Wikipedia:Introduction (historical)

Guerrilla Fitness

Guerrilla: gur-ril-la [noun]. a method of unconventional warfare, waged by unconventional soldiers, operating in small, tightly knit groups. Guerrilla Fitness: a method of unconventional exercises, performed by disillusioned gym-goers, operating in small, tightly knit groups. With this definition in mind, Guerrilla Fitness evolved to provide an alternative to gyms and personal trainers; to engage groups of people in challenging exercise and activities that not only build a stronger body but develop comradery and inner strength too. In today’s quick-fix society, people have been convinced that health is available in a pill, a 7 minute abs program, or the latest celebrity diet. These beliefs have led to billions of dollars spent in the health and fitness industry. An industry that would rather take your money instead of help you achieve your goals.

Results do not come in a pill or potion, they must be earned.

We are starting an exercise revolution.

Derick Prawira

Born in Indonesia, Bogor City on april 22nd 1982, had interested in arts and music since youth, joining in a local Indonesian band as a drummer, rock and pop genre at the time, but his main attitude was on heavy metal, his first heavy breath taking metal band influenced was Sepultura, and other thrash metal bands but nowadays his interested in European Metal includes Black Metal and Power Metal, bands such as Cradle of Filth, Dimmu Borgir, Helloween, Angra, becomes his major influence, speed and accuracy was his style on drumming, he only follows his feeling rather than technic although he created some of his difference

Mr Rascal

Mr Rascal is a five piece alternative country rock and folk band from Brisbane, Australia formed by Christian Duell in May 2006.

RAM RAI PUR NAWANSHHR PUNJAB

Oscillators

--Anoopsv kattakada 10:02, 12 September 2007 (UTC)Oscillators and multivibratorsAnoopsv kattakada 10:02, 12 September 2007 (UTC)--

MULTIVIBRATORS

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors. The most common form is the astable or oscillating type, which generates a square wave - the high level of harmonics in its output is what gives the multivibrator its common name.

There are three types of multivibrator circuit:

astable, in which the circuit is not stable in either state - it continuously oscillates from one state to the other. monostable, in which one of the states is stable, but the other is not - the circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. A common application is in eliminating switch bounce. bistable, in which the circuit will remain in either state indefinitely. The circuit can be flipped from one state to the other by an external event or trigger. Such a circuit is important as the fundamental building block of a register or memory device. This circuit is also known as a flip-flop. Astable Multivibrator circuit

This circuit shows a typical simple astable circuit, with an output from the collector of Q1, and an inverted output from the collector of Q2.

Suggested values which will yield a frequency of about 0.48Hz:

R1, R4 = 10K R2, R3 = 150K C1, C2 = 10μF Q1, Q2 = BC547 or similar NPN switching transistor Basic mode of operation The circuit keeps one transistor switched on and the other switched off. Suppose that initially, Q1 is switched on and Q2 is switched off.

State 1:

Q1 holds the bottom of R1 (and the left side of C1) near ground (0V). The right side of C1 (and the base of Q2) is being charged by R2 from below ground to 0.6V. R3 is pulling the base of Q1 up, but its base-emitter diode prevents the voltage from rising above 0.6V. R4 is charging the right side of C2 up to the power supply voltage (+V). Because R4 is less than R2, C2 charges faster than C1. When the base of Q2 reaches 0.6V, Q2 turns on, and the following positive feedback loop occurs:

Q2 abruptly pulls the right side of C2 down to near 0V. Because the voltage across a capacitor cannot suddenly change, this causes the left side of C2 to suddenly fall to almost -V, well below 0V. Q1 switches off due to the sudden disappearance of its base voltage. R1 and R2 work to pull both ends of C1 toward +V, completing Q2's turn on. The process is stopped by the B-E diode of Q2, which will not let the right side of C1 rise very far. This now takes us to State 2, the mirror image of the initial state, where Q1 is switched off and Q2 is switched on. Then R1 rapidly pulls C1's left side toward +V, while R3 more slowly pulls C2's left side toward +0.6V. When C2's left side reaches 0.6V, the cycle repeats.

Multivibrator Frequency

where...

· f is frequency in Hertz.

· R2 and R3 are resistor values in ohms.

· C1 and C2 are capacitor values in farads.

· τ is time constant (In this case, the sum of two time constants).

· Note: Often, hobby formulas neglect the multiplication by 0.693. This omission causes a meaningful error in the output frequency value.

