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Crass
For information about the anarchist writer see Chris Crass

Crass were an influential English anarchist punk rock band.

Overview

File:Logocrass.gif
The Crass logo as designed by Dave King

Crass were formed in 1977 [1] [2], based around Dial House, an 'open house community' near Epping, Essex, in England.

Whereas the Sex Pistols' anarchism seemed to be a self-consciously nihilistic prank, Crass's stance was more directly linked to the libertarian socialist or communalistic varieties of 20th century political thought.

Taking literally the punk manifesto of "Do It Yourself", Crass combined the use of song, film, sound collage, graphics and subversion to launch a sustained and innovative critical broadside against all that they saw as a culture built on foundations of war, violence, sexism, religious hypocrisy and unthinking consumerism. They were also critical of what they perceived as the flaws of the punk movement itself, as well as wider youth culture in general. Crass were amongst the progenitors of the anarcho-pacifism that became common in the punk music scene (see also anarcho-punk).

Origins of the band

The band came together when Dial House founder and former member of avant-garde performance art groups EXIT and Ceres Confusion Penny Rimbaud (real name Jerry Ratter) began jamming with Clash fan Steve Ignorant (real name Steve Williams), who was staying at the house at the time. Between them they put together the songs "So What?" and "Do They Owe Us A Living?" as a drums and vocals duo [3]. For a (very) short period of time they called themselves Stormtrooper, before choosing the name Crass, a reference to the David Bowie song "Ziggy Stardust" (specifically the line "The kids was just crass"[4]). Other members of the household including Joy De Vivre, Pete Wright, Andy Palmer, Steve Herman and Eve Libertine (originally "the Bands' first fan"[5])began to join in, and it was not long before Crass performed their first live gig as part of a squatted street festival at Huntley Street, North London. Here they had intended to play a set of five songs; however, the "plug was pulled" on them by 'a neighbour' after three [6]. Guitarist Steve Herman shortly afterwards left the band to be replaced by Phil Clancey, who adopted the nom de plume Phil Free [7]. Other early Crass gigs included a four date tour of New York [8] as well as regularly playing alongside the UK Subs at the White Lion pub in Putney. These latter performances were often not well-attended; "The audience consisted mostly of us when the Subs played and the Subs when we played." [9]

Crass also played at the legendary Roxy punk club in London's Covent Garden area. By the band's own account this was a drunken debacle, ending in the group being ejected from the stage, and immortalised by their song "Banned from the Roxy" [10] and Rimbaud's essay Crass at the Roxy [11].

Eve Libertine performing with Crass at the Wapping Anarchist Centre, London, December 1981

Following this incident the band decided to take themselves more seriously, particularly paying more attention to their presentation. As well as avoiding drugs such as alcohol or cannabis before gigs, they also adopted a policy of wearing black, military surplus-style clothing at all times, whether on or off stage. They also introduced their distinctive stage backdrop, a logo designed by Rimbaud's friend Dave King (later of Sleeping Dogs Lie), as pictured below on the sleeve of The Feeding Of The 5000. This gave the band a militaristic image, which led some to accuse them of fascism. Crass countered that their uniform appearance was intended to be a statement against the "cult of personality", so that, in contrast to the norm for many rock bands, no member would be identified as the 'leader'[12] (however, Steve Ignorant later claimed that the real reason that Crass wore all black was that it was actually more practical in terms of doing the Dial House communal laundry) [13].

The aforementioned logo represented an amalgamation of several "icons of authority" including the Christian Cross, the swastika and the Union Flag combined with a two headed snake consuming itself (to symbolise the idea that power will eventually destroy itself) [14] [15]. Using such deliberately mixed messages was also part of Crass' strategy of presenting themselves as a "barrage of contradictions", which also included using loud, aggressive music to promote a pacifist message, and was in part a reference to their own Dadaist and performance art backgrounds.

The band also eschewed any elaborate stage lighting during live sets, instead preferring to be illuminated by a simple 40 watt household light bulb (the technical difficulties of filming under such lighting conditions in part explains why there is such little live video footage of Crass in existence[16]). The band also pioneered multimedia presentation techniques, fully utilising video technology and using back-projected films and video collages made by Mick Duffield and Gee Vaucher to enhance their performances.

File:Crassbanner1.jpg
Sleeve art for Crass' The Feeding Of The 5000 12" record, illustrating the band's logo

Crass Records

(See main article Crass Records)

Crass' first release was The Feeding Of The 5000, an 18 track 12" 45 rpm EP on the Small Wonder label in 1978. Workers at the pressing plant initially refused to handle it due to the allegedly blasphemous content of the song "Reality Asylum". The record was eventually released with this track removed and replaced by two minutes of silence, ironically titled "The Sound Of Free Speech". This incident also prompted Crass to set up their own record label, Crass Records, in order to retain full editorial control over their material, and "Reality Asylum" was shortly afterwards issued in a re-recorded and extended form as a 7" single. A later pressing of the album on Crass Records restored the missing track.

