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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by SusanLesch (talk | contribs) at 23:58, 24 November 2023 (→‎Dakota homeland, city founded: cut note). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

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  • Vogel, Howard J. (2013). "Rethinking the Effect of the Abrogation of the Dakota Treaties and the Authority for the Removal of the Dakota People from their Homeland". William Mitchell Law Review. 39 (2).

Dakota homeland, city founded

Under pressure from the US government in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land—which they consider to be living (a relative not property)[3]—first to the east and then to the west of the Mississippi.[b] After Minnesota became a territory in 1849[5] cession treaties unleashed formerly prohibited[6] settlement and US manifest destiny.[7] Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the last one.[8] Historians have called Minnesota's leaders "thieves",[9] and their actions "scams",[10] "deceit, coercion, and broken promises".[11] In the space of sixty years, the US had seized all of Dakota land. In the decades following the signings of these treaties, the US government rarely honored their terms.[12]

Black and white photo of one end of an island covered with hundreds of teepees inside a stockade
Dakota non-combatants living in a concentration camp at Fort Snelling during the winter of 1862

At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.[13][14][c] A government interpreter refused to translate when trader Andrew Myrick denied credit and said the Dakota could eat grass.[16] In 1862, a faction[17] of the Dakota who were facing starvation[18] declared war and killed settlers. Serving without any prior military experience, US commander Sibley had raw recruits,[19] among them the only mounted troops were volunteers from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience.[20] The war went on for six weeks in the Minnesota River valley.[21] Some terrified settlers traveled 80 miles (130 km) from the massacre to Minneapolis for safety.[22] After a US kangaroo court,[23] 38 Dakota men died by hanging.[21] The army marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders 150 miles (240 km) to a concentration camp at Fort Snelling.[24] Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp.[25] In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota.[26] With Governor Alexander Ramsey calling for their extermination,[27] most Dakota were interned and exiled from Minnesota.[28]

  1. ^ A French account in 1720 told of the Dakota belief that their people had emerged from the Earth on the prairie between the mouth of the Minnesota river and Saint Anthony Falls.[1] Tom Weber wrote of Bdóte, "It's a sacred place that is nothing less than the beginning of everything."[2] Stephen Return Riggs said, "The Mdewakantonwan think that the mouth of the Minnesota River is precisely over the center of the earth and that they occupy the gate that opens into the western world."[1]
  2. ^ In the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota, the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi in in exchange for fifty years of annuities of the interest on $3 million and a 10-mile (16 km) wide reservation on the Minnesota River. The Dakota spoke no English, and their interpreters worked for the US. Negotiator Wakute said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed. Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty. Negotiators Luke Lea and Alexander Ramsey had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and rushed the transaction. The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—that onlookers assumed was a third copy of the treaty—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders. Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, Henry Sibley, and their friends.[4]
  3. ^ Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.[15]

Dakota natives, city founded

  • The first sentence is material that is not contained in the next citation, and how do we know they were the "sole" occupants?
Good catch. Corrected.
  • The next two sentences are also uncited.
Corrected. Somehow I skipped over the fur trade. Now that's clear.
  • In 1805 Zebulon Pike negotiated with the Dakota for 100,000 acres of land where present-day Minneapolis resides in the first Treaty of St. Peters with the agreement a military fort could be built.
    present-day Minnesota does not reside in the first Treaty of St. Peters -->
    Zebulon Pike negotiated with the Dakota in the 1805 first Treaty of St. Peters for a 100,000 acres of land, with the agreement a military fort could be built there; present-day Minneapolis resides on that land.
Thank you, replaced. Added questionable and a footnote.
Yes, convert added (to 9 square miles).
  • In 1819, the US Army built Fort Snelling at the southern edge of present-day Minneapolis ... here, we are repeating present-day Minneapolis only one sentence later; the whole thing needs better integration from the start.
    Zebulon Pike negotiated with the Dakota in the 1805 first Treaty of St. Peters for a 100,000 acres of land, with the agreement a military fort could be built there; in 1819, the US Army built Fort Snelling on that land at the southern edge of present-day Minneapolis, to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders, and to deter warring between the Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota.
    The mention of the Ojibwe here is part of why I question the "sole" in the first sentence. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 13:23, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
    Revising. Well done, SandyGeorgia.
  • The US government pressed the Dakota to sell their land ... More of their land? Different land than the Fort Snelling land ? How much more land? Where in relation to Minneapolis and Snelling ... As it reads now, it implies they never sold the Fort Snelling land-- is that the case? I'm confused.
The Mississippi divides the region. First they sold the east side, then the west. Your point is clarified now.
  • were negotiated by corrupt officials ... corrupt officials of/from (what?)
Added "Minnesota". Added Alexander Ramsey at two points.
  • their terms were rarely honored --> rarely honored by whom?
Added "US government". Some discussion of Congress's ratification added.
  • During the American Civil War, officials plundered annuities promised ... what officials (Minnesota, local, US government, a certain bureau)??
To name names, Mr. Ramsey is an easy target. I'll see if others can be included.
  • The Dakota were interned and exiled from Minnesota --> this is Minnesota-wide and the Dakota War centers on Southern Minnesota ... can we add a clause to somehow relate this to Minneapolis. How can we relate the whole Dakota War/expulsion which was more related to southwestern Minnesota back to Minnapolis Dakotans?
Difficult assignment but this proved to be possible! Greatly improved.
  • the toll bridge cost pedestrians three cents .. should have an inflation equivalent for today. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 13:38, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Thank you, added.