Initial power-up When the circuit is first powered up, neither transistor will be switched on. However, this means that at this stage they will both have high base voltages and therefore a tendency to switch on, and inevitable slight asymmetries will mean that one of the transistors is first to switch on. This will quickly put the circuit into one of the above states, and oscillation will ensue. In practice, oscillation always occurs for practical values of R and C. However, if the circuit is temporarily held with both bases high, for longer than it takes for both capacitors to charge fully, then the circuit will remain in this stable state, with both bases at 0.6V, both collectors at 0V, and both capacitors charged backwards to -0.6V. This can occur at startup without external intervention, if R and C are both very small. For example, a 10 MHz oscillator of this type will often be unreliable. (Different oscillator designs, such as relaxation oscillators, are required at high frequencies.)

Period of oscillation Very roughly, the duration of state 1 (low output) will be related to the time constant R2•C1 as it depends on the charging of C1, and the duration of state 2 (high output) will be related to the time constant R3•C2 as it depends on the charging of C2. Because they do not need to be the same, an asymmetric duty cycle is easily achieved. However, the duration of each state also depends on the initial state of charge of the capacitor in question, and this in turn will depend on the amount of discharge during the previous state, which will also depend on the resistors used during discharge (R1 and R4) and also on the duration of the previous state, etc. The result is that when first powered up, the period will be quite long as the capacitors are initially fully discharged, but the period will quickly shorten and stabilise. The period will also depend on any current drawn from the output and on the supply voltage. Because of all these inaccuracies, more sophisticated timer ICs are commonly used in practice, as described above.

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit

When triggered by an input pulse, a monostable multivibrator will switch to its unstable position for an alloted amount of time, and then return to its stable state. If repeated application of the input pulse maintains the circuit in the unstable state, it is called a retriggerable monostable. If further trigger pulses do not affect the period, the circuit is a non-retriggerable multivibrator.

Bistable Multivibrator Circuit

Suggested values:

R1, R2 = 1K R3, R4 = 10K This circuit is similar to astable multivibrator, except that there is no charge or discharge time, due to the absence of capacitors. Hence, when the circuit is switched on, if Q1 is on, its collector is at 0 V. As a result, Q2 gets switched off. This results in nearly +V volts being applied to base of Q1, thus keeping it on. Thus, the circuit remains stable in a single state continuously.

Similarly, Q2 remains on continuously, if it happens to get switched on first.

However, in practice, it is preferable to determine the switching of the transistor manually. For this, the Set and Reset terminals are used. For example, if when Q2 is on, Set is grounded, this switches Q2 off, and as described above, makes Q1 on. Thus, Set is used to 'set' Q1 on, and Reset is used to 'reset' it to off state.

SCHMITT TRIGGER

Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that incorporates positive feedback. When the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the output is high; when the input is below another (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low; when the input is between the two, the output retains its value. The trigger is so named because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis, and implies that the Schmitt trigger has some memory.

The benefit of a Schmitt trigger over a circuit with only a single input threshold is greater stability (noise immunity). With only one input threshold, a noisy input signal near that threshold could cause the output to switch rapidly back and forth from noise alone. A noisy Schmitt Trigger input signal near one threshold can cause only one switch in output value, after which it would have to move to the other threshold in order to cause another switch.

Schmitt trigger with two transistors A Schmitt trigger is still frequently made using two transistors as shown. The chain RK1 R1 R2 sets the base voltage for transistor T2. This divider, however, is affected by transistor T1, providing higher voltage if T1 is open. Hence the threshold voltage for switching between the states depends on the present state of the trigger.

For NPN transistors as shown, when the input voltage is well below the shared emitter voltage, T1 does not conduct. The base voltage of transistor T2 is determined by the mentioned divider. Due to negative feedback, the voltage at the shared emitters must be almost as high as that set by the divider so that T2 is conducting, and the trigger output is in the low state. T1 will conduct when the input voltage (T1 base voltage) rises slightly above the voltage across resistor RE (emitter voltage). When T1 begins to conduct, T2 ceases to conduct, because the voltage divider now provides lower T2 base voltage while the emitter voltage does not drop because T1 is now drawing current across RE. With T2 now not conducting the trigger has transitioned to the high state.

With the trigger now in the high state, if the input voltage lowers enough, the current through T1 reduces, lowering the shared emitter voltage and raising the base voltage for T2. As T2 begins to conduct, the voltage across RE rises, further reducing the T1 base-emitter potential and T1 ceases to conduct.

