Scottish Knights Templar

The Cross of The Grand Priory of the Scots [3]and [4]

This article is about the development of the modern Order of Scottish Knights Templar.

Early History

In 1128 the cousin of St Bernard of Clairvaux, Hugues de Payens, who served on the First Crusade with Henri St Clair, First Baron Roslin, and is sometimes connected to Catherine St Clair, met King David I in Scotland. The Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now Temple, Midlothian on the South Esk (River Esk, Lothian). In 1189 Alan FitzWalter, the 2nd Lord High Steward of Scotland was a benefactor of The Order. In 1311 Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews (St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews) Guardian of Scotland gave the Templars his protection. In 1312 by the Papal Bull "Ad Providam" all assets of the Order of the Temple were given to Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John except for Spain where they were succeeded by the Order of Montesa and Portugal where they became the Order of Christ and in Scotland the Order operated within the Hospitallers. When Sir James Sandilands, Preceptor of the Order of St. John converted to Protestantism during the reformation, the Order in Scotland is thought to have ceased.

Myth and Legend

There are myths, legends and anecdotes connecting the Knights Templar in Scotland to the Battle of Bannockburn and modern research has repeatedly demonstrated that they have absolutely no foundation. 'Degrees' in Freemasonry invented in the 18-20th centuries like the Royal Order of Scotland allude to the story of Rosslyn and the Scottish Knights Templar. The frequently doubted connections were created either by Chevalier Andrew Michael Ramsay or Fr. Hay in the 18th century and repeated in novels such as Holy Blood Holy Grail, but it is now known to have absolutely no basis in historical fact. On the subject of a possible Bruce connection, Masonic Historian D Murray Lyon wrote "The fraternity of Kilwinning never at any period practiced or acknowledged other than the Craft degrees; neither does there exist any tradition worthy of the name, local or national, nor has any authentic document yet been discovered that can in the remotest degree be held to identify Robert Bruce with the holding of Masonic Courts, or the institution of a secret society at Kilwinning." but never denies a Bruce connection to the Templars since there is no historical evidence from either record or narrative sources of the period to suggest that any such relationship ever existed.

St Clair - Sinclair Speculation

The St Clair, later Sinclair, Earls of Rosslyn or Roslin have also been connected to Templarism in Scotland, but Mark Oxbrow and Ian Robertson in their recent book, 'Rosslyn and the Grail', note that the St Clair of Rosslyn testified against the Templars at their trial in Edinburgh in 1309. Dr. Louise Yeoman points out that the Rosslyn/Knights Templar connection is false, having been invented by 18th century fiction-writers, and that Rosslyn Chapel was built by William Sinclair so that Mass could be said for the souls of his family. The Sinclair well documented connections are with Scottish Freemasonry which has a Templar degree. William St Clair, (William Sinclair) 3rd Earl of Orkney, Baron of Roslin and 1st Earl of Caithness built Rosslyn Chapel. A later William Sinclair of Roslin became the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. See Masonic Knights Templar and Clan Sinclair.

Templar Survival in Scotland

Deapite claims by novelists, there is no evidence at all for Templar 'survival' in Scotland after the supporession fo the order in the early fourteenth century.

Eighteenth Century Revival

Templarism experienced a revival of interest in the eighteenth century through Freemasonry with a Scottish influence. The first record of this is in Ramsay's Oration in Paris in 1737. Andrew Michael Ramsay was tutor to the Young Pretender, Prince Charles Edward Stuart. He claimed that Freemasonry had begun among crusader knights and that they had formed themselves into Lodges of St John. The next development was with Karl Gotheif, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau, who had apparently been introduced to the concept by the Jacobite Lord Kilmarnock, and received into a Templar Chapter by a mysterious "Knight of the Red Feather". Baron von Hund established a new Masonic rite called the "Strict Templar Observance". The "Knight of the Red Feather" has been identified subsequently as Alexander Seton better known as Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, a prominent Freemason in the Jacobite movement.

The Modern Revival

The modern revival of Templarism in Scotland starts with Alexander Deuchar. The records of one of Scottish Freemasonry's most prestigious lodges, the St Mary's Chapel Lodge of Edinburgh, describe the visit of a "...deputation from the Grand Assembly of the High Knights Templar in Edinburgh… headed by their most worshipful Grand Master, Alexander Deuchar...the first time for some hundred years that any Lodge of Freemasonry had been visited by an assembly of Knights Templar, headed by their Grand Master." This implies that there was an Order in existence 100 years earlier. In 1811 with a Charter from the Templar Grand Master in England, the Duke of Kent, Alexander Deuchar established the Grand Conclave of Knights of the Holy Temple and Sepulchre, and of St. John of Jerusalem. Controversially in 1836 "...it was proposed that non-Masons be admitted to the Order, at the same time the ritual was adapted in order to allow this to happen. Previously only Royal Arch Masons in Good Standing were allowed to join. Only the Royal Grand Conclave was allowed to admit non-Masons and these men were never members of any Encampments, only of Grand Conclave." The modern non Masonic Order Militi Templi Scotia claims descent from Alexander Deuchar who was a Freemason.

Masonic and Non Masonic Orders

Templarism in Scotland has been claimed as the root of both Masonic and non-Masonic Orders. The Masonic Movement is the Royal Order of Scotland. There are today a number of small Groups of non-Masonic Knights Templar in Scotland, though not all claim descent from either the medieval Knights Templar in Scotland or Alexander Deuchar. They include The Confederation of Scottish Knights Templar, The Ancient Scottish Military Order of Knights Templarand Militi Templi Scotia. The recently retired Grand Chancellor for Militi Templi Scotia back in 2002 was quoted as saying, despite all the evidence to the contrary "...we believe that Templar Knights fighting on Robert the Bruce’s side swung the balance (at Bannockburn)...We think they deserve recognition for that, but we tread a very thin line here." He added Militi Templi Scotia was chivalric, as opposed to Masonic but does admit Freemasons into its ranks.

