced it with Io. However, in 2007, the CPHC revised the four rotating lists of tropical cyclone names and replaced the name Io with Iona before it could be used.[25] Iwa was the first retired hurricane in the Central Pacific since the modern system of using Hawaiian naming began in the early 1980s, and it remains one of only four to be retired as of 2015.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "The 1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 1982. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hurricane Iwa". Mariners Weather Log. 1983. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
  3. ^ David Roth (2019). "Hurricane Lane - August 22-27, 2018". Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  4. ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
  5. ^ Roth, David M.; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. "Remains of Paul". Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima (GIF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  6. ^ "Hurricane Hone Preliminary Wind and Rain Summary". National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, HI. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  7. ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1970 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  8. ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Roth, David M. (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ "Iselle Brought Heavy Rainfall and Flooding to Hawaii". National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 10, 2014. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  11. ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-41). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  12. ^ a b United States Geological Survey (2005). "Summary of Significant Floods, 1982". Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  13. ^ a b A. T. Dengler; P. Wilde; E. K. Noda; W. R. Normark (1997). "Turbidity Currents Generated by Hurricane IWA". Geo-Marine Letters. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  14. ^ a b Anthony Sommer (2002). "Lessons Learned from Iniki leave officials better prepared for any future disasters". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 22, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  15. ^ a b c d e United Press International (November 25, 1982). "One Dead in Hawaii Storm; Damage to 3 Islands Severe". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  16. ^ United Press International (November 24, 1982). "Hurricane Iwa Hits Hawaiian Island of Kauai". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  17. ^ a b United Press International (December 19, 1982). "Kauai Recovering from Punishment Sustained from Hurricane in November".
  18. ^ a b c d e United Press International (November 30, 1982). "Power Still Out in Parts of Kauai". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  19. ^ a b United Press International (November 28, 1982). "Hawaii Hurricane Path Declared Disaster Area". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  20. ^ Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (April 2007). "THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho braccatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704323A93963628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en.
  22. ^ a b United Press International (November 26, 1982). "Hawaii Storm Cost Near $200 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  23. ^ Michael Tsai (July 2, 2006). "Hurricane Iwa". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  24. ^ Charles Fletcher; Eric Grossman; Bruce Richmond (2000). "Hawaii Hazard Mitigation Forum". Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  25. ^ Padgett, Gary; Boyle, Kevin; Clarke, Simon; Bath, Michael. "MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY NOVEMBER 2007". National Hurricane Center. NHC. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  26. ^ Atlantic Tropical Weather Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Retirement". Ablaze Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2006.

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