Po Rome
| Po Rome | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Champa King of Panduranga | |||||||||
 Po Rome statue at Museum of Vietnamese History - Ho Chi Minh City | |||||||||
| King of Champa | |||||||||
| Reign | 1627–1651 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Po Klaong Mah Nai | ||||||||
| Successor | Po Nraup | ||||||||
| Born | ? Champa | ||||||||
| Died | 1651 Phú Yên | ||||||||
| Spouse | Bia Than Cih Bia Than Can Bia Ut | ||||||||
| Issue | Po Mul | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Po Rome (?–1651), also spelled Po Romê, Po Romé or Po Ramo, full name Nik Mustafa Bin Wan Abul Muzaffar Waliyullah (Jawi: نئ مصطفى بن وان ابول موزففر والييولله),[1] regnal name Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah (Jawi: سلطان عبدالحميد شه),[1] was the king of Panduranga Champa, reigning from 1627 to 1651.
Reign
Po Rome was a Churu chief, originally from present-day Đơn Dương District, Lâm Đồng Province.[2] According to local legends, his born name was Ja Kathaot (Cham: ꨎ ꨆꨔꨯꨱꩅ).[3] Prior to his ascent to the throne, he had stayed in Kelantan for several years.[4] He succeeded the throne in 1627. Upon coming to the throne, he assumed the royal title Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah Bin Syarif Wan Abu Muzaffar Bin Syarif Wan Abdullah Umdatuddin (Jawi: سلطان عبدالحميد شاه بن شريف وان ابو موزففر بن شريف وان عبدالله اومداتو الدين).[1] He subdued both Hindu and Muslim factions, forced peace between Chams communities.[2]
King Po Rome built dams and canals to nurture agriculture in Phan Rang basin.[2] During his reign, Champa traded with Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, the Malay world, and even the Western countries including France and Portugal.[5] Champa also raided the areas occupied by Nguyễn lord. Vietnamese Phú Yên governor Văn Phong (文封, he was a Cham) revolted against Nguyễn lord in 1629, but was put down by general Nguyễn Hữu Vinh (阮有榮).[6] In the same year, Po Rome married Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa (阮福玉誇), daughter of Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.[7]
In 1651, Po Rome died of wounds in Phú Yên during an outbreak of hostilities between Cham locals and Việt immigrants. His elder brother Po Nraup succeeded.[2]
The current Sakawi Cham standard with its origins based on the Saka Raja standard of the Cham calendar was also likely instituted during the reign of Po Rome.[8]
Cham people were sad to hear his death. They built a temple for him, the Po Rome Temple located at Ninh Phước district, Ninh Thuận province.
The legend of Po Rome
Later tradition reformulated the story of Po Rome to provide an explanation to the expansion of the Vietnamese. It asserts that Po Rome's mother was made pregnant without intercourse with a man. She raised the future king in the village Razoh, where the other children insulted him for being a bastard. Unable to bear this, he moved with his mother to Hamou Barau, and then to Boh Matuh in the land of Panduranga, where he tended the king's buffaloes. When he had grown up to be a young man, Po Klaong Mah Nai wished to abdicate his throne. One day, the royal astrologist heard a voice from the kitchen, which was Po Rome chasing away dogs from the premises. He proclaimed: "This is the voice of the future King of Champa". The young man was summoned and the king proclaimed him his successor, giving him his daughter Bia Than Cih in marriage. As he did not have any children with her, he took a Rhade woman, Bia Than Can, as his second wife. She gave birth to the daughter Po Mul whom he later married off to prince Phik Cak (later king under the name Po Saktiraydapaghoh).[9]
Phik Cak had good relations with the Nguyễn lord in the north, and revealed to him the weaker sides of Po Rome's character. The Nguyễn lord then sent his beuatiful daughter Bia Ut to Champa, disguised as a vendor. Po Rome came to hear rumours about her beauty and called for her, Completely enamoured, he made Bia Ut his consort. After three months in the palace, she pretended to fall seriously ill. The king, worried, asked his diviners, who in fact had been instructed by the traitor Phik Cak. They told Po Rome that the only remedy for the illness was to fell the krek (trunk of ironwood) that protected Champa. The king, deaf to the pleas by his astrologers that it would ruin his kingdom, took a hatchet and felled the krek, which gave off a blood-like substance.
Immediately afterwards, the Vietnamese attacked in full force. At first, Po Rome was successful in beating off the invaders and made a great slaughter among them. However, he refused to listen to his astrologers' advice that it was necessary to expel the Vietnamese princess Bia Ut. The protective deities of the kingdom, discontent with Po Rome, eventually abandoned the kingdom, and a last Vietnamese attack was successful. They put Po Rome in an iron cage and brought him towards Hue. However, his daughter Po Mul boded up troops and pursued the Vietnamese army, demanding to get her father back. The Vietnamese killed Po Rome and handed over the corpse which was then duly cremated. Po Rome's Rhade wife threw herself on the funeral pyre. The Vietnamese princess, on the other hand, was killed on the orders of Po Mul and the grandees. Po Mul's husband Phik Cak took over the throne of Champa some years later, as a tributary to the Nguyễn.[10]
Family
King Po Rome had one queen consort and two noble consorts:[11]
- Queen Bia Than Cih (also known as Bia Sucih), daughter of King Po Klaong Mah Nai (also known as Po Mah Taha).
- Noble consort Bia Than Can, born name H Drah Jan Kpă, daughter of a Rhade or Kaho chief.
- Noble consort Bia Ut, born name Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Khoa, daughter of Vietnamese lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên(also known as Chúa Sãi).
References
- ^ a b c "Po Rome vị vua Champa dòng dõi Hồi giáo (Islam)". www.kauthara.org.
- ^ a b c d K. W. Taylor (2013). A History of Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
- ^ Putra Podam. "Một số tên gọi vị vua Po Rome". www.kauthara.org.
- ^ Manager, Site (2004-03-11). "Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Archived from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam: Cố gắng tồn tại trong khó khăn". Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- ^ 大南寔錄前編 • Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên ( q.01-02), page 74
- ^ "Nguyễn Phước tộc". Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- ^ Tran Ky Phuong, Bruce Lockhart (2011-01-01). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. p. 326-335. ISBN 9789971694593.
- ^ E. Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaisances 14, p. 173-4.
- ^ E. Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaisances 14, p. 174-6.
- ^ "A love story between Rhade princess and Champa king". baotanglichsu.vn. Retrieved 2023-07-23.