In the high state, the output voltage is close to V+, but in the low state it is still well above V−. This may not be low enough to be a "logical zero " for digital circuits. This may require additional amplifiers following the trigger circuit

OSCILLATORS Wien-Bridge Oscillator Basics

The typical Wien-Bridge oscillator comprises a differential amplifier having a large open-loop gain (U1 in fig. 1), an R-C network for frequency determination and a non-linear resistive network for amplitude stabilization. The transfer function of the frequency-sensitive network is:

for a signal fed back from the amplifiers output to the non-inverting input. The same signal is fed back from the output to the inverting input, the transfer function for the non-linear network being:

Loop-gain at unity for oscillations to start requires that:

...(1)

where w o is the oscillations radian-frequency and Ad is the differential amplifiers open-loop gain. The above equation is satisfied at:

...(2)

when:

...(3)

this is, when:

...(4)

D is given by:

And is in fact a very small number. So, for all practical purposes R1 equals 2RNL at the end of the stabilization period.

Usually, RNL is a low-power incandescent lamp. Commonly found specifications for this device are 24V-50mA and 12V-60mA, when split power supplies of +12V and 12V are used for the circuit.

The amplitude of the low-distortion output sine-wave can be adjusted varying R1. RNL automatically adjusts its own value so that eq.(4) is always satisfied. Due to this dynamic action good amplitude and frequency stabilities are attained.

Following is a graph showing the static V-R curve for a Philips 24V-50mA incandescent lamp. The data for this curve was obtained measuring the DC current through the lamp with a set of DC voltages applied and computing R as R = V / I.

For a particular oscillator peak output voltage Vo, the lamps voltage drop is calculated as Vo / 3, according to eq. (3). This data is entered to the V-axis on the above graph and a corresponding lamp resistance R is obtained. Equating RNL to this value yields the required R1 [ eq. (4)] .

The thermal response of the lamp imposes a limit on the minimum frequency of oscillation if total harmonic distortion (THD) is to be kept below 1%. For this type of lamp the limit is around 20 Hz. Low-distortion operation at lower frequencies can be achieved through the series-connection of two lamps. However, longer stabilization periods should be expected.

RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Theory: An oscillator is a circuit, which generates ac output signal without giving any input ac signal. This circuit is usually applied for audio frequencies only. The basic requirement for an oscillator is positive feedback. The operation of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator can be explained as follows. The starting voltage is provided by noise, which is produced due to random motion of electrons in resistors used in the circuit. The noise voltage contains almost all the sinusoidal frequencies. This low amplitude noise voltage gets amplified and appears at the output terminals. The amplified noise drives the feedback network which is the phase shift network. Because of this the feedback voltage is maximum at a particular frequency, which in turn represents the frequency of oscillation. Furthermore, the phase shift required for positive feedback is correct at this frequency only. The voltage gain of the amplifier with positive feedback is given by

From the above equation we can see that if . The gain becomes infinity means that there is output without any input. i.e. the amplifier becomes an oscillator. This condition is known as the Barkhausen criterion of oscillation. Thus the output contains only a single sinusoidal frequency. In the beginning, as the oscillator is switched on, the loop gain Ab is greater than unity. The oscillations build up. Once a suitable level is reached the gain of the amplifier decreases, and the value of the loop gain decreases to unity. So the constant level oscillations are maintained. Satisfying the above conditions of oscillation the value of R and C for the phase shift network is selected such that each RC combination produces a phase shift of 60°. Thus the total phase shift produced by the three RC networks is 180°. Therefore at the specific frequency fo the total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base is 360° thereby satisfying Barkhausen criterion. We select R1=R2=R3* =R and C1=C2=C3=C

The frequency of oscillation of RC Phase Shift Oscillator is given by

At this frequency, the feedback factor of the network is . In order that it is required that the amplifier gain for oscillator operation.

LC Oscillators The LC Oscillator

This oscillator consists of a capacitor and a coil connected in parallel. To understand how the LC oscillator basically works, let's start off with the basics. Suppose a capacitor is charged by a battery. Once the capacitor is charged, one plate of the capacitor has more electrons than the other plate, thus it is charged. Now, when it is discharged through a wire, the electrons return to the positive plate, thus making the capacitor's plates neutral, or discharged. However, this action works differently when you discharge a capacitor through a coil. When current is applied through a coil, a magnetic field is generated around the coil. This magnetic field generates a voltage across the coil that opposes the direction of electron flow. Because of this, the capacitor does not discharge right away. The smaller the coil, the faster the capacitor discharges. Now the interesting part happens. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the coil, the magnetic field starts to collapse around the coil. The voltage induced from the collapsing magnetic field recharges the capacitor oppositely. Then the capacitor begins to discharge through the coil again, generating a magnetic field. This process continues until the capacitor is completely discharged due to resistance.

