Anizah
`Anizzah (Arabic: عنزة, `Anizah, `Aniza) are a large Arab tribal confederation of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and the Levant.
Genealogy and Origins
Currently one of the largest of the Arab tribes, `Anizzah's existence as an autonomous tribal group, unlike that of many prominent modern tribes, predates the rise of Islam in the 7th century CE. The classical Arab genealogists placed `Anizzah within the large Rabi`ah branch of Adnanite (North Arabian) tribes, alongside the tribes of Abdul Qays, Bakr ibn Wa'il, Bani Hanifa, and Taghlib. In the genealogical scheme, `Anizzah's eponymous ancestor is a great uncle of all of these.
Two main branches of `Anizzah are recorded by the early Muslim scholars. One branch was nomadic, living in the northern Arabian steppes bordering Syria and Mesopotamia. The other, known as Bani Hizzan, was sedentary, living within the wadis of the district of Al-Yamama in eastern Nejd, just south of their purported cousins, the Bani Hanifa of the Bakr ibn Wa'il, who inhabited modern-day Riyadh. Families tracing their origin to `Annizah through Hizzan still exist in that area today.[1]
The other tribes of Rabi'ah were far more prominent in the events of late pre-Islamic Arabia and the early Islamic era (see Banu Hanifa, Taghlib, and Bakr). According to historians such as Al-Tabari (10th century CE), `Anizzah joined with Bakr ibn Wa'il under an alliance they called "al-Lahazim", becoming one tribe. So complete was the merging of the two tribes that it became unknown which branches belonged to which tribe; although the tribe later came to be known as "`Annizah", their battle cry was "sons of Wa'il", and the names "`Annizah" and "Wa'il" were interchangeable until at least the 19th century. Some believe that this confederation also absorbed the remnants of the once-large and powerful tribe of Taghlib as well, and probably other smaller tribes, as the process of absorption by one tribe of another (called hilf, "alliance") is a common feature of Arab tribal society.
Modern History
`Annizah in Syria and Northern Arabia
The modern tribe of `Annizah became prominent in the Ottoman era, as masters of the oasis towns of northwestern Arabia, particularly Khaybar and Al-Ula. Although not farmers themselves, the `Annizah levied crops from the inhabitants, and only spent the winter months in the area, while migrating northwards into southern Syria in the summer months, where they collected tribute from the inhabitants of the Hawran region. The tribute was known as khuwwa ("brotherhood"), and in exchange, the tribesmen pledged to protect the farmers from other tribes. Other clans of the tribe spread across the northern Arabian steppes as far north and east as the Euphrates. According to Encyclopedia of Islam, "it is not known whence they came", while many such as the Western travelers Philby and Anne Blunt simply assumed they had recently migrated from Nejd, having been pushed northwards into Syria by other tribes. However, the tribe does not appear in the historical or genealogical records of Nejd, and members of the tribe posit a migration from Syria and Iraq southwards to Nejd, which comports with the original lands of the Bakr ibn Wa'il. In particular, it is believed they originated from the area of Ayn Tamr in the Iraqi desert near Karbala. In the 19th century, the Swiss traveler Burckhardt and the British traveler Doughty visited the tribe in their stronghold of Khaybar and gathered from them many details of Bedouin life.
One branch of the `Annizah in that area, centered around Al-Jouf and the valley of Wadi Sarhan and extending into Jordan and Syria, became so large and powerful that it practically developed into an independent tribe, known as the Ruwallah. The Ruwallah engaged in battle with other branches of `Annizah, and also became the arch-enemy of the large tribe of Shammar, who inhabited roughly the same area and dominated Nejd in the late 19th century after temporarily deposing the Al Saud. A 19th century oral poetic epic telling the tale of a rivalry between two heroes from Shammar and `Annizah was published in 1992.[2] The Ruwallah were among the tribes that took part in the "Arab Revolt" against the Ottomans in 1916. Another northern branch of `Annizah, the `Amarat, was centered in the deserts of Iraq.
According to the tribe's genealogists, the modern tribe in north Arabia is divided into the following branches:
- Dhana Bishr ("children of Bishr") - which includes the `Amarat of Iraq.
- Dhana Maslam - which includes the Ruwallah of north Arabia.
`Annizah in Nejd
The sparse chronicles of Nejd relating to the pre-Wahhabi era relate a process of penetration of the tribe into northern and western Nejd, where they began to claim pastures during the winter months.[3] One 19th century historian, Ibn La'bun, a descendant of `Annizah who went by the tribal appellation of "Al-Wa'ili", recorded the story of the settlement of several `Annizi families in Nejd, which he placed in the 14th century CE. In the 15th century, the region of Al-Qassim in northern Nejd was being rapidly settled through migration and the majority of this activity was by members of `Annizah. In the early 18th century -- just prior to the rise of Wahhabism -- the Bedouins of `Annizah are recorded to have reached as far as the gates of Riyadh, killing its ruler in battle. This battle was part of a tribal war in which Riyadh and its neighboring villages took sides. However, drought and a migration from the mountains of Hejaz (western Arabia) by the tribe of Mutayr helped push `Annizah back northwards shortly thereafter.
When the Wahhabi movement gave rise to the First Saudi State in the late 18th century, `Annizah were among the tribes that adopted a favorable attitude towards this new power, but took little active part in supporting it militarily, due to their geographical location. The `Annizah have from an early date adamantly claimed the Al Saud family to be one of their own [4], probably due to the fact that Al Saud claimed ancestry from Wa'il, and many members of Al Saud claim descent from a branch of `Annizah. However, within Al Saud's native region they are believed to be descendents of Wa'il through the tribe of Banu Hanifa, the region's native inhabitants, rather than through `Annizah, and unlike most other `Annizi families in Nejd, no record of an immigration by the Al Saud's ancestors from `Annizah's tribal territories exists.
The 20th Century
Limited settlement of Bedouin tribesmen in nearby towns and villages has always been an on-going process in the region. Settled families in `Annizah are to be found not only in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, where they are most numerous, but also in Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine, where the village of Anzah near Jenin is reportedly named after the tribe.
The establishment of the modern borders of the Middle East dealt a severe blow the Bedouin lifestyle of tribes such as `Annizah, which were accustomed to raising their animals over wide areas spanning many modern states. Special arrangements were made in the early 20th century for these tribes, but the vast majority ended up settling within these new states and taking Saudi, Kuwait, Iraqi, Syrian, or Jordanian citizenship. These recently settled tribesman are often distinguished from their sedentary cousins by retaining tribal appellations such as al-`Annizi or Al-Ruwaili as their surnames.
See also
References
- ^ Hamad Al-Jassir, "Hizzan", Compendium of the Lineages of the Settled Families of Nejd, pt. II, p. 889 (Arabic)
- ^ The social context of pre-Islamic poetry: poetic imagery
- ^ U.M. Al-Juhany, Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002
- ^ C.M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta
- De Gaury, Gerald. Review of the 'Anizah Tribe. Kutub. ISBN 9953-417-97-0.