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Alhassan Dantata

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Alhassan Dantata
Born
Alhassan Abdullahi

1877
Bebeji, Kano Emirate, Sokoto Caliphate (present-day Bebeji, Kano State, Nigeria)
Died17 August 1955(1955-08-17) (aged 77–78)
Kano, Northern Region, British Nigeria
Resting placeSarari ward of Kano
EducationMadrasah in Bebeji
OccupationMerchant
Political partyNorthern People's Congress
Spouse(s)Umma Zaria, Maimuna
Children
RelativesAliko Dangote (great-grandson through Sanusi)
FamilyDantata family

Alhassan Dantata ((Listenⓘ); Arabic: ال حسان دان تاتا, romanized: al-Ḥasan ɗan Tātā; 1877 – 17 August 1955) was a Nigerian businessman and philanthropist. Through his trade with large British companies, he became one of the wealthiest men in West Africa during his time.[1] He is the great-grandfather of Aliko Dangote, the wealthiest person in Nigeria and Africa.

Early life

Dantata was born in 1877 in Bebeji, Kano Emirate. Both his parents were prosperous caravan leaders ('madugu') of Agalawa origin. The Agalawa were a group of long distance traders who were formerly slaves of Tuareg nobles ('irelewen').[2][3]: 380  Dantata's father, Abdullahi, was a son of another prominent Agalawa merchant, Baba Talatin, who came from Katsina. Soon after Abdullahi’s birth, Baba Talatin moved from Danshayi, a small village roughly fifteen kilometers from Kano, to Madobi. Following his father’s practice, Abdullahi frequently travelled the Nupe and Gonja trade routes. He soon became a wealthy merchant through trading textiles, cattle, and slaves for kolanuts from the Akan forests in modern-day Ghana. Madobi continued to be Abdullahi’s main base of operations until after Dantata’s birth in 1877, when he permanently moved to Bebeji, a market and fortress town south of Kano. He likely died in 1885 and was buried at his Bebeji residence.[3]: 380 [4]: 85 

A Hausa caravan in 1895

Dantata's mother was also a "trader of no small consequence in the area". After Abdullahi's death, the widow was not able to remarry due to her considerable reputation. She eventually moved to Accra, at the time an important trading center in the British Gold Coast, leaving her children in the care of an old slave woman named Tata. Tata's role in raising Dantata led to his nickname 'ɗan Tata' which means 'son of Tata'.[3]: 381–382 [4]: 85 

After losing much of his inheritance from his father, Dantata began working to support himself while attending Qur'anic school. He was encouraged to save much of his money by Tata, even buying him an asusu (ceramic moneybox), which is still in possession of the Dantata family today. At about 15 years old, he joined a Gonja-bound caravan to visit his mother in Accra, hoping to rely on her wealth rather than having to support himself. However, a day after his arrival, she took him to a Mallam (Islamic teacher) and asked him to stay there until he was ready to return to Kano. During this period, Dantata lived as an almajiri. After his studies, he had to beg for food to sustain himself and his Mallam. On Thursdays and Fridays, Alhassan worked for money, of which he gave a significant portion to his Mallam.[3]: 382–383 

Dantata was in Bebeji when the Kano Civil War (or the Basasa) broke out in 1893 and lasted until 1895. The conflict was between two rival claimants to the emirship, Tukur and Yusufu. Because the Agalawa supported Tukur, several settlements with large Agalawa communities, including Bebeji, were pillaged by the Yusufawa. The war ended after Aliyu, Yusufu's younger brother, succeeded in taking the throne. Consequently, several Agalawa merchants had their properties seized and lived in exile until after the British occupation of Kano a decade later. However, Dantata, along with his brothers Bala and Sidi, was unable to avoid capture and was sold into slavery.[3]: 383 [5][6]

Not much is known about Dantata's time in slavery, however, there are four different versions of the story according to historian Abdulkarim Umar Dan Asabe. The first account states that he was taken to Garko but redeemed himself after the war. The second suggests he immediately redeemed himself and Sidi using his existing wealth. According to the third account, he escaped capture and later redeemed his brother Bala in 1925. The final version claims that he escaped shortly after his capture, joined a Gonja-bound caravan, and returned to his mother in Accra.[3]: 383  In 1914, by the order of the judicial council of Emir Muhammad Abbas, Dantata was able to reclaim his father’s seized house in Bebeji.[7][8]

Career

The groundnut pyramids were used as temporary storage for harvested groundnuts. During the mid-20th century, these structures were widely used in Northern Nigeria, particularly in Kano. Dantata was one of its earliest and most prolific adopters.

