Hercynian Forest
The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched eastward from the Rhine River across southern Germany and formed the northern boundary of that part of Europe known to writers of Antiquity. The ancient sources[1] are equivocal about how far east it extended. All agree that the Black Forest formed the western side of the Hercynian. Modern relics of this once-unbroken forest exist under many local names: the Schwarzwald ("Black Forest"), Odenwald, Spessart Rhön, Thüringerwald, Harz, Rauhe Alb, Steigerwald, Fichtelgebirge, Erzgebirge, Riesengebirge, the Bohemian Forest and the forested Carpathians.[2] The Mittelgebirge seems to more or less correspond to the Hercynian mountains, with Old High German Fergunna referring to the Erzgebirge and Virgundia (cf. modern Virngrund forest) to a range between Ansbach and Ellwangen. Across the Rhine to the west extended the Silva Carbonaria and the forest of the Ardennes. All these old-growth forests of Antiquity represented the the original post-glacial temperate broadleaf forest ecosystem of Europe.
Ancient references
The name is cited dozens of times in several classical authors, but most of the references are non-definitive,[3] as the author is assuming the reader would know where the forest is. The earliest is in Aristotle (Meteorologica), who refers to the Arkýnia (or Orkýnios) mountains of Europe, but tells us only that, remarkably in his point-of-view, rivers flow north from there.[4]
During the time of Julius Caesar, this forest blocked the advance of the Roman legions into Germania. His few statements are the most definitive. In De Bello Gallico[5] he says that the forest stretches along the Danube from the territory of the Helvetii (present-day Switzerland) to Dacia (present-day Romania). Its implied northern dimension is nine days' march. Its eastern dimension is indefinitely more than sixty days' march. The concept fascinated and perhaps frightened him a little, even if the old wives' tales, of unicorns[6] and unjointed elk, who leaned against trees to sleep in the endless forests of Germania, were later interpolated in his Commentaries.[7] Very likely, today's concept of an endless Black Forest descends in large part from Caesar. His name for the forest is the one most used: Hercynia Silva.
Pliny the Elder, in Natural History, places the eastern regions of the Hercynium jugum, the "Hercynian mountain chain", in Pannonia (present-day Hungary) and Dacia.[8] He also gives us some dramaticised insight[9] into its composition, in which the close proximity of the forest trees causes competitive struggle among them (inter se rixantes). He mentions its gigantic oaks.[10] But even he— if the passage in question is not an interpolated marginal gloss— is subject to the mythological aura exuding from the gloomy forest. He makes mention of unusual birds, which have feathers that "shine like fires at night". Medieval bestiaries named these birds the Ercinee. The impenetrable nature of the Hercynian Silva hindered the last concerted Roman foray into the forest, by Drusus, in 12-9 BCE: Florus asserts that Drusus invisum atque inaccessum in id tempus Hercynium saltum[11] patefecit. [12]
The isolated modern remnants of the Hercynian Forest identify its flora as a mixed one; Oscar Drude[13] identified its Baltic elements associated with North Alpine flora, and North Atlantic species with circumpolar representatives. Similarly, Edward Gibbon noted the presence of reindeer— pseudo-Caesar's bos cervi figura— and elk— pseudo-Caesar's alces— in the forest.[14] The wild bull which the Romans called the urus, was present also, and the European bison and the now-extinct aurochs, Bos primigenius. [15]
In the Roman sources, the Hercynian Forest was clearly part of ancient Germania. We do find an indication that this circumstance was fairly recent; that is, Posidonius states that the Boii, who were Celtic, were once there (as well as in Bohemia).
Etymology
In fact "Hercynian" has a Celtic derivation. Julius Pokorny[16] lists Hercynian as being derived from *perkwu- "oak" (compare quercus). He further identifies the name as Celtic. Proto-Celtic regularly loses initial (prevocalic) *p, hence Hercynia (the H- being prothetic in Latin); the corresponding Germanic forms have an f- by Grimm's Law: Old English firgen "mountain", Gothic faírguni "mountain range". The assimilated *kwerkwu- would be regular in Italo-Celtic, and Pokorny connects the Celtiberian ethnonym Querquerni, found in Galicia.[17]
It is possible that the name of the Harz Mountains in Germany is derived from Hercynian, as Harz is a Middle High German word meaning "mountain forest." The name of Pforzheim (Porta Hercyniae) in southwest Germany and the tiny village of Hercingen[18] are also derived from Hercynian.
The German journal Hercynia, published by the Universities and Landesbibliothek of Sachsen-Anhalt, covers ecology and environmental biology.
Notes
- ^ Aristotle, Meteorologia i.13.20; Caesar, vi.25; Tacitus, Germania 28 and 30 and Annales ii.45; Pliny, (as "Hercynius jugum", ) iv.25, as "Hercynius saltus" x.67; Livy, v.24; Ptolemy, ii.11.5; Strabo, iv.6.9., vii.1.3, 5, etc.
- ^ Walter Woodburn Hyde noted these designations in, "The Curious Animals of the Hercynian Forest" The Classical Journal 13.4 (January 1918:231-245) p. 231.
- ^ The Hercynian Forest is Pomponius Mela's silvis ac paludibus invia, "trackless woods and swamps" (Mela, De Chorographia, iii.29).
- ^ The only north-flowing river familiar to Greek and Roman geographers was the Nile.
- ^ Caesar, Julius. "De Bello Gallico". Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. pp. Book 6, Chapters 24 and 25.
- ^ The Romans may have drawn that conclusion from the horns of narwhals used by the Germans.
- ^ The evidence for the credulous passage's not being Caesar's was first marshalled by H. Meusel, in Jahresberichte des philologischen Vereins zu Berlin (1910:26-29); the passage is often bracketed.
- ^ Pliny, iv.25
- ^ The threatening nature of the pathless woodland in Pliny is explored by Klaus Sallmann, "Reserved for Eternal Punishment: The Elder Pliny's View of Free Germania (HN. 16.1-6)" The American Journal of Philology 108.1 (Spring 1987:108-128) pp 118ff.
- ^ Pliny xvi.2
- ^ Hercynia saltus, the "Hercynian ravine-land"; compare the inaccessible Carbonarius Saltus west of the Rhine.
- ^ Florus, ii.30.27.
- ^ Drude, Hercynische Forenbesirk (Leipzig) 1902 identified the plant societies in the relict forested areas..
- ^ Gibbon, Edward. "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". pp. Chapter IX, 3rd paragraph.
- ^ Hyde 1918:231-245, pp 242ff.
- ^ Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary) 1959.
- ^ Quarqueni, a Venetic ethnicon, appears in M.S. Beeler, The Venetic Language (University of California Publications in Linguistics 4) 1949.
- ^ Noted by Hyde 1918:232.