European Influence

In 2006 a "Commandery of St. Clair", website "The Grand Priory of the Knights Templar in Scotland", was set up by the OSMTH Grand Priory of France, Grand Prieuré de France du Temple (GPFT). The Commandery of St Clair, No S1, Edinburgh, Scotland recently received affiliation of OSMTH International at Commandery Status under the Mentorship of the Grand Priory of France. Commandery of St Clair is now a Chartered Scottish Body in its own right. All o0f these bodies are modern clubs founded by romaticicsts; none of them have any connection at all with the medieval Templar order.

The Scottish Templar Cross

Knights Templar Internationally use the Cross pattée, including The Commandery of St Clair, in alignment with the International Order OSMTH, The Grand Priory of the Scots (mainly American Scots) a Cross with two branches, and other Scottish Knights Templar Groups use the Eight Pointed Cross coloured red more commonly but not exclusively known as the Maltese Cross, of the Knights Hospitaller or Order of St. John. The Scottish Templar use of the Maltese Cross probably dates to the 1960s although the Cross itself is much older.

References

Scotsman S2 Here come the Knights Militi Templi Scotia
Rosslyn and the Grail, Mark Oxbrow and Ian Robertson ISBN 1-84596-076-9
Knights Templar: Their Rise and Fall, G.A. Campbell ISBN 0-7661-5658-3 page 335
The Rosslyn Hoax? Robert L. D. Cooper. Lewis Masonic. 2006. ISBN 0-85318-255-8.
History of the Order of the Temple of Jerusalem: From 1118 to 2005, Chev Leo Thys KCTJ ISBN 90-901931-7-0 page 18
History Royal Order of Scotland
Read, Piers Paul, The Templars, Weidenfeld & Nicolson history; ISBN 1-84212-142-1
The Stuart Court in Rome: A Legacy of Exile (Visual Arts Research Institute Edinburgh S.)

Edward Corp (Editor) ISBN 0-7546-3324-1 page 104

Arcane Schools, John Yarker, ISBN 1-56459-306-1 page 434
Gardner, Laurence (Foreword), The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland Element Books Ltd; ISBN 1-86204-234-9 particularly p243/244 in respect of Alexander Deuchar
Scotsman Newspaper Article with reference to Balantrodoch, now Temple, Lothian
BBC Article: From Jerusalem to Rosslyn?: The Templars in Scotland
Paper on The Origins of Freemasonry by Robert Lomas with reference to William Sinclair of Roslin, First Grand Master Mason of Scotland 1736
Today's Templars - The Scottish Transmission
TemplarHistory.com The Rite of Strict Observance
A brief history of the Knights of the Temple and of the Preceptory and Priory of St. George Aboyne 1794 - 1994 An original Paper by E. J. Boyd
New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry 1921 by Arthur Edward Waite Pages 231-232 ISBN 0-7661-2973-X

"In 1811-1812, Alexander Deuchar, Eminent Commander of Edinburgh Encampment, No 31, under the Early Grand Constitution, established what is termed a schismatic body with the style and title of the Supreme Grand Conclave of Scotland. He is said to have assumed the Office of Grand Master for life, notwithstanding the displeasure of his associates. The Conclave appears to have been moribund in 1830. In 1836 it was remodelled, vacating its Masonic position and admitting non-Masons to membership, including the Bishop of Aberdeen and the Duke of Leeds."

The Royal Masonic Cyclopedia 1877 by Kenneth R H MacKenzie Page 156 ISBN 0-76612-6110

"DEUCHAR CHARTERS.-So called from Alexander Deuchar, an engraver, who was the principal mover in the establishment of the Grand Conclave of Knight Templar in Scotland, and its first Grand Master in the early part of this century. Deuchar seems to have become acquainted with Knights Templarism, in consequence of communications he had with Fratres serving in the Shropshire Militia, who had been dubbed under a warrant emanating from Dublin. This corps was quartered in Edinburgh in 1798 ; and from the Fratres of this corps it is most probable that the first Grand Assembly of Knights Templar was opened in Edinburgh ; this, however gave place to the Grand Assembly of High Knights Templar, working Under a charter No 31 from the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland, of which Deuchar was Grand Master. But these Deuchar Charters were clearly extra-Masonic, as they authorised Encampments to install Knights Templar and Knights of St John of Jerusalem, on the one condition that that such Encampments should not hold any communion or intercourse with any Chapter or Encampment, or body assuming that name, holding meetings of Knights Templar, under a Master Mason's Charter This body, however, lost its authority, in consequence of having nothing over which to exercise it, about 1837."

The Story Of The Scottish Templars from The History of Freemasonry by Albert Mackey, 1898 The Legend of Bruce and the Legend of D'Aumont
The Eight Pointed Cross from the Scottish Knights Templar website
The recently formed French Commandery of St. Clair, No S1, Edinburgh, Grand Priory of France, OSMTH International
OSMTH International
The Catholic online, What the church has to say about freemasons
Lectures, Legal, Political, and Historical: On the Sciences of Law and Politics; Home and Foreign Affairs by Alexander Robertson, published 1889 Stevens & Haynes:"Claverhouse himself was a Tory and an Episcopalian, ... a Privy Councillor of a Tory and Episcopalian Government in Scotland."
Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture By Marsha Keith Schuchard, p 767 "According to the early eighteenth-century writers, Jacob de Lennep, Abbe de Buisson, and Dom Calvet, Dundee was wearing a Templar Cross, emblematic of his role as Grand Master of the Scottish Order of the Temple."

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