Lumber, waterpower, and flour milling

  • Water power from St. Anthony's Falls led to the growth of the lumber and flour milling industies in Minneapolis and Minnesota; why isn't the section heading more logical, as in, Water power, lumber and flower milling? I can't decipher why the two industries would straddle the driver. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 13:41, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Section renamed.
  • Towns built in western Minnesota with Minneapolis lumber shipped their wheat back to the city for milling.[43] -->
    Towns built in western Minnesota with lumber from Minneapolis sawmills shipped their wheat back to the city for milling.[43]
Done.
  • Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from the falls. --> ??? -->
    Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.
Done.
  • Minneapolis riverfront describes the use of water power in ... well into the section, we find the first link to water power (which differs from the section heading, that uses the word as one); can the link be worked in earlier, and the heading should be water power as in the body.
Corrected placement.
  • 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis where the Grain Belt Brewery stopped it. --> How does a brewery (building) stop a fire (ie, did people stop the fire, what about the brewery stopped the fire?)
Copyedited to include the wind.
  • valuable ($0.50 profit per barrel in 1871, increased to $4.50 in 1874), --> give at least one inflation equivalent in today's dollars.
Done.
  • Mention of Washburn-Crosby with no definition of who or what that is. One discovers a link, Washburn Crosby Company, that redirects to General Mills. Define Washburn-Crosby as whatever it is -- a precursor to General Mills? A company later acquired by General Mills? We have Washburn in the article, but no Crosby, and no idea what Washburn-Crosby is.
Mentioned John Crosby and explained Washburn-Crosby became General Mills.
  • Decades of soil exhaustion, stem rust, and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry. ... Is that from Lass 238? Or is it a combo summary of multiple sources?
It's all from the same page in Lass. Added one citation.
  • Northern States Power bought the united mill companies in 1923, ... similar to the Washburn-Crosy situation, what are the "united mill companies"? Undefined at this point ... SandyGeorgia (Talk) 14:12, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Sorry, I took the corner too fast. Copyedited and added a sentence.

Critical industry

  • Having read this section, I cannot decipher what the critical industry is or why this section has this as a heading. It looks like it may want to be something like "Other industries develop". SandyGeorgia (Talk) 14:13, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Good idea. Renamed.
  • Minneapolis Star humorist Don Morrison wrote that the city doubled, tripled, then quadrupled its population every decade, and in 1922, the city's assessed property value was $266 million, "nearly 10 times the price paid for the entire midcontinent in the Louisiana Purchase."[81] After the milling era waned, a "modern, major city"[81] surfaced in 1900, attracted skilled workers,[82] and learned from the university's Institute of Technology.[83]
    The humor aspect is lost on me; what am I missing?
If I explain it Mr. Morrison's jokes won't exist.
"Why is this funny?" from Chat GPT 3.5
The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.

The humor in this statement comes from the exaggeration and absurdity of the claims made by Don Morrison, the Minneapolis Star humorist. Let's break it down:

1) Exaggerated Population Growth: Morrison claims that Minneapolis doubled, tripled, and then quadrupled its population every decade. This is a gross exaggeration because such rapid population growth is highly unlikely and unrealistic. It's a humorous way of portraying the city's growth as incredibly fast and almost unbelievable.