Technically this basic LC circuit generates a sine wave that loses voltage in every cycle. To overcome this, additional voltage is applied to keep the oscillator from losing voltage. However, to keep this oscillator going well, a switching method is used. A vacuum tube (or a solid-state equivalent such as a FET) is used to keep this LC circuit oscillating. The advantage of using a vacuum tube is that they can oscillate at specified frequencies such as a thousand cycles per second.

              There are several different types of LC oscillators. A little off subject; one well known and entertaining oscillator is known as the tesla coil, which uses an unique LC circuit using the spark gap to oscillate. 

Armstrong Oscillator

This oscillator is very much like a RF amplifier, but a new coil, called the tickler coil, is connected between the plate and the B+, or high voltage supply. This coil is generally wound next to the main LC coil, or tank coil. When current flows in the plate, a electromagnetic field gives feedback to the tank coil, which keeps the oscillations going. The grid resistor drops the voltage, thus the grid is very negative with respect to the cathode. The grid capacitor keeps enough charge to keep the grid negative for at least one cycle of oscillation, it helps keep the grid negative when either side of the LC circuit

is positive. When the LC circuit's positive charge is at it's maximum, the charge will balance with the grid capacitor, causing plate current to flow because there is no negative on the grid. This is the point when the tickler coil provides feedback to the LC circuit. The grid controls the plate current in all vacuum tubes, thus if the grid oscillates this number of times, the plate will oscillate the same number of times, the tickler coil will give feedbacks at the same number of times. This is because of the tank circuit, which specifies the frequency. The frequency can be adjusted when the coil and/or capacitor are adjusted. The bigger the coil and capacitor are, the lower the frequency. The smaller the coil and capacitor are, the higher the frequency. However, in an antique radio, it is handier to adjust the capacitor than the coil to specify a frequency so a variable capacitor is used. This is a very typical feedback oscillator, however the greatest disadvantage of this oscillator are unstable frequencies. 

Some of you may be familiar with this circuit. This circuit is also known as the regenerative receiver Edwin H. Armstrong developed. Below is a basic regenerative radio circuit you can construct that is similar to the Armstrong oscillator.

Hartley Oscillator

This oscillator is very similar to the Armstrong oscillator and is commonly used. The difference between the Armstrong oscillator and the Hartley oscillator is that the tickler coil is part of the LC circuit. This oscillator is easier to tune compared to the Armstrong oscillator.

The cathode is tapped to the coil so when current flows through the coil, there is a voltage kick in the grid coil. The amount of feedback is controlled by changing the cathode tap. Most of the LC circuit works in a manner like the Armstrong oscillator. The Hartley oscillator is an improvement on the Armstrong oscillator, however it has some frequency instabilities.

Colpitt’s Oscillator

The Colpitt’s oscillator is very similar to the Hartley oscillator, but instead of a tapped grid coil, it has tapped capacitance.

The tap between the two capacitors is grounded and the feedback is obtained from the coupling capacitor, C1. The amount of feedback depends on the ratio of C2 to C3. The capacitor part of the LC circuit consists of both C2 and C3, which determines the oscillating frequency. This oscillator has more frequency stabilities than the Hartley oscillator.

Crystal Oscillator

This is a type of oscillator that is controlled by a crystal. The big advantage of a crystal oscillator is high frequency stability. Common crystals used are tourmaline, Rochelle salts, and quartz. The crystal makes a voltage difference when voltage is applied to the two plates on the crystal. When AC is applied, the crystal compresses and stretches, in other words it vibrates. The natural frequency of a crystal's vibrations is found to be more constant than the oscillations in a LC circuit. The thinner the crystal is, the faster it vibrates. The LC circuit is the electrical equivalent of a crystal.

Notice there is a LC circuit on the plate circuit now. As said earlier, the crystal vibrates at its own frequency, so the LC circuit is on the plate to adjust the amplitude of oscillations. However, more components are suggested in this circuit to maintain the voltages and RF in the circuit. The disadvantage of this oscillator is its limited power output.

