Lion dance
 |
| Lion Dance | |
|---|---|
| |
| Chinese | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 舞獅 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 舞狮 |
| Pinyin: | wǔshī |
| Japanese | |
| Kanji: | 獅子舞 |
| Hepburn: | shishimai |
| Korean | |
| Hangul: | 사자춤 |
| Hanja: | 獅子춤 |
| Revised Romanization: | Sajachum |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Sach'achum |
| Vietnamese | |
| Quốc ngữ: | Múa lân |
Lion dance (simplified Chinese: 舞狮; traditional Chinese: 舞獅; pinyin: wǔshī) is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture, in which performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume.
The lion costume may be operated by a single dancer, or more frequently by a pair of dancers. The single dancer springs about while energetically moving and shaking the head and operating the jaws and eyes. The pair of dancers, forming the back and fore legs of the beast, mimic the motions of a single animal as they move between platforms of varying elevations. The dance is traditionally accompanied by gongs, drums and firecrackers, representing the descent of good luck.
History
The lion dance originated in China close to a thousand years ago. The lion is traditionally regarded as a guardian creature. It is featured in Buddhist lore, being the mount of Manjusri. There are different variations of the lion dance in other Asian cultures including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore, with each region possessing their own styles.
Probably the most common historical reference to Chinese Lion Dance is the story of Nian (年). According to legend, a monster was terrorizing a small village; eating the livestock, crops and villagers. One day, a Buddhist monk visited the village and witnessed the events that had taken place. To rid the villagers of this menace, the monk instructed the villagers to get their best martial artists and build a 'monster'. In addition to this, the monk instructed the villagers to fill bamboo shoots with gunpowder and to cover the village in red decorations. The following year, when Nian came back (its coming had become an annual occurence), the village's best martial artists ran out with their 'monster', whilst the rest of the villagers rushed out banging their pots and pans, throwing their homemade firecrackers. Seeing this, Nian fled the village, scared for its life. From this day, the Chinese perform this dance to not only celebrate their besting of Nian, but also to ward off bad-spirits or, if Nian should return, scare it away.
Chinese lion dances can be broadly categorised into two styles, Northern (北獅) and Southern (南獅).
Northern dance was used as entertainment for the imperial court. The northern lion is usually red, orange, and yellow (sometimes with green fur for the female lion), shaggy in appearance, with a golden head. The northern dance is acrobatic and is mainly performed as entertainment.
Southern dance is more symbolic. It is usually performed as a ceremony to exorcise evil spirits and to summon luck and fortune. The southern lion exhibits a wide variety of colour and has a distinctive head with large eyes, a mirror on the forehead, and a single horn at center of the head.
The Lion dance is often confused with the Chinese Dragon Dance, which features a team of around ten or more dancers. The Lion Dance usually consists of two people.
The animal in the Lion Dance is known as the unicorn (Qilin) of the mythical beast because there are translation errors between different languages.
Northern style
File:Northern Lion Dance 034 0001.jpg
In the north the lions usually appear in pairs. Northern lions usually have long and shaggy orange and yellow hair with either a red bow, or a green bow on its head to represent a male or female.
During a performance, northern lions resemble a Pekinese Dog or Fu Dogs and movements are very life-like. Acrobatics are very common, with stunts like lifts or balancing on a giant ball. Northern lions sometimes appear as a family, with two large "adult" lions and a pair of small "young lions". Ninghai, in Ningbo, is called the "Homeland of the Lion Dance" (狮舞之乡) for the northern variety.
Southern style
Guangdong is the homeland of the southern variety. The southern horned lions are believed to be Nians.
The Southern style can be further divided into Fut San (Buddha Mountain), Hok San (Crane Mountain), Fut-Hok (minor style that exhibits a hybrid of Fut San and Hock San), Jow Ga (minor style performed by practitioners of Jow family style kung fu), and the Green Lion (Qing1 Shi1 - popular with the Fujian/Hokkien and Taiwanese).
Fut San is the style many Kung Fu schools adopt. It requires powerful moves and strength in stance. The lion becomes the representation of the Kung Fu school and only the most advance students are allowed to perform.