Dantata was in Bebeji when British troops invaded the Kano Emirate on February 1, 1903, conquering the town after its sarki was killed. He remained there until the roads were safe for travel. Then, he set out for the British Gold Coast, traveling through Ibadan and Lagos, and reached Accra by sea. Soon after, he began using this route to transport his kolanuts to Lagos, where he resold them to traders bound for Kano, becoming one of the first northern traders to use these routes commercially. In 1906, he diversified his trade by dealing in beads, necklaces, and European cloth. After his mother's death in 1908, he focused his trade on Kano and Lagos.[9]: 206 

During this period, Dantata moved to Kano city and established a house in the Sarari ward, which was mostly empty at the time. With the expansion of groundnut production in British Northern Nigeria, the Niger Company (later part of the United Africa Company) started contacting established merchants in the region through the emir and their chief agent, Adamu Jakada. By 1918, after being approached by the company, Dantata had established a large network of agents and sub-agents to purchase groundnuts. His experience in coastal trade and basic knowledge of English gave him an advantage over other Kano merchants working with the company. His frugality and modest lifestyle enabled him to "accumulate capital rapidly".[4]: 86  He soon became the Niger Company’s largest supplier and, by 1922, one of the wealthiest men in Kano.[4]: 141 

From 1926, Dantata utilised the newly established railway to promote cattle trade with Lagos and revitalized the kolanut trade with Western Nigeria.[9]: 206  In 1929, when the Bank of British West Africa opened a branch in Kano, he famously deposited twenty camel-loads of silver coins, becoming the first Kano businessman to use a bank.[3]: 385  By the 1940s, he buys and sells about 20,000 tons of groundnut in a year.[10] During this period, Nigeria had become one of the world’s leading groundnut producers, with Kano Province contributing almost half of the country’s groundnut production.[11]: 28 

In the early 1950s, with the assistance of the United Africa Company (UAC), he became a direct importer of consumer goods from Europe. He was the leading agent for the UAC and was advanced credit of up to £500,000 for crop purchase. In 1953, he became the first Nigerian licensed buying agent for the Northern Nigeria Marketing Board. He also became involved in transporting, direct importing, real estate, and the construction industry, working directly with the Native Administration.[9]: 207 

Politics

In the late 1940s, Dantata helped establish the Kano Traders' General Conference, which eventually became the Amalgamated Northern Merchants' Union (ANMU) in the early 1950s. The ANMU received support from the Native Authorities of the region and the Northern Regional Government. The union was described as "[T]he spearhead of northern merchant nationalism".[12]

In 1950, Abdullahi Bayero, Emir of Kano, appointed Dantata to the Kano Emirate Council to represent the merchant class and serve as an adviser on commercial matters. Dantata, the only Hausa member in the historically Fulani-dominated council, was seen as the Emir’s effort to address concerns regarding the lack of Hausa representation in the council and other high positions in the Native Administration.[13]: 203–204 

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Dantata made a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca via boat in the 1920s. On this trip, he also went to England and was presented to George V.[14] Dantata financed the pilgrimages of other Muslims to Mecca, a tradition that continues among his descendants. His son, Alhaji Aminu Dantata and his grandchildren like Hajiya Mariya Sunusi Dantata as well as his great-grandchildren, Aliko Dangote still finance pilgrimages of other Muslims to Mecca every year.[15]

Philanthropy

Dantata was known to slaughter a herd of cattle for the poor each year during Eid al-Kabir.[1]

Death

In 1955, Dantata became seriously ill. Recognising the seriousness of his illness, he summoned his chief financial controller of 38 years, Garba Maisikeli, and his children. He told them that his days were nearing their end and advised them to live together. He was particularly concerned about the company he had established, Alhassan Dantata & Sons, urging them to ensure it did not collapse. He asked them to continue marrying within the family as much as possible and urged them to avoid clashes with other wealthy Kano merchants. He also told them to take care of their relatives, especially the poor among them. Three days later, on Wednesday, August 17, 1955, he died in his sleep. He was buried in his house in the Sarari ward.[3]: 389 [16]

Because Dantata scarcely kept any records and only used a bank when his transactions required it, no one knew with any degree of certainity how much he was worth.[13]: 206  After his death, his only safe contained a checkbook for each of the two Kano banks, with balances totaling less than £30. With the help of his family, some of his wealth was identified by the Kano Native Administration, amounting to around £350,000 in Northern Nigeria alone, before they abandoned the search.[17]: 128  Later estimates indicate that, he left more than a third of a million pounds, mostly in cash.[13]: 206 

Descendants

Some descendants of Alhassan Dantata includes:

