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Bidens

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This article is about the plant genus. For Joe Biden's family, see Family of Joe Biden. For the singular, see Biden (disambiguation).

Bidens
Bidens tripartita
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Coreopsideae
Genus: Bidens
L.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Adenolepis Less.
  • Campylotheca Cass.
  • Delucia DC.
  • Diodonta Nutt.
  • Dolichotheca Cass.
  • Edwarsia Neck., not validly publ.
  • Forbicina Ség., nom. superfl.
  • Gemella Hill
  • Heliophthalmum Raf.
  • Kerneria Moench
  • Megalodonta Greene
  • Microlecane Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
  • Pluridens Neck., not validly publ.
  • Prestinaria Sch.Bip. ex Hochst., not validly publ.

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.[3] The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide.[4] Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.[4][5] The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The genus name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").[3]

Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversity

Bidens cernua

Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.[4][5] The genus include roughly 230 species.[6][7]

Bidens is closely related to the American genus Coreopsis, and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is monophyletic.[8]

Species

Species include:[3][9][10][11]

Formerly placed here

Distribution

Bidens includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide[4] throughout many tropical and warm temperate regions.[6] Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.[13]

Bidens are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with extinction, notably in the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island taxa have reduced burrs, evolving features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.

Human use and interactions

Nodding beggarticks (B. cernua) and hairy beggarticks (B. pilosa) are useful as honey plants. Several Bidens species are used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the noctuid moth Hypercompe hambletoni and the brush-footed butterfly Vanessa cardui, the painted lady.

The Bidens mottle virus, a plant pathogen, was first isolated from B. pilosa, and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.

Native Hawaiians drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as koʻokoʻolau)[14] back when they were abundant in Hawaii.

References

  1. ^ "Genus: Bidens L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  2. ^ "Bidens L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  3. ^ a b c Bidens. Flora of North America.
  4. ^ a b c d Knope, M. L., Funk, V. A., Johnson, M. A., Wagner, W. L., Datlof, E. M., Johnson, G., ... & Carlquist, S. (2020). Dispersal and adaptive radiation of Bidens (Compositae) across the remote archipelagoes of Polynesia. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 58(6), 805-822.
  5. ^ a b Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany, 25(1), 122-133.
  6. ^ a b Bidens. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
  7. ^ Bidens. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
  8. ^ Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution. American Journal of Botany 92(2), 330-36.
  9. ^ Bidens. Flora of China.
  10. ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Bidens". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  11. ^ "Bidens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  12. ^ Crowe, D. R. and W. H. Parker. (1981). Hybridization and agamospermy of Bidens in northwestern Ontario. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Taxon 30(4): 749-60.
  13. ^ Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany 25(1) 122-33.
  14. ^ Chock, Alvin K. (1968). "Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Studies I. Native Food and Beverage Plants". Economic Botany. 22 (3): 232. ISSN 0013-0001.
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