Caring and feeding of a crystal is important. Crystals will overheat or crack when fed with too much voltage. The current flowing through a crystal generally should not be more than 100mA (.1A).

Hartley & Colpitt’s Oscillator (II) Principles of Oscillator operation Every oscillator has at least one active device (smarties don't complicate matters for me - just read on) be it a transistor or even the old valve. This active device and, for this tutorial we'll stick to the humble transistor, acts as an amplifier. There is nothing flash about that. For this first part of the discussion we will confine ourselves to LC Oscillators or oscillator basics and I'll keep the maths to an absolute minimum. At turn on, when power is first applied, random noise is generated within our active device and then amplified. This noise is fed back positively through frequency selective circuits to the input where it is amplified again and so on, a bit like my childhood project. Ultimately a state of equilibrium is reached where the losses in the circuit are made good by consuming power from the power supply and the frequency of oscillation is determined by the external components, be they inductors and capacitors (L.C.) or a crystal. The amount of positive feedback to sustain oscillation is also determined by external components.

Hartley Oscillator

I decided to use the Hartley Oscillator for the simple reason it's my favorite. Recently it was discussed that your favorite oscillator was likely the one, which worked best for you, and I think that is quite true. So here it is in it's most simplified form.

Colpitt’s Oscillator The basic Colpitts oscillator circuit looks like this and you will see some similarities. If you consider positive feedback is applied to compensate for the losses in the tuned circuit, the amplifier and feedback circuit create a negative resistor. When Z1 and Z2 are capacitive, the impedance across the capacitors can be estimated from a formula I won't lay on you here because it includes beta, hie, as well as XC1 and XC2. Suffice to say it can be shown that the input impedance is a negative resistor in series with C1 and C2. And the frequency is in accordance with:

Frequency or Phase Stability of an Oscillator Frequency or phase stability of an oscillator is customarily considered in the long term stability case where frequency changes are measured over minutes, hours, days even years. Of interest here are the effects of the components changes, with ambient conditions, on the frequency of oscillation. These might be caused by changes in the input voltage, variations in temperature, humidity and ageing of our components. Never underestimate the effects of these variations on the frequency of operation. I've gone nuts working on so called precision designs, with precision components, where the frequency wandered at random over several kilohertz over several minutes. Needless to say I'd "messed up". Short-term stability is also of great interest and, again I could lay some real heavy maths on you but I won't. I'll simply say it can be mathematically proven that the higher the circuit Q, the higher this stability factor becomes. The higher the circuit Q, the better the ability the tuned circuit can filter out undesired harmonics AND noise.

Reducing Phase Noise in Oscillators 1. Maximize the Qu of the resonator.

2. Maximize reactive energy by means of a high RF voltage across the resonator. Use a low LC ratio.

3. Avoid device saturation and try to use anti parallel (back to back) tuning diodes.

4. Choose your active device with the lowest NF (noise figure).

5. Choose a device with low flicker noise; this can be reduced by RF feedback. A bipolar transistor with an un-bypassed

   emitter resistor of 10 to 30 ohms can improve flicker noise by as much as 40 dB, see emitter degeneration 

6. The output circuits should be isolated from the oscillator circuit and take as little power as possible.

Effects of ambient changes on stability in oscillators A frequency change of a few tens of hertz back and forth over a couple of minutes would mean nothing to an entertainment receiver designed for the FM Radio band. Such a drift in an otherwise contest grade receiver designed to receive CW (morse code) would be intolerable. It's a question of relativity.

Minimizing Frequency drift in oscillators These are random and not in any particular order.

· Isolate the oscillator from succeeding stages with a well-designed buffer stage followed by a stage of amplification. Large signals can often then be reduced by a 3 or 6 dB attenuator, which also has the benefit of presenting a well-defined load impedance to the amplifier. If the stage is feeding a mixer, as is most often the case, then another benefit is the mixer (you are using double balanced mixers?), also see a source impedance of 50 ohms.

· Ensure the mechanical stability of your oscillator is such that mechanical vibration can have no effect on components, especially those frequency determining components.

· Supply the oscillator with a clean well regulated supply. If using varactor tuning, doubly ensure the tuning DC voltage is as clean as possible, a few hundred micro volts of noise can be imposed on the oscillator signal. Use back to back diodes for the variable element. Air variables are hard to come by although they offer far superior Q figures. DC tuning tends to be more versatile.

· Minimize circuit changes from ambient variations by using NPO capacitors, polystyrene are dearer but excellent, silvered mica in my opinion are not what many people believe and are highly over rated.