  • Ahmadu Dantata (1916–1960): son, a politician[18]
  • Sanusi Dantata (1917–1997): son, a successful businessman[19]
    • Alhaji Abdulkadir Dantata: grandson[20]
  • Mudi (Sulaiman) Dantata (1916–1960): son, a businessman
  • Mahmud Dantata, popularly known as Mamuda Wapa (1922–1983): son. After graduating from Gold Coast University (Ghana) he became his father's chief scribe and Modernized his business activities. He later founded West African Pilgrims Agency in 1948 and pioneered parallel Market Currency Trading in West Africa. The Genius Shrewd Business Man brought more fame to Dantata Family within West African Countries.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b Iliffe, John (1987). The African poor : a history. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-34415-9.
  2. ^ Miers, Suzanne; Kopytoff, Igor (1977). Slavery in Africa : historical and anthropological perspectives. Internet Archive. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-07330-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Dan Asabe, Abdulkarim Umar (2010). "Kano and Long Distance Trade in the 19th and 20th Centuries". In Adamu, Abdalla Uba; Gwarzo, Bello Bashiru (eds.). Kano in the Second Millennium: Selected Papers Presented at the Seminar on Kano in the Second Millennium Kano. Kano: Research and Documentations Directorate.
  4. ^ a b c d Hogendorn, Jan S. (1979). Nigerian groundnut exports : origins and early development. Internet Archive. Zaria : Ahmadu Bello University Press ; Zaria ; Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-978-125-005-7.
  5. ^ Lovejoy, Paul (2007). "Alhaji Ahmad el-Fellati and the Kano Civil War". In Kolapo, Femi J; Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. (eds.). African Agency and European Colonialism: Latitudes of Negotiation and Containment : Essays in Honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-3846-3.
  6. ^ Stilwell, Sean (2000). "Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate". Africa. 70 (3): 394–421. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394. ISSN 1750-0184.
  7. ^ Kano (Nigeria : Emirate). Judicial Council (1994). Thus ruled Emir Abbas : selected cases from the records of the Emir of Kano's Judicial Council. Internet Archive. East Lansing : Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-359-6.
  8. ^ Christelow, Allan (1987). "Property and Theft in Kano at the Dawn of the Groundnut Boom, 1912-1914". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (2): 225–243. doi:10.2307/219841. ISSN 0361-7882.
  9. ^ a b c Forrest, Tom (1994). The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/j.ctv1vtz7vv.14. ISBN 978-0-7486-0492-0.
  10. ^ William Keith Hancock (1 January 1964). Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs 1918-1939: Volume II Problems of Economic Policy Part 2. Internet Archive. Oxford Up. p. 215.
  11. ^ Paden, John N. (1973). Religion and political culture in Kano. Internet Archive. Berkeley, University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01738-2.
  12. ^ Lucas, John (1994). "The State, Civil Society and Regional Elites: A Study of Three Associations in Kano, Nigeria". African Affairs. 93 (370): 21–38. ISSN 0001-9909.
  13. ^ a b c Sharwood Smith, Bryan (1969). Recollections of British administration in the Cameroons and Northern Nigeria, 1921-1957: But always. Duke University Press. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press.
  14. ^ Dan-Asabe, Abdulkarim Umar (November 2000). "Biography of Select Kano Merchants, 1853–1955". FAIS Journal of Humanities. 1 (2). Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  15. ^ Iliffe, John (2005). "Urbanisation and Masculinity". Honour in African History. Cambridge University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-521-83785-9.
  16. ^ Yusuf, Kabiru A. (22 October 2023). "I Pray Allah Not To Give Me What Would Not Benefit Others – Alhaji Aminu Dantata". Daily Trust. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  17. ^ McClintock, Nicky (2002). "The Money-Makers & -Changers". In Clark, Trevor (ed.). Was it only yesterday? : the last generation of Nigeria's "Turawa". Internet Archive. Bristol : BECM Press. ISBN 978-0-9530174-7-8.
  18. ^ Sklar, Richard L (2004). Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-1-59221-209-5.
  19. ^ Loimeier, Roman (1997). Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Northwestern University Press. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-0-8101-1346-6.
  20. ^ Mfonobong Nsehe. "Nigerian Tycoon Abdulkadir Dantata Is Dead", Forbes, 8 February 2012. Accessed 3 March 2016.
  21. ^ Hashim, Yahaya; Kate Meagher (1999). Cross-Border Trade and the Parallel Currency Market – Trade and Finance in the Context of Structural Adjustment. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute. p. 30. ISBN 978-91-7106-449-3.
  22. ^ Forrest, Tom (1994). The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise. Edinburgh University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-7486-0492-0.
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