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Los Angeles Police Department

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"LAPD" and "L.A.P.D." redirect here. For LAPD, see LAPD (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Los Angeles General Services Police.
Los Angeles Police Department
Seal of the Los Angeles Police Department
Seal of the Los Angeles Police Department
File:LAPDpolicebadge.jpg
AbbreviationLAPD
Motto"To protect and to serve"
Agency overview
Formed1869
Employees13,036
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionLos Angeles, California, United States
Size1,230 km²
Population3.8 million
Legal jurisdictionCity of Los Angeles
Governing bodyLos Angeles City Council
Operational structure
HeadquartersParker Center
Officers9,733
Unsworn members3,303
Commissioners responsible
  • Anthony Pacheco, President
  • John Mack, Vice-President
  • Andrea Ordin
  • Robert M. Saltzman
  • Alan J. Skobin
Agency executive
Divisions
19
  • Emergency Services
  • Major Crimes
  • Special Operations Support
  • Metropolitan
  • Air Support
  • Emergency Operations
  • Robbery-Homicide
  • Commercial Crimes
  • Jail
  • Juvenile
  • Detective Support
  • Vice
  • Narcotics
  • Scientific Investigations
  • LAX Field Services
  • Central Traffic
  • South Traffic
  • Valley Traffic
  • West Traffic
Bureaus
6
  • Central
  • South
  • Valley
  • West
  • Detective
  • Special Operations
Facilities
Areas
19
  • Central
  • Hollenbeck
  • Newton
  • Northeast
  • Rampart
  • 77th Street
  • Harbor
  • Southeast
  • Southwest
  • Devonshire
  • Mission
  • Foothill
  • North Hollywood
  • Van Nuys
  • West Valley
  • Hollywood
  • Pacific
  • West Los Angeles
  • Wilshire
Police Boats2
Helicopters26
Planes3
Website
http://www.lapdonline.org/

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the police department of the City of Los Angeles, California. With over 9,600 sworn officers and 3,000 non-sworn staff, covering an area of 473 square miles (1,230 km2) with a population of more than 3.8 million people, it is the fifth largest law enforcement agency in the United States (behind the New York City Police Department, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Chicago Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation). The department has been heavily fictionalized in numerous movies and television shows throughout its history. It has also been involved in a number of controversies, mostly racial incidents, perhaps most notably the infamous Rodney King incident and the subsequent 1992 Los Angeles riots.

Resources, mobility and technology

Main articles: Los Angeles Police Department resources and Los Angeles Police Department § External links
An LAPD Bell 206 JetRanger

The LAPD has vast resources, including the third largest civilian air force in the country[citation needed]. Only the Civil Air Patrol and Office of CBP Air & Marine, commands a larger force . The Los Angeles Police Air Support Division resources include 17 helicopters ranging from 4 Bell 206 Jet Rangers to 12 Eurocopter AS350-B2 AStars, and 1 Bell UH-1 Huey (No longer in service, due to maintenance issues). LAPD also has 1 Beechcraft Kingair A200 and 1 unspecified and undenied drone.[citation needed]

Main Airship missions are flown out of downtown's Piper Tech center at the Hooper Heliport, located outside of Union Station.The LAPD also houses air units at Van Nuys airport.

At one time (According to the LA Police Historical Society) the LAPD also had a military submarine in its inventory.[citation needed]

Work environment

The LAPD has a three-day 12-hour and 4 day-10 hour work week schedule. The department have over 250 types of job assignments, and each officer is eligible for such assignments after two years on patrol. LAPD patrol officers almost always work with a partner, unlike suburban departments surrounding Los Angeles, in which many departments deploy officers in one-officer units. Other departments use single-officer patrol cars to maximize police presence, allowing a smaller number of officers to patrol a larger area, while the LAPD prefers to err on the side of caution.[citation needed]

The department's training division has three facilities throughout the city, including Elysian Park, Ahmanson Recruit Training Center (Westchester), and the Edward Davis Training Center (Granada Hills).

Pay and benefits, however, are a plus to new LAPD officers, whom are among some of the highest-paid police officers in the country. As of Spring 2007, new recruits could earn money through sign on bonuses ranging from $5,000 to $10,000. Sign on bonuses are paid 1/2 after graduation from the academy, and 1/2 after completion of probation. Also, $2,000 could be added for out of town sign ons for housing arrangements.