· The inductor should be air wound on a coil form with a configuration to maximize Qu. If you must use a toroid, where possible try to use the 6 type as it offers the best Q. Sometimes, for other reasons you might have to use a slug tuned form.

· Parallel a number of smaller value NPO capacitors rather than using one large one in frequency determining components. For trimmers try and use an air variable. Keep an eye out for small value N750, N1500 capacitors, < 15 pF, when available and are found to be dirt cheap. These are sometimes useful in taming drift in an oscillator.

· Bipolar or FETS for active device seems to be a matter of personal preference and I've seen some ferocious arguments over that one. Consensus seems to come down in favour of FETS. Me, I'm a bipolar man because FETS hate me pure and simple.

What are crystal oscillators? Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency-determining element is a quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator. Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without resorting to some sort of crystal control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators. The frequency of older FT-243 crystals can be moved upward by crystal grinding. I won't be discussing frequency synthesizers and direct digital synthesis (DDS) here. They are particularly interesting topics to be covered later.

A practical example of a Crystal Oscillator This is a typical example of the type of crystal oscillators, which may be used for say converters. Some points of interest on crystal oscillators in relation to figure 1. The transistor could be a general-purpose type with an Ft of at least 150 Mhz for HF use. A typical example would be a 2N2222A. The turns ratio on the tuned circuit depicts an anticipated nominal load of 50 ohms. This allows a theoretical 2K5 ohm on the collector. If it is followed by a buffer amplifier (highly recommended) I would simply maintain the typical 7:1 turns ratio. I have included a formula for determining L and C in the tuned circuits of crystal oscillators in case you have forgotten earlier tutorials. Personally I would make L a reactance of around 250 ohms.

In this case I'd make C a smaller trimmer in parallel with a standard fixed value. You can use an overtone crystal for the crystal and set L X C for the odd particular multiple of overtone wanted in your crystal oscillators. Of particular interest to those people wanting to develop a variable crystal oscillator is the Super VXO. Worth a look.

Mike Smith

Mike Smith is a Dutch American amateur artist born in New York USA who has been acting for over more than 10 years in different theathers in Holland and Belgium.

He first started 10 years ago on an amateur base in Holland and with a show called "Flowers are everywhere". It's a show about the relationship of the US and Holland in the past till now.

In his show he uses Dutch erotic related internet jokes. Some of these jokes are about the nonsense of web erotic chats and webcams people are using to get sexual satisfaction, without having a sexual relationship in real.

Now he is making a new show about how are Americans thinking about the Dutch and the Dutch are thinking about Americans. Its a fast show with all kind of jokes from A to Z.

He has a lot of hobbies like;

-Playing Soccer -Play Chess -Watching TV -Going out -Internet -Fishing -Playing Darts -Playing Poker -Eating in a good restaurent -Cooking -Etc.

Now he lives in Amsterdam and is married with Mirjam Jansen who is also an amatuer artist. They are both a happy married couple and they have 4 children named; Marieke (10 years old), Henk (12 years old), Peter (11 years old)and Madeline (6 years old) Also they have a dog named Rocco. Rocco is a German Shepperd and is 5 years old.

William Theilheimer

William Theilheimer (1914 – 14 July 2005) was a pioneer in chemical reaction documentation. He was born in Augsburg, Germany.

He received his Ph.D in organic chemistry from Basel University, Switzerland in 1940, and stayed there until 1947 as Assistant to Professor Hans Friedrich Albrecht Erlenmeyer (1900 - 1967), the son of Friedrich Gustav Carl Emil Erlenmeyer (Emil Jr.). During his time there he compiled the data for the first volume of "Synthetische Methoden der Organische Chemie" published by S. Karger Verlag in Basel in 1946. This developed the system of Conrad Weygand (Organic Preparations, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1945).

In 1987, Dr. Theilheimer received the Herman Skolnik Award of the ACS Division of Chemical Information for "pioneering a chemical reaction documentation system, embodied in 40 yearbooks of "Theilheimer's Synthetic Methods of Organic Chemistry" and paving the way to modern chemical reaction databases through codification of chemical reactions and categorization of reactions in terms of reaction type and essential bond breaking and formation".