The Hok San style is more commonly known as a contemporary style. Contemporary Hok San style combines a southern lion head with Northern lion movements. Hok San style tries to reproduce a more life-like look, realistic movements, and acrobatic stunts. Its shorter tail is also a favorite among the troupes that do pole (jong) jumping.[1]
When the dancing lion enters a village or township, it is supposed to pay its respects first at the local Buddhist temple, then to the ancestors at the ancestral hall, and finally through the streets to bring happiness to all the people. There are three types of lions: the golden lion, representing liveliness; the red lion, representing courage; and the green lion, representing friendship.
Three other famous lion types can also be identified: Liu Bei, Guan Gong (Kuan Kung) and Zhang Fei. They represent historic characters in China that were recorded in the classic, Romance of the Three Kingdoms. These three were blood oath brothers that swore to restore the Han dynasty.
The Liu Bei (Lau Pei) lion is the eldest of the three brothers and has a yellow (actually imperial yellow as he became the first emperor of the Shu-Han kingdom) based face with white beard and fur (to denote his wisdom). It sports a multi colored tail which encompasses the colors of the five elements, as it was believed that being the Emperor, he had the blessings of the heavens and thus control of the five elements. There are three coins on the collar. This lion is used by used by schools with an established Sifu (teacher) or organization and is known Rui shih or The Auspicious Lion.
The Guan Gong (Kwan Kung) lion has a red based face, black fur, with a long black beard (as he was also known as the "Duke with the Beautiful Beard"). The tail is red with black trim. He is known as the second brother and sports two coins on the collar. This Lion is known as Hsing Shih or the Awakened Lion. This lion is generally used by most.
The Zhang Fei (Chong Fei) lion has a black based face with short black beard, culiflowered ears, and black fur. The tail is black with white trim. Traditionally this lion also had bells attached to the body, which served as a warning like a rattler on a rattle snake. Being the youngest of the three brothers, there is a single coin on the collar. This Lion is known as the Fighting Lion because Zhang Fei had a quick temper and loved to fight. This lion is used by clubs that were just starting out or by those wishing to make a challenge.
Later an additional three Lions were added to the group. The Green faced lion represented Zhao Yun or Zhao (Chu) Zi Long. He has a green tail with white beard and fur and an iron horn. He is often called the fourth brother, this lion is called the Heroic Lion because it is said he rode through Cao Cao’s million man army and rescued Liu Bei’s infant and fought his way back out. The Yellow (yellow/orange) face and body with white beard represented Huang (Wong) Zhong, we was given this color when Liu Bei rose to become Emperor. This lion is called the Righteous Lion. The white color lion is known as Ma Chao, he was assigned this color because he always wore a white arm band to battle against the Emperor of Wei, Cao Cao, to signify that he was in mourning for his father and brother who had been murdered by Cao Cao. Thus this lion was known as the funeral lion. This lion is never used except for a funeral for the Sifu or some important head of the group, and in such cases it is usually burned right after. Even if it is properly stored, it is not something one would want to keep, as it is symbolically inauspicious to have around. It is sometimes though, confused with the silver lion which sometimes has a white like coloring. These three along with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as the “Five Tiger Generals of Shu,” each representing one of the colors of the five elements.
During the Chinese New Year, lion dancers from martial art school will visit the store front of businesses to "choy chang" (採青 lit. picking the greens). The business would tie a red envelope filled with money to a head of lettuce and hang it high above the front door. The lion will approach the lettuce like a curious cat, consume the lettuce and spit out the leaves but not the money. The lion dance is supposed to bring good luck and fortune to the business and the dancers receive the money as reward. The tradition becomes a mutual transaction.
Other types of "greens" (青) may also be used to challenge the troupe, for instance using pineapples, pomelos, bananas, oranges, sugar cane shoots, earthen pots to create pseudo barriers and challenges.
The dance also performed at other important occasions including Chinese festivals, business opening ceremonies and traditional weddings.
Nowadays, the businesses do not demand much from the performers, and it is easy money for the martial art schools. In the old days, the lettuce was hung 15 to 20 feet above ground and only a well-trained martial artists could reach the money while dancing with a heavy lion head. These events became a public challenge. A large sum of money was rewarded, and the audience expected a good show. Sometimes, if lions from multiple martial arts schools approached the lettuce at the same time, the lions are supposed to fight to decide a winner. The lions had to fight with stylistic lion moves instead of chaotic street fighting styles. The audience would judge the quality of the martial art schools according to how the lions fought. Since the schools' reputation were at stake, the fights were usually fierce but civilized. The winner lion would then use creative methods and martial art skills to reach the high-hanging reward. Some lions may dance on bamboo stilts and some may step on human pyramids formed by fellow students of the school. The performers and the schools would gain praise and respect on top of the large monetary reward when they did well.