2) Outlandish Comparison: The statement compares the city's assessed property value in 1922 to the price paid for the entire midcontinent in the Louisiana Purchase, suggesting that Minneapolis was worth nearly ten times what the United States paid for a vast territory in the early 19th century. This comparison is obviously absurd and humorous, as it exaggerates the value of the city to an extreme degree.

In essence, the humor in this statement arises from the use of hyperbole and absurd comparisons to paint a comically exaggerated picture of Minneapolis' growth and value. It's a form of satire and a playful way of highlighting the city's success and development.

I will remove it if you wish but IMO the article will suffer.
  • How does a city (vs. people) "learn" from an Institute? What did it/they learn?
    If "modern, major city" can't be re-phrased, the quote should be attributed ... is this what is meant ... After the milling era waned, the 1900 beginnings of a modern city attracted skilled workers who learned at the university's Institute of Technology ?????
† "modern, major city" are Morrison's words in the same paragraph. And they're cited so I hope all right. By 1900 (the year, incidentally, that John Stevens died) Minneapolis had become a modern, major city. In a scant 50 years, its population had increased tenfold to more than 200,000, doubling, tripling and quadrupling every decade; its assessed property valuation in 1922 had mounted to $26,000,000--nearly ten times the price paid for the entire midcontinent in the Louisiana Purchase.[29]
† "learned" might have to change. Stipanovich is cited with loc, but maybe not well enough: Thus while Minneapolis began to lose jobs in the mills, it began to acquire other jobs in management, financial administration, advertising, market research, product research and design, and other mid-level management and administrative positions. The effect was to upgrade the workforce... and The university's role became more and more important as the 20th century rolled along.... He says on the next page, The University of Minnesota in Minneapolis also played a major role as its specialists contributed invaluable services to a variety of activities, including the Manhattan nuclear project, medicinal advances, military nutrition, and the development of new technology for weapons systems. (Then he describes the individual researchers/professors.) I think Stipanovich's intent was to say that large entities learned from the U, not only skilled workers.
Reworded that sentence to say the city depended on the university's expertise.
  • In 1888, a businessman found that itchy wool underwear could be covered in silk. His Minneapolis textile factory lasted a century known as Munsingwear, today as Perry Ellis,[85] and in 1923, was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.[86]
    Was that businessman George D. Munsing ?
    the century was not known as Munsingwear.
    is this what is meant ???
    In 1888, businessman George D. Munsing found that itchy wool underwear could be covered in silk. His Minneapolis textile business—known then as Munsingwear, today as Perry Ellis—lasted a century[85] and in 1923, was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.
Yes, thank you. Munsing's name now in the article.
  • ] In 1922, an inventor founded Onan Corporation near downtown Minneapolis[87] that built and sold generators.[88] Prior to a Cummins buyout in 1986,[88] Onan brought electricity to midwestern markets before power lines covered the country, and supplied about half the generator sets the US military used during World War II ... same as above ...
    Is this businessman Cummins Onan ??
    downtown Minneapolis did not build and sell generators
    Is this what is meant ?
    In 1922, inventor Cummins Onan founded Onan Corporation (bought by Cummins in 1986), that built and sold generators in Minneapolis. Onan brought electricity to midwestern markets before power lines covered the country, and supplied about half the generator sets the US military used during World War II. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 14:32, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Thank you, that's better. (Cummins Onan is a brand name, not the inventor.)
  • Minneapolis-Honeywell built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience controlling indoor temperature earned them contracts controlling military servomechanisms like the secret Norden bombsight and the C-1 autopilot.
    controlling ... controlling ... vary wording.
Good point. I chose "regulate".
Over my pay grade but Britannica says, "automatic device used to correct the performance of a mechanism by means of an error-sensing feedback".

Almost done (except one †). -SusanLesch (talk) 19:17, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Social tension

Main articles: List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest

In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.[30] Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902 according to historian Iric Nathanson.[31] Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.[32] The Ku Klux Klan was a force in the city from 1921[33] until 1923.[34] The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.[35] After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized people at Faribault State Hospital.[36]

group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above
Battle between striking teamsters and police, 1934. The May (pictured) and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.[37]

The city was relatively unsegregated before 1910,[38] with a Black population of less than one percent,[39] when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed.[40] Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;[41] this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.[42] Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968,[43] restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s, and in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them.[44]

During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the Citizens' Alliance, an association of employers, refused to negotiate with teamsters. The truck drivers union executed strikes in May and July–August.[45] Charles Rumford Walker explains in his book American City that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".[46] The union victory ultimately led to 1935 and 1938 federal laws protecting workers' rights.[47]