Diane Jr (emmerdale character)

Diane Jr was born offscreen in 2004 to parents Bernice Thomas and her boyfriend Charlie

Family: Mother: Bernice Thomas Father: Charlie

David Clarke

David Victor Clarke was born on the 10th of November 1994. He was born to the parents James and Katherine. He attended St. Annes Primary school, before going to Salesian College High School. There had been rumours for quite some time that he had been gay, and during the year he came out of the closet, admitting to his homosexuality.

MICHAEL DINGLER

NoLA RISING PROJECT, NPN’S THE TRUMPET SEPTEMBER 2007, PAGE 14-5 by ANGELA PATE, FREELANCE WRITER

NoLA RISING - Bringing it to the Streets

There's a new face springing up around town and you might recognize him by a sketch. His name is Rex and his message is simple: “Nola Rising.”

Rex doesn't claim this expression as his own, as it is felt by all New Orleanians. His alter-ego, Michael Dingler, has turned it into an art form.

The NOLA Rising Project is an art campaign to encourage people in all neighborhoods of New Orleans to display public free works of art regardless of how untutored or simple the artist. Michael Dingler has a simple and accessible style of art that he posts throughout the city.

New Orleans is a unique and beautiful city that has historically embraced the spirit of personal freedom that supports the individual growth of the artist, musician and writer. The goal of the NOLA Rising Project is to showcase that spirit.

From the lower Ninth Ward to the Orleans/Jefferson line, if you haven't seen Rex’s art on your street or near where you shop or work, it's likely because it has been taken by a "phantom collector" in the dead of night.

"At first, I thought people were ripping them down and throwing them away because of the pedestrian style I was using and perhaps some did. Then, as I continued to post the art, I kept meeting people and discovered that much of that being taken was being collected. Now, I find it a little rewarding when a piece or two come up missing."

But why this form of art? Street art is most commonly associated with graffiti and often misunderstood as gang tagging, but that's not the way Michael sees it.

“I see street art as a contemporary form of art that can be found all over the world. The level of sophistication varies with the training and experience of the artist. Sure, there are gang tags, but when […] you take a look around, there are other pieces out there." The other pieces that he speaks of:

THE PEOPLE IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD - NPN’S THE TRUMPET - PAGE 15

can be found around New Orleans on the very same telephone poles he uses to post. The city also inspires other street sign posters and stencils, but most distinguishably the crushed cans with various skeletons painted separately by Ducken and Chris of the Skeleton Krewe. Their work often helped inspire Rex when he questioned whether or not to continue the Nola Rising Project.

When the Project began, it was a random shot to get people to start creating public works of art that, by nature, would be accessible. "I wanted to start a campaign that would get people feeling better about the city... [and] coming back to the city. I hope it might brighten someone's day and perhaps encourage them to make a sketch or painting to share."

Michael describes himself as an "artist, amateur photographer, average writer, sometimes boat captain, and a masterful student of life." His oil paintings, photographs, and pen and ink drawings can be seen in small galleries from the Westbank to the Northshore.

Rex, a nickname given to him by friends in the crazy days after the storm, has become his symbol of self and one can find that name on much of his Nola Rising Collection.

"Last year I had left New Orleans for several weeks, thinking perhaps that I wouldn't ever return. I traveled in the western states, and then made the big discovery that many have made before me. There is no better food anywhere in the country than in New Orleans. If it hadn't been for Mexicans, I would have starved in the west Texas desert."

Over the next several months, Michael Dingler developed his Nola Rising Project through hundreds of sketches and numerous paintings.

After finding a cache of drawings he had done as a child, he began to believe that the better way to approach art is as seen through the eyes of children, where there is no right or wrong with what you produce.

"People can say what they want about the art of a child, but it's such an invigorating thing to see a big yellow blob on a piece of paper and be told that it's a school bus, or the leaf of a flower. When I paint with my daughters, I never tell them that they are doing anything right or wrong. I use it as a focus for discussion to see what's in their young minds."

In that belief, there evolved a carefree sketch-style that is rough, though sometimes poignant. He sometimes mixes in personal quotes and the quotes that strike him as profound,along with others that border on absurd. "Monty Python is a great source, but I'd have to say I prefer Arthur Rimbaud," he explains. Other personal favorites include Walt Whitman's "I celebrate myself," Allen Ginsberg's "Will we walk all night through solitary streets?" and his own "Re-Invent your soul."

"I came up with 'Re-invent your soul' as I was driving across the Causeway. It seemed to fit me. A year ago, my life was a train wreck. Now, life is good. You get over the hard times and move on knowing that you have survived and come out whole. When the words came into my mind, it was like a much needed peace was finally mine."