As well as their own material, Crass Records released recordings by other performers, the first of which was the 1980 single "You Can Be You" by Honey Bane, a teenage girl who was staying at Dial House whilst on the run from a children's home. Other artists included Zounds, Flux Of Pink Indians, Omega Tribe, Rudimentary Peni, Conflict, Icelandic band KUKL (who included singer Björk), classical singer Jane Gregory, Anthrax, Lack of Knowledge and the Poison Girls, a like-minded band who worked closely with Crass for several years.

They also put out three editions of Bullshit Detector, compilations of demos and rough recordings which had been sent to the band, and which they felt represented the DIY punk ethic.

The catalogue numbers of Crass Records releases were intended to represent a countdown to the year 1984 (eg, 521984 meaning "five years until 1984"), both the year that Crass stated that they would split up, and a date charged with significance in the anti-authoritarian calendar due to George Orwell's novel of the same name (see 1984 (novel)).

Penis Envy, Christ the Album and a change of strategy

Crass at the Digbeth Civic Hall, Birmingham, 1981

Crass released their third album Penis Envy in 1981. This marked a departure from the 'hardcore punk' image that Feeding of the 5000 and its follow up Stations of the Crass had to some extent given the group. It featured more complex musical arrangements and exclusively female vocals provided by Eve Libertine and Joy De Vivre (although Steve Ignorant remained a group member and is credited on the record sleeve as not on this recording).

The album addressed feminist issues and once again attacked the institutions of 'the system' such as marriage and sexual repression. One track, a deliberately saccharine parody of a 'MOR' love song entitled "Our Wedding", was given away as a flexi disc with a teenage girl's romance magazine having been offered it by an organisation calling itself "Creative Recording And Sound Services" (note the initials). A minor tabloid controversy resulted once the hoax was revealed, with the News of the World going so far as to state that the album's title was "too obscene to print" [17].

The band's fourth LP, 1982's double set Christ The Album, took over a year to record, produce and mix, during which time the Falklands War had broken out and ended. This caused Crass to fundamentally question their approach to making records. As a group whose primary purpose was political commentary, they felt they had been overtaken and made to appear redundant by real world events. Subsequent releases, including the singles "How does it Feel to Be the Mother of A Thousand Dead" and "Sheep Farming in the Falklands", and the album Yes Sir, I Will, saw the band strip their sound back to basics and were issued as "tactical responses" to political situations [18]. They also anonymously produced 20,000 copies of a flexi-disc featuring a live recording of "Sheep Farming...", copies of which were randomly inserted into the sleeves of other records by sympathetic workers at the Rough Trade records distribution warehouse as a means of spreading their views to those who might not normally hear them [19].

Direct Action, 'Thatchergate' and internal debates

Detail from front cover artwork from Stations of the Crass, illustrating an example of the stenciled graffiti used by the band

From their earliest days of spraying stencilled anti-war, anarchist, feminist and anti-consumerist graffiti messages around the London Underground system and on advertising billboards [1], [2], the band had always been involved in political as well as musical activities. In 1983 and 1984 they were part of the Stop the City actions instigated by London Greenpeace [20] that were arguably fore-runners of the anti-globalisation actions of the early 21st century[21]. Explicit support for such activities was given in the lyrics of the band's final single release "You're Already Dead", which also saw Crass abandoning their long time commitment to pacifism. This led to further introspection within the band, with some members feeling that they were beginning to become embittered as well as losing sight of their essentially positive stance[22]. As a reflection of this debate, the next release using the Crass name was Acts of Love, classical music settings of 50 poems by Penny Rimbaud described as "songs to my other self" and intended to celebrate "'the profound sense of unity, peace and love that exists within that other self." [23]

A further post-Falklands war hoax that originated from members of Crass garnered enough attention to elicit fears of KGB activity from the Reagan Administration. Known as 'the Thatchergate tapes', this was a cassette featuring a faked conversation using edited samples of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagans' voices, in which they appeared to allege that Europe would be used as a target for intermediate range nuclear weapons in any conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. Copies were leaked to the press, and although put together totally anonymously, the British Observer newspaper was somehow able to link the tape with the band [24].

Dissolution

Crass all but retired from the public eye after becoming a small thorn in the side of Margaret Thatcher's government following the Falklands War. Questions in Parliament and an attempted prosecution under the UK's Obscene Publications Act for their single "How Does It Feel..." [3] led to a round of court battles and what the band describe as harassment that finally took its toll. On July 7 1984 the band played their final gig at Aberdare in Wales, a benefit for striking miners, before retreating to Dial House to concentrate their energies elsewhere.