From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis—Carey McWilliams called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the US.[48] A hate group called the Silver Legion of America held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.[49] In the 1940s, mayor Hubert Humphrey worked to rescue the city's reputation,[50] and helped the city establish the country's first fair employment practices and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.[51] However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.[38] In 1966 and 1967—years of significant turmoil across the US—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.[52] A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment. Prince, who was bused to fourth grade in 1967, said in retrospect, "he believed that Minnesota at that time was no more enlightened than segregationist Alabama had been".[53]

Between 1958 and 1963—in the largest urban renewal plan undertaken in America as of 2022[54]—Minneapolis demolished "skid row". Gone were 35 acres (10 ha) with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the Gateway District and its significant architecture, such as the Metropolitan Building.[55] Efforts to save the building failed but encouraged interest in historic preservation.[55]

In 1968, relocated Native Americans founded the American Indian Movement[56] in Minneapolis,[57] and its A.I.M. Survival School, later called Heart of the Earth,[58] taught native traditions to children until closing in 2008.[59] In a backlash of the "dominant" White voters, Charles Stenvig, a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for a decade until 1977.[60][61] After their marriage license was denied in 1970, a same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court in Baker v. Nelson.[62] They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,[62] forty years before Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage in 2013, and Obergefell v. Hodges did so nationwide in 2015.[63]

Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after 9/11, when its hawalas or banks were closed.[64]

On May 25, 2020, 17-year-old Darnella Frazier recorded the murder of George Floyd;[65] her video contradicted the police department's initial statement.[66] Floyd, an African-American man, suffocated when Derek Chauvin, a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. While Floyd was neither the first nor the last Black man killed by Minneapolis police,[67][68] his murder sparked international rebellions and mass protests.[69] Reporting on the local insurgency, The New York Times said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"[70]—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.[71] The Twin Cities experienced ongoing unrest over racial injustice from 2020 to 2022.[72]

Social tensions

  • Should the section heading be singular? WP:MSH references article titles, and WP:SINGULAR says not to plural.
Right, thank you.
  • Historian Iric Nathanson writes that over the course of the 20th century, "Minnesota's major city was able to shed a stultifying social order that inhibited change and entrenched privilege."[104] In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption,[105] followed by attempts to overcome them.
Omitted the quote.
  • Corruption by whom:
    The first two sentences contradict each other, making the final clause then appear as original research. Is this the way to fix that (that is, is this what the passage means to say)?
    According to (someone), in many ways, the 20th century in Minneapolis was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption [by whom].[105] Historian Iric Nathanson writes that the city "was able to shed a stultifying social order that inhibited change and entrenched privilege" during the 20th century.[104] SandyGeorgia (Talk) 16:00, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Instead I omitted the last clause of second sentence.
  • How do jump from Ames to the KKK in the same para; there's no transition, what's the connection? How does the rest of that paragraph relate to the topic sentence about a Maternity Hospital? Is the paragraph about crime or health?
Agree the para is an aggregation of thoughts. With the better topic sentence it should fly. See what you think now.
  • Is the four decades of corruption in the first paragraph the same as the four decades mentioned in the third paragraph? If so, the flow needs better merging.
Better without the quote from Nathanson, and without the maternity hospital.
  • The paragraph beginning with "With a Black population ... " gets a bit mangled wrt history. In 1948, the US Supreme Court held that racially restricted covenants were not enforceable. Although the chilling effects may have lingered, it is unclear what the last sentence (in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them) means, since they were unenforceable anyway. What exactly changed in 2021 relative to the 1948 Supreme Court decision? SandyGeorgia (Talk) 16:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
Paragraph copyedited.
Record keepers for real estate titles are pack rats. Every word is carried forward, and every change must be agreed to by all living parties. (Once a lawyer served me papers for a house I owned in Saint Paul just to change one sentence.) In 2021, the city gave homeowners a means to formally disavow covenants that I imagine the pack rats still had in writing. I've never seen a resulting deed but trust that Mapping Prejudice has the wording solved.