It's a peace that can be seen when you come across one of his signs that reads , "Smile, Live, Laugh, Dance, Leap, Hop, Skip, Jump & Rise - NOLA Rise."

Thiele, Luke

Born in Sydney 1966 to a working family. Eldest of six children, a free thinker, Atheist and general disruptive influence. Believes in the potential of mankind and science.

Tae Kwon-Do Student Oath

The Tae Kwan-Do student oath is typically recited at the beginning of a class in Tae Kwan-Do, either in recitation with students repeating after the instructor, or in unison, students and the instructor speaking at the same time.

The purpose of the student oath is to remind students of their obligations to their art, instructors, fellow students, people outside of their school, and to society at large. The oath is generally repeated at the beginning of class, after students “bow in,” a process that usually includes bowing simultaneously to the Korean flag and the flag of the country in which the school is located, bowing to the head instructor or photograph of the school’s founder, and finally, bowing to the instructor or instructors who will be conducting the class. Usually, the student oath is preceded by a recitation of a list of tenets of Tae Kwan Do. The instructor typically would prompt the class to repeat the student oath and tenets of Tae Kwon-Do.

The tenets of Tae Kwan Do are often given in a list of five: courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control and indomitable spirit. Young Brothers Institute [1] in Pittsburgh, Pa., adds a sixth tenet: modesty. Following recitation of the tenets, students then recite the student oath, as follows:

• I shall observe the tenets of Tae Kwon-Do.
• I shall respect the instructor and seniors.
• I shall never misuse Tae Kwan-Do.
• I shall be a champion of freedom and justice.
• I shall build a more peaceful world.

Citations:

Marc Tedeschi (2003). Taekwondo: Traditions, Philosophy, Technique. Weatherhill, Inc.; p. 50. ISBN: 0-8348-0515-4.

Young Brothers Tae Kwon-Do Institute [2].

Explore Space Jabalpur

A mind that has been stretched will never return to its original dimension. - Albert Einstein

Explore Space Jabalpur

          It is Saket Singh Kaurav  Space Awareness board , Which is a non-government , student board for populirization of Science among the Students. Honour of this board is Saket Singh Kaurav , Student of M.Sc. Physics , Rani Durgavati university , Jabalpur.--Wikisaket 11:07, 12 September 2007 (UTC)--Wikisaket 11:07, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Last Resort

Lat Resort are a band of 14 year olds that was formed at Keilor downs college. it cosists of 4 members. Janaki- drums, Hashani- Guitar, Tony- Guitar, Devon- bass and Gavan vocals.

Personal life

Peter Tam was born and raised in Ipoh, Malaysia. In 2002, he moved to PJ, Selangor to pursue further studies. He graduated from KDU College and University Newcastle,Northumbria in 2007, with a Bachelor's degree in Business Management and an Honours degree in Marketing. He worked with Infinity Connection as an a Manager in July 2002,and further his studies later on.

He is currently working part-time in the IT-blogging field, and besides authoring petertam.blogspot.com, he is also very active in sports and has been running more than 15 half-marathons. He leads a low-profile life as he frequently stresses the importance of exercise from living a healthy lifestlye.

Peter is able to speak and write in English, Malay and Chinese.Most of the time using Cantonese jokes to bring laughter to friends.

Participating in marathon events plays a crucial role in his life. He challenge himself to the extreme by setting realistic goals and commit himself fully for such events. He also has the motive of loosing his weight by doing so.He is also interested in traveling, diving, mountain climbing and other recreational activities.

kool

Personal life

Peter Tam was born and raised in Ipoh, Malaysia. In 2002, he moved to PJ, Selangor to pursue further studies. He graduated from KDU College and University Newcastle,Northumbria in 2007, with a Bachelor's degree in Business Management and an Honours degree in Marketing. He worked with Infinity Connection as an a Manager in July 2002,and further his studies later on.

He is currently working part-time in the IT-blogging field, and besides authoring petertam.blogspot.com, he is also very active in sports and has been running more than 15 half-marathons. He leads a low-profile life as he frequently stresses the importance of exercise from living a healthy lifestlye.

Peter is able to speak and write in English, Malay and Chinese.Most of the time using Cantonese jokes to bring laughter to friends.

Participating in marathon events plays a crucial role in his life. He challenge himself to the extreme by setting realistic goals and commit himself fully for such events. He also has the motive of loosing his weight by doing so.He is also interested in traveling, diving, mountain climbing and other recreational activities.