Guitarist Andy Palmer had announced that he intended to move on from the band in order to further his art college studies, and the reported group consensus was that replacing him would be "like having a corpse in the band"[citation needed]. This catalysed the affirmation of Crass' consistently stated intention to 'split up in 1984'. Steve Ignorant went on to join the band Conflict, with whom he had already worked on an ad hoc basis, and in 1992 formed Schwartzeneggar(sic). From 1997-2000, he was a member of the group Stratford Mercenaries. He has also worked as a 'Punch and Judy' professor and as a solo performer. Eve Libertine continued to record with her son Nemo Jones as well as performance artist A-Soma. Pete Wright concentrated on building himself a houseboat and formed the performance art group Judas 2, whilst Rimbaud continued to write and perform both solo and with other artists.

Influences

The philosophical and aesthetic influence of Crass on numerous punk bands from the 1980s were far reaching, even if few bands mimicked their later more free-form musical style (as on Yes Sir, I Will and their final recording, 10 Notes on a Summer's Day). The band has stated that their musical antecedents and influences were seldom drawn from the rock music tradition, but rather from classical music (particularly Benjamin Britten, on whose work, Rimbaud states, some of Crass' riffs are directly based [25] ), Dada and the avant-garde such as John Cage as well as performance art traditions.

File:Gee1.jpg
Pencil and watercolour artwork from Christ the Album by Gee Vaucher

Their painted and collage-art black-and-white record sleeves produced by Gee Vaucher themselves became a signature aesthetic model, and can be seen as an influence on later artists such as Banksy (Banksy and Vaucher have latterly collaborated [26]) and the subvertising movement.

2002 onwards: The Crass Collective/Crass Agenda/Last Amendment

In November 2002 several former members of Crass collaborated under the name The Crass Collective to arrange Your Country Needs You, a concert of "voices in opposition to war" held at the Queen Elizabeth Hall on London's South Bank that included a performance of Britten's War Requiem and also included bands like Goldblade. In October 2003, the Crass Collective changed their working title to Crass Agenda, and they continue to perform regularly. During 2004 Crass Agenda were at the forefront of the campaign to save the Vortex Jazz Club in Stoke Newington, North London, which has now relocated to Hackney. In June 2005 Crass Agenda was declared to be 'no more', subsequently changing the name of the project to the 'more appropriate' Last Amendment.

A "new" Crass track (actually a remix of 1982's "Major General Despair", with new lyrics), "The Unelected President", is also available [4].

Members

Discography

(All released on the Crass record label unless otherwise stated.)

  • The Feeding Of The 5000 (12" EP, 1978, originally released by Small Wonder Records) [UK Indie – #6]
  • "Reality Asylum" (7", 1979) [UK Indie – #9]
  • Stations Of The Crass (LP, 1979) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "You Can Be You" (single by Honey Bane, backed by Crass under the name Donna and the Kebabs, 1980) [UK Indie – #3]
  • "Bloody Revolutions" (single, joint released with the Poison Girls, 1980) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "Tribal Rival Rebel Revels" (Flexi disc single given away with Toxic Grafity (sic) fanzine, 1980)
  • The Feeding of the 5000 (Second Sitting) (1980, a reissue of the 1978 Small Wonder release on Crass Records, with the missing track "Asylum" reinstated) [UK Indie – #11]
  • "Nagasaki Nightmare" (single, 1981)) [UK Indie – #1]
  • Penis Envy (LP, 1981) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "Our Wedding" (flexi disc single recorded under the name Creative Recording And Sound Services given away with magazine Loving [5])
  • "Merry Crassmas" (single, 1981, Crass' tongue-in-cheek stab at the Christmas novelty market [UK Indie – #2] [6])
  • Christ The Album (double LP, 1982) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "Sheep Farming In The Falklands" (single 1982, originally distributed anonymously as a flexi-disc) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "How Does It Feel To Be The Mother Of 1000 Dead?" (Single 1983) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "Whodunnit?" (Single, 1983, pressed in "shit coloured vinyl", Crass' response to the re-election of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher) [UK Indie – #2]
  • Yes Sir, I Will (LP, 1983) [UK Indie – #1]
  • "You're Already Dead" (single, 1984)
  • Acts Of Love (LP and book, 1985 (described as "50 songs to my Other Self", this features the poems of Penny Rimbaud set to classical music and sung by Eve Libertine and Steve Ignorant. The book is illustrated by the paintings of Gee Vaucher)
  • "It's You" — track on P.E.A.C.E. international anti-war benefit compilation released by R. Radical Records (1984)
  • "Powerless With A Guitar" — track on Devastate to Liberate benefit compilation for the Animal Liberation Front, TIBETan records, (1986) (the title is a reference to a poem by Günter Grass)
  • "Ten Notes On A Summer's Day" (12" EP, 1986) [UK Indie – #6]
  • Best Before 1984 (retrospective LP compilation, 1986) [UK Indie – #7]
  • Christ: The Bootleg (recorded live in Nottingham, 1984, released 1989 on Allied Records)
  • Christ: The Movie (a series of short films by Mick Duffield that were shown at Crass performances, VHS, released 1990)
  • Semi-Detached (video collages by Gee Vaucher, 1978-1984, VHS, 2001)
  • You'll Ruin It For Everyone (recorded live in Perth, Scotland, 1981, released 1993 on Pomona Records)
  • "The Unelected President" — track on Peace Not War anti-war CD compilation. (This track is actually a remix of 1982's "Major General Despair", with new lyrics and additional instrumentation provided by Dylan Bates), (2003)

