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Imamate of Aussa

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Aurelius5150 (talk | contribs) at 07:40, 5 November 2023 (Somali presence in the city of Aussa is know, as discuessed in the Talk section). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Imamate of Aussa
1577–1734
Flag of Aussa
Flag
StatusSovereign State
CapitalAsaita
Common languages
Religion
Islam
Imam 
• ?-1734
Selman (last)
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
1577
• Harar Emirate splits from Imamate
1647
• Disestablished
1734
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Adal Sultanate
Sultanate of Aussa
Emirate of Harar
Today part ofEthiopia Djibouti

The Imamate of Aussa, also spelled Imamate of Awsa, was a medieval Sunni Muslim imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia and north-western Djibouti[1]

History

Origin

Harar which had held the position of the capital for 58 years between 1519 and 1576, was too exposed to the frequent Oromo attacks and as a result, lost its strategic importance. Consequently, the new Imamate decided to relocate its capital to Aussa, which was more defensible and provided a more secure location to govern from. This decision was made in light of the challenging circumstances that the Imamate was facing and the need for a capital that could withstand external threats. As a result, Aussa became the new seat of power and played a critical role in the history and development of the Imamate.[2]After the transfer of the government seat to Aussa by Imam Muhammed Gasa.[3][4], from the month of Jumad al-Akhirah of the year 1576 onwards, the region came under the rule of a representative of the Imam of Aussa. This marked a significant change in the political structure of the region and the beginning of a new era of governance.[5][6][7]

Aussa in the late sixteenth century Arabic text of Harar "Taʾrīkh al-mulūk" was stated to be occupied by the Adalite holding the title Hegano and had already become a breeding ground for those opposing the rulers of Harar based Adal Sultanate.[8] Several historians state the imamate was of Harari origin.[9][10]

Internal Conflict

This polity was marred with internal conflicts between Harla and Arabs.[11] In 1647, the rulers of the Emirate of Harar broke away to form their own polity. The Dardöra (Darood) imams of Harla who had established themselves in Aussa since the 13th century and the new Harla migrants associated with Imam Gasa came into conflict.[12] Within the oasis, the complexity of the situation results from the three groups present.

The Harálla , whether sedentary people who drained and cultivated Aussa in the 14th century, The established called Dardöra (Darood) by the locals, in permanent disunity and the sedentary Awsimára, torn between allegiance and resistance. Around 1628-36, Ahmad Yäwwi, chief of the Harálla, restructured the land system by tracing the boundaries of the fields.[13] This led to tensions between the imams and the sedentary locals, including the Harálla, who became the landowners known as baddá-h abbá. However, the stages that led to the expansion of the Debné and We'ima to the west and south of the oasis, as well as the Mödaytó to the north, remain incompletely known. It is believed that this expansion was favored by the Harálla, who were in search of external support in their struggle against the Arab imams.

With the help of the Modaytó, the Harálla provoked the burning of the residence of the Imam Salmän in Handág, which is believed to be located in Wablé Fánta, at the confluence of the Nangaltá and Afal-Gedé. The imam died in 1750, and Salmän is reputed to be the last imam of Gara. His successor was the ancestor of the Dúrussó fraction, Mahammad "Düs" (around 1750-1760), who became the first Harálla "Sultan" of Awsa and was referred to as "Rais" in Arab chronicles.[14][15] [16][17] According to Heloise Mercier, the inhabitants of Harar who had migrated to Aussa were unable to maintain their customs and dialect contrary to those who lingered in Harar.[18] In the seventeenth century the induction of upland populations of Harla and Doba into Afar identity would lead to the emergence of Aussa Sultanate.[19]

Collapse of the Imamate

The Kabirto of Harla who originate from the Walasma dynasty were overthrown in 1769 by the Mudaito dynasty of Afar, the descendant of Kabirto shaykh Kabir Hamza, preserved their history through manuscripts.[20][21] Enrico Cerulli asserts although Aussa became dominated by Afar people, the ancient Semitic speaking Muslim kingdom survived in the form of the Emirate of Harar post 1700s.[22]

