Citrobacter
| Citrobacter | |
|---|---|
| |
| Citrobacter freundii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Citrobacter Werkman and Gillen, 1932 |
| Species | |
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped[2] coliform bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Citrobacter spp. cause opportunistic infections (including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia).[2]
Microbiology
Microbial biochemistry
The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (C. koseri is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (C. koseri is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate.[3]
Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.[4]
Environmental microbiology
These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine.[5][6]
Clinical significance
Citrobacter spp. are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the GI tract, urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis.[clarification needed][5][6]
Antimicrobial resistance
Citrobacter freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins. In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c Parte, A.C. "Citrobacter". LPSN. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ a b "Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ Benjamin A. Lipsky; Edward W. Hook III; Arlene A. Smith & James J. Plorde (1980). "Citrobacter Infections in Humans: Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a Review of the Literature". Clin Infect Dis. 2 (5): 746–760. doi:10.1093/clinids/2.5.746. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 6763304.
- ^ L. E. Macaskie; R. M. Empson; A. K. Cheetham; C. P. Grey; A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4". Science. 257 (5071): 782–784. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..782M. doi:10.1126/science.1496397. PMID 1496397.
- ^ a b V. Drelichman; J. D. Band (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine. 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
- ^ a b Badger, J.D.; M.F. Stins; K.S. Kim (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4208–15. PMC 96726. PMID 10417193.