Also of note

References and bibliography

  1. ^ Shibboleth - My Revolting Life (Penny Rimbaud, 1999, AK Press), page 69
  2. ^ Sleeve note to Bullshit Detector volume 1: "Sometime in 1977 Rimbaud and Ignorant started messing around with a song called "Owe Us a Living". They ran through it a few times and decided to form a band consisting of themselves. They called themselves Crass".
  3. ^ ...In Which Crass Voluntarily Blow Their Own... http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/ "Steve and Penny had been writing and playing together since early '77, but it wasn't until Summer of that year that we had begged, borrowed and stolen enough equipment to actually call ourselves a band... CRASS"
  4. ^ Shibboleth - My Revolting Life (Penny Rimbaud, 1999, AK Press), page 99
  5. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 84)
  6. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 83)
  7. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 86)
  8. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 93)
  9. ^ ...In Which Crass Voluntarily Blow Their Own... http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/
  10. ^ "Banned from the Roxy", from Feeding the 5000, Small Wonder Records, 1978 http://www.lyricstime.com/lyrics/50021.html
  11. ^ Rimbaud, Penny, "Crass at the Roxy" from International Anthem 1, 1977 http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/anthem1/anthem1_4.html
  12. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 104)
  13. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 104)
  14. ^ Rimbaud, Penny - Shibboleth, My Revolting Life (AK Press, 1999, page 90)
  15. ^ Crass interviewed in 'New Crimes' fanzine, issue 3, winter 1980
  16. ^ They were very difficult to film, because with Super-8 you needed far more light than was available at a Crass gig - all you'd get was shadows and light - that would be about it. So it was a bit pointless filming the gigs. I did try asking for maybe 60 watt bulbs instead of 40 but there was no deal - Mick Duffield, quoted in The Story of Crass by George Berger (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 108)
  17. ^ News of the World, June 7 1981, page 13 http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/09410d.html
  18. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 220)
  19. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 215)
  20. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 247)
  21. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 248)
  22. ^ Shibboleth - My Revolting Life (Penny Rimbaud, 1999, AK Press), page 249
  23. ^ Sleeve notes of Acts of Love, Crass Records, 1985
  24. ^ Berger, George The Story of Crass (Omnibus Press, 2006, page 238)
  25. ^ George McKay, Senseless Acts of Beauty (Verso, 1996, ISBN 1-85984-028-0, page 95
  26. ^ Santa's Ghetto 2004, Charing Cross Road, London, December 2004 http://www.artofthestate.co.uk/banksy/Banksy_Santas_Ghetto_2004.htm
  27. ^ Penny Rimbaud, John Loder obituary, The Guardian, Friday August 19, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1552016,00.html
  • A Series Of Shock Slogans And Mindless Token Tantrums (Exitstencil Press, 1982) (originally issued as a pamphlet with the LP Christ The Album, much of the text is now published online at [8])
  • The Diamond Signature (Penny Rimbaud, 1999, AK Press)
  • Crass Art and other Post Modern Monsters (Gee Vaucher, 1999, AK Press)
  • International Anthem: A Nihilist Newspaper For The Living issues 1-3 (Exitstencil Press, 1977-81) (see [9])
  • Love Songs (collected lyrics of Crass with an introduction by Penny Rimbaud, Pomona Books, 2004) [10]
  • '"The Hippies Now Wear Black": Crass and the anarcho-punk movement, 1977-1984', Richard Cross in Socialist History, 26, 2004 [11]
  • George McKay Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties, chapter three 'CRASS 621984 ANOK4U2'. (1996) London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-028-0.
  • George Berger - The Story of Crass (2006) London: Omnibus Press ISBN 1-84609-402-X [12]
  • Ian Glasper - The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984 (2006) [13]
  • There is No Authority But Yourself - A film by Alexander Oey documenting the history of Crass and Dial House (Submarine E, Netherlands, 2006 [14])

See also

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