During the 1950s-60's, people who joined lion dance troupes were “gangster-like” and there was a lot of fighting amongst lion dance troupes and kung fu schools. Parents were afraid to let their children join lion dance troupes because of the “gangster” association with the members. During festivals and performances, when lion dance troupes met, there would be fights between groups. Some lifts and acrobatic tricks are designed for the lion to “fight” and knock over other rival lions. Performers even hid daggers in their shoes and clothes, which could be used to injure other lion dancers’ legs, or even attached a metal horn on their lion’s forehead, which could be used to slash other lion heads. The violence got so extreme that at one point, the Hong Kong government had to put a stop to lion dance completely. Now, as with many other countries, lion dance troupes must attain a permit from the government in order to perform lion dance. Although there is still a certain degree of competitiveness, troupes are a lot less violent and aggressive. Today, lion dance is a more sport-oriented activity. Lion dance is more for recreation than a way of living.
==Hoi Gong/Dian Jing Tradition==
In lion dance tradition, a new lion should not be used without going through the Hoi Gong ceremony. Hoi Gong (Cantonese 開光)/(點睛 Mandarin Dian Jing) means eye opening or eye dotting (the previous two phrases are literal translations. A more proper communicative translation would be "blessing"). It is a ceremony where a special person is assigned to dot the eyes of the lion. This person is usually the owner of the shop or restaurant where the event of the Hoi Gong ceremony is taking place, or the leader of the dance troupe. As the lion dance is performed to bring good luck and fortune, a new lion that has not undergone this ceremony must not be used because it will bring bad luck and misfortune. The purpose of Hoi Gong ceremony is to awaken and bless the spirit of the new lion. It is akin to giving life and taming the new lion.
Although varying among different schools, the ceremony is usually similar to the following. Most Chinese stores or troupe halls have an ancestral, Buddhist or Taoist altar or shrine. The new lion is laid out in front of this altar. The drum, gong, and cymbals are played softly in the background at a steady beat. The special appointed person will dot the eyes with cinnabar (硃砂). There are some schools which use the blood of a live rooster. This is sometimes mixed inside a small rut which is dug out from a piece of ginger. The mirror on the front of the lion’s head will be dotted first. This signifies giving life to the lion. Then, each of the Lion's senses are "awoken", by dotting the eyes, ears, mouth and the rest of the Lion.
The lion slowly awakens, portrayed as the lion’s eyes blinks and moves. Then the mouth opens, ears flicker, and body moves. As the lion is given life, the drum, gong, and cymbals get louder and firecrackers are set off outside the store or restaurant, or troupe hall. The new lion will perform its first performance at this event. As always, lion dance begins with three bows; left, right, and then center, the new lion will face the altar and do three bows, and then continue with the traditional lion dance routine.
Lion Dance in Popular Culture
Cirque du Soleil
The Northern lion dance is prominently featured in the Cirque du Soleil show Dralion. The name Dralion was based on Chinese dragon and Chinese lion.
Dancing Lion
A big budget Hong Kong action film featuring Lion Dancing. Slated for release in Hong Kong on April 26 2007. Plans for world-wide release have not been announced. Producers have remarked the film was influenced by the type of Lion Dancing scenes seen in Wong Fei Hong movies. http://www.dancinglion.hk
Once Upon a Time in China
Several movies in the Once Upon a Time in China series involve plots centered around Lion Dancing, especially Once Upon a Time in China III and IV.
See also
Notes
External links
- Lion Directory- Worldwide Directory for Lion & Dragon Dancing
- New York United Lion & Dragon Dance Troupe
- Danse du Lion - French Lion Dance Troupe
- Lion Dance World- Lion Dance Website Association
- Far East Dragon Lion Dance Association
- Cherng Loong Lion Dance Troupe
- Leung's White Crane Lion and Dragon Dance
- The Lion's Cave!- The site for Lion Dancing
- Little White Tiger Lion Dance
- National Freestyle Liondance Championships
- Lion Dance Directory
- Lion Dance Database
- Series of writings on the topic, including origin, types, ettiquette and videos