Structural racism

I made these changes. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 16:43, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Neighborhoods

  • Something is off with the puncutation here: I don't know how to fix it since I can't tell what the sentence wants to say (is there a missing dash after neighborhoods?) :
    Reflected in the program's policy goals in 1990—that citizens know best the priorities of their own neighborhoods, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated.[177]
  • What expired in 2011? A UN Habitat adaptation or the actual program? but it expired in 2011 ... the "but" doesn't work ... they UN Habitat changed their mind that it was a good program because it had expired ??? I suspect this is what the sentences want to say, but unsure:
    Funded for 20 years with $400 million tax increment financing (TIF), the program caught the eye of UN-Habitat who considered it an example of best practices. The program expired in 2011 and was replaced (when ?) by The Neighborhoods 2020 program; the Neighborhood and Community Relations department took its place (when?) and was funded by city revenue. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 16:53, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
  • In his budget proposal for 2024, the mayor ... this is the first mention of a mayor; he should be named here.

Demographics

  • In 1910, there were approximately 2,500 Black residents, and by 1930, Minneapolis had some of the most literate Black residents in the nation.[235][236] ... WP:EXCEPTIONAL claims require multiple high quality sources. This claim has two pages from the same source, a local survey. And it's not a high-quality source: it's the Minnesota Historical Society. Without better sourcing, this claim should go-- we can't compare Minnesota to the entire nation with a local survey. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:14, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
  • As of 2019, over 20,000 Somalis reside in Minneapolis.[243] ... I am surprised there is not a newer than 2019 number on this. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:17, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Religion

  • St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887; it opened a missionary school and created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the US.[261] --> this kind of claim cannot be cited to self, needs an independent source. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:29, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Economy

  • I don't think we need this sentence, not unique to Minnesota: Among the district's responsibilities are to supervise and examine member banks, examine financial institutions, lend to depository institutions, distribute currency and coin, clear checks, operate Fedwire, and serve as a bank for the US Treasury.[276]
  • The entire para on a Minnesota survey beginning with "The state department of Employment and Economic Development measured the metro area's quality of life compared to 44 metro areas in the US." is hard to understand (high-low vs good-bad), and it is primary sourced. I don't think a MN survey or MN relative to the rest of the country-- which no secondary sourcing-- should be in the article at all. To compare to the rest of the country it should have an independent source and a secondary source. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:40, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Visual arts

  • Cited to self, and the Walker has its own article; this is not needed here. In 2023, the Walker said that together with the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden across the street, it received more than 700,000 visitors each year.[288]
  • Ditto; has its own article, and cited to self: Perhaps reflecting the ambitions of the founders, competition winner McKim, Mead & White designed a complex seven times the size of what opened in 1915.[291]

Sports

  • Can't cite this sort of claim to self: In the 2010s, the Lynx were the most-successful sports team in the city
Source replaced with The Athletic.

Parks and recreation

  • In the bestselling and often-parodied 19th-century epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall.[407] --> First, I find no other source that makes this claim. Second, this kind of claim should have a better source than a small regional museum. Third, I'm not convinced the source supports the text; the source says they share a name. I suggest removing this. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 18:05, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
  • Has its own article, not needed here (and things like this only create an ongoing need for maintenance): Between 5,000 and 10,000 people per year visited the falls before 1889. Visitors increased to about that many per day after Minnehaha became a park.[408] In 2017, the park received over two million visitors.[409]

When it was established in 1889, Minnehaha Park was Minnesota's first state park, and the nation's second state park.[73] The park contains the 53-foot (16 m) waterfall Minnehaha Falls.[74] In the bestselling and often-parodied 19th-century epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall.[75] Between 5,000 and 10,000 people per year visited the falls before 1889. Visitors increased to about that many per day after Minnehaha became a park.[76] In 2017, the park received over two million visitors.[77]

Government

  • City Council has its own article; these (minor level) appointments will change often and don't need to be in this article: Seven political newcomers joined the council in 2022 ... Andrea Jenkins was unanimously elected as the president of the city council in 2022.[419]
Agreed, omitted.
  • Excess detail that will require constant updating and is not needed here: The organization had responded to more than three thousand 911 calls as of September 2022 and was proposed to continue through the 2023–2024 budget year.[429]
Extra detail omitted. (All we can say today is that city department is changing leaders, and the city council still needs to make a decision on Canopy.)

Health care

  • This seems to be excess detail, self-cited, and requiring ongoing maintenance, but we don't seem to have an article to move this to, so ... I guess it stays? In 2022, the Hennepin Healthcare safety net[531] counted 626,000 in-person and 50,586 virtual clinic visits, and 87,731 emergency room visits.[533]
I removed it because of the future maintenance needs you point out. We have an article about the hospital.