Imams of Aussa

Name Reign Note
1 Imām Maḥamed "Gāsa" Ibrahim 1577 - 1583 A relative of Imām Aḥmed Gurēy, he moved the capital to Awsa and appointed his brother (also named Maḥamed) to be Wazir of Harar. Gasa's chamberlain was Abdullah al-Habashi and his assistant was Kabir Hamid b. Ibrahim al-Jandabali.[23] He was killed in battle with the Warra Daya in 1583. Upon his death his brother who had remained in Harar took the throne in 1583 however he would also move to Aussa shortly after.[24]
2 Imām Maḥamed "Gāsa" Ibrahim II 1584 - 1589 Brother of Imām Maḥamed "Gāsa" Ibrahim, his chamberlain Zulal b. Abdallah al-Hassani briefly seized the throne in 1583 however with the assistance of the governor of Bale Abbas b. Kabir Muhammad, Gasa II would eventually defeat Zulal and became imam of Aussa. Abbas b. Kabir Muhammad would however himself rebel leading to Gasa II receiving considerable support from the Harla people and occupying Zeila ousting Abbas Kabir. The Afar people would raid the state in this period.[25]
3 Imām Ṣabraddīn Ādan 1589 - 1613 Grandson of Imām Maḥamed "Gāsa" Ibrahim
4 Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn 1613 - 1632 Son of Imām Ṣabraddīn Ādan
5 Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq 1632 - 1646 Son of Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn.[26]
6 Imām Aḥmed Abrām 1646 - 1647 Grandson of Imām Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn, Nephew of Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq.
7 Imām ʿUmardīn Ādan 1647 - 1672 A Garad of Issa. The start of Harla Issa dynasty.[27] Son of Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq, his Imamate was destroyed by the Mudaito Afars and Harla.[28]

Wazirs of Harar

Name Reign Note
1 Emir Saʿadaddīn Ibrahim 1585 - 1620 First Wazir of Harar to call themselves "Emir" thus solidifying the autonomy of Harar. He was the brother of Imām Maḥamed "Gāsa" Ibrahim. A few years later after receiving this position, he concurrentely also became the Imam of Aussa
2 Emir Ṣabraddīn Ādan 1620-1625 Succeeds Saʿadaddīn Maḥamed
3 Emir Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn 1625-1646 Succeeds his father Ṣabraddīn Ādan
4 Emir Malāq Ādan Ṣadiq 1646-1646 Succeeded his father Ṣadiq Ṣabraddīn, he ruled for 11 months before being killed.
5 Emir Aḥmed Abrām 1646-1647 Succeeded Malāq Ādan, he was the son of Wazir Abrām, ruling for 10 days after which he died from drinking a potion.
6 Emir Ali bin Da'ud 1647-1647 Succeeds Aḥmed Abrām. Secedes from the Imamate of Aussa to establish the Emirate of Harar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Awsa. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  2. ^ Paulitschke, Carl. Harar: Geschichte der Stadt Harar und des Harergebiets. Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1888.
  3. ^ Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. p. 134. ISBN 9782845864924.
  4. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 214.
  5. ^ Al-Makrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad. Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umara. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1999.
  6. ^ Al-Makrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad. Tarikh al-Mujahidin. Ed. M. J. de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1897.
  7. ^ Paulitschke, Carl. Harar: Geschichte der Stadt Harar und des Harergebiets. Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1888.
  8. ^ Mercier, Héloïse. Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the Taʾrīkh al-mulūk. Annales d'Éthiopie. pp. 46–47.
  9. ^ Harbeson, John (1978). "Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley". African Affairs. 77 (309). Oxford University Press: 486. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097023. JSTOR 721961. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  10. ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local History of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
  11. ^ IslHornAfr – 3rd Field Mission Report Djibouti (PDF). University of Copenhagen. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-29. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  12. ^ Fani, Sara. IslHornAfr – 3rd Field Mission Report Djibouti, 31st January - 8th February 2016 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  13. ^ Histoire De La Conquete De L'Abyssinie, ed. by Basset
  14. ^ Didier Morin, Dictionnaire historique afar 1288-1982 (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2004), p. 66.
  15. ^ Studi Etiopici, I. La Lingua E La Storia Di Harar, Rome 1936
  16. ^ Page, Willie. Encyclopedia of African History and Culture (PDF). Facts on File inc. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-17. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  17. ^ Fani, Sara. IslHornAfr 6thField Mission Report (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  18. ^ MERCIER, HÉLOÏSE (2020). The Awsa Oasis (Eastern Ethiopia): historiographical assessment and new historical milestones. Hypotheses. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  19. ^ Bausi, Alessandro. Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. p. 83. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  20. ^ Alwan, Daoud. Historical Dictionary of Djibouti. Scarecrow Press. p. 19.
  21. ^ IslHornAfr 6 th Field Mission Report (PDF). University of Cophenhagen. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  22. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 387.
  23. ^ Hirsch, Bertrand. In Search of Gendabelo, the Ethiopian "Market of the World"of the 15th and 16th Centuries. Marseille Université.
  24. ^ Mercier, Héloïse. Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the Taʾrīkh al-mulūk. Annales d'Éthiopie. p. 62.
  25. ^ Muhammad Gasa II b. Ibrahim. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  26. ^ Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. p. 134. ISBN 9782845864924.
  27. ^ Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. p. 134. ISBN 9782845864924.
  28. ^ Fani, Sara (2017). HornAfr 6thField Mission Report (PDF). University of Copenhagen. p. 8.
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