Done! Susanlesch I know this looks daunting, but work now saves work later. Once the article passes FAR, it's likely to be re-run at WP:TFA. Best regards, SandyGeorgia (Talk) 19:01, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

  1. ^ a b Westerman & Bruce 2012, p. 3.
  2. ^ Weber 2022, p. 7.
  3. ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 133.
  4. ^ Anderson 2019, pp. 32–33. Anderson examined the Dousman Papers to formulate estimates of the funds that were diverted to White officials.
  5. ^ "Minnesota Treaties". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  6. ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 89, 176.
  7. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 104.
  8. ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 187, 193.
  9. ^ Anderson 2019, p. x, "...research led to the discovery that the founding fathers of Minnesota were in fact thieves who took hundreds of thousands of dollars from the Dakota people, money that Indian leaders knew was being stolen".
  10. ^ Anderson 2019, p. 73.
  11. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 203, "Ramsey's great project to open Minnesota had ended in a sorry spectacle of deceit, coercion, and promises broken almost before they were recorded".
  12. ^ "Treaties". Minnesota Historical Society. July 31, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2021. treaties... almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government
  13. ^ Blegen 1975, p. 265–266.
  14. ^ Risjord 2005, p. 91–92.
  15. ^ Folwell 1921, pp. 237–238.
  16. ^ Folwell 1921, p. 233.
  17. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 307, The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000.
  18. ^ Anderson 2019, p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve".
  19. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 309.
  20. ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 309, 314.
  21. ^ a b "US-Dakota War of 1862". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  22. ^ Leonard 1915, search for "refugees".
  23. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 313, "what could only be termed a kangaroo court...".
  24. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 319.
  25. ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 320.
  26. ^ Vogel 2013, p. 540. sfn error: multiple targets (4×): CITEREFVogel2013 (help)
  27. ^ Anderson 2019, p. 188.
  28. ^ "Forced Marches & Imprisonment". Minnesota Historical Society. August 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  29. ^ Liebling & Morrison 1966, p. 29.
  30. ^ Weber 2022, p. 71.
  31. ^ Nathanson 2010, pp. 41–47.
  32. ^ Nathanson, Iric (December 2, 2013). "Goodwin's 'The Bully Pulpit' spotlights the Shame of Minneapolis". MinnPost. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  33. ^ Hatle & Vaillancourt 2009–2010, p. 362.
  34. ^ Chalmers 1987, p. 149.
  35. ^ Nathanson 2010, p. 58.
  36. ^ Ladd-Taylor 2005, p. 242, "Eitel, the founder of the private Eitel Hospital and a vice-president of Dight's eugenics society, performed the first 150 surgeries; his nephew George D. Eitel took over the work after the old man died in 1928".
  37. ^ "The Teamsters Strike of 1934". St Louis Park Historical Society. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  38. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ab was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Kaul, Greta (February 22, 2019). "With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible". MinnPost. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  40. ^ Walker et al. 2023, p. 6, "The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910...".
  41. ^ Delegard & Ehrman-Solberg 2017, pp. 73–74, "...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city.".
  42. ^ Walker et al. 2023, p. 5, "...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated".
  43. ^ Delegard & Ehrman-Solberg 2017, p. 75.
  44. ^ Navratil, Liz (March 3, 2021). "Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  45. ^ Nathanson, Iric (July 22, 2008). "Remembering the truckers strike of 1934". MinnPost. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  46. ^ Walker 1937, pp. 98–99.
  47. ^ "The Minneapolis Strike". International Brotherhood of Teamsters. February 4, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
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  49. ^ Weber 1991, p. 172.
  50. ^ Caro 2002, pp. 440, 454.
  51. ^ Reichard 1998, p. 62.
  52. ^ Nathanson 2010, Chapter 4: Plymouth Avenue Is Burning.
  53. ^ Riemenschneider, Chris (September 5, 2019). "Prince co-author details 'extremely unlikely' story behind new memoir in New Yorker article". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
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  55. ^ a b Hart, Joseph (May 6, 1998). "Room at the Bottom". City Pages. Vol. 19, no. 909. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
  56. ^ Weber 2022, p. 141, "Explaining the name, Clyde Bellecourt remembered Alberta Downwind saying at AIM's founding: Indian is the word that they used to oppress us. Indian is the word we'll use to gain our freedom".
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  58. ^ Davis 2013, p. 6.
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  65. ^ Ceron, Ella (April 27, 2022). "Damning Report After Floyd Murder Finds Rampant Police Discrimination in Minneapolis". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
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