Limitations

The Los Angeles Police Department has long suffered from chronic underfunding and under-staffing.[citation needed] In contrast to most large cities in the United States, Los Angeles has historically had one of the lowest ratios of police personnel to population served. [citation needed] The present Department Chief, William J. Bratton, has made enlarging the force one of his top priorities (Bratton has been quoted as saying, "You give me 4,000 more officers and I'll give you the safest city in the world.")[citation needed]. The LAPD's own web site illustrates the challenges faced by the department [1]. As a point of comparison, New York City boasts one NYPD officer for every 228 residents. Resulting disadvantages of such a large police force is that advancement within the NYPD is difficult and salary and benefits are severely limited. As of the Spring of 2008, the LAPD was offering as much as $54,475-58,881 to new recruits. The NYPD offers new recruits substantially lower salaries compared to the LAPD, usually ranging from $30,000-$40,000. Further points of comparison include Chicago, which has a ratio of one officer per 216 citizens and Philadelphia, whose officer per citizen ratio is 1 to 219. By contrast, the Los Angeles Police Department protects its city with only one officer for every 426 residents. For Los Angeles to have the same ratio of officers as New York City, the LAPD would need to add nearly 17,000 officers. As of the spring of 2007, the Department is in the middle of a massive recruiting effort, looking to hire an additional 1,500 police officers. They have used a high starting salary ($50,000+) as an incentive. One problem with such a drive is the lack of qualified candidates. Stringent hiring practices instituted by top LAPD brass (following several accusations of corrupt police officers) has led to fewer than 1 in 10 initial applicants actually being hired. Also, the city has four specialized police agencies which are not affiliated with the LAPD: Los Angeles Port Police, Los Angeles Airport Police, Los Angeles General Services Police, and the Los Angeles School Police Department.

Force composition

During the Parker-Davis-Gates period, the LAPD was overwhelmingly white, and much of it lived outside of the city. In 1980, only 20% of the force was minority officers.[citation needed] Simi Valley, the Ventura County suburb that later became infamous as the site of the state trial that immediately preceded the 1992 Los Angeles riots, has long been home to a particularly large concentration of LAPD officers, almost all of them white. A 1994 ACLU study of officer's home zip codes, concluded that over 80% of police officers lived outside city boundaries.[1]

Hiring quotas began to change this during the 1980s, but it was not until the Christopher Commission reforms that substantial numbers of black, Hispanic, and Asian officers began to join the force. Minority officers can be found in both rank-and-file and leadership positions in virtually all precincts, and the LAPD is starting to reflect the general population. As of 2002, 13.5% of the LAPD was black, 34.2% was Latino, and 6.9% was Asian or Pacific Islander.[citation needed] In February 2008, the number of Hispanic police officers surpassed the number of white officers.[citation needed]

The LAPD hired the first female police officer in the United States in 1910, Ms Alice Stebbins Wells.[2] Since then, women have been a small, but growing part of the force. Up through the early 1970s, women were classified as "policewomen" on the LAPD. Through the 1950s, their duties generally consisted as working as matrons in the jail system, or dealing with troubled youths working in detective assignments. Rarely did they work any type of field assignment and they were not allowed to promote above the rank of sergeant. However, a lawsuit (Fanchon Blake) by a policewoman from that period instituted court ordered mandates that the Department begin actively hiring and promoting women police officers in its ranks. The Department eliminated the rank of "Policeman" from new hires at that time along with the rank of "Policewoman." Anyone already in those positions were grandfathered in, but any new hires were classified instead as "Police Officers", which continues to this day.

In 2002, women made up 18.9% of the force. Women have made significant strides within the ranks of the Department since the days of the Fanchon Blake lawsuit. The highest ranking woman on the Department today is Assistant Chief Sharon Papa, who came to the LAPD as a commander from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Transit Police Department in 1997. Chief Papa was the last Chief of Police for the MTA.[citation needed]

The LAPD also hired the first known black police officer in America. In 1886, the Department hired its first two African-American officers, Robert William Stewart and Roy Green. [3]

According to the US Department of Justice, the LAPD was 82% male in 2000. Forty-six percent of the department was white, 33% of the department was Hispanic/Latino, 14% was African-American, and 7% was Asian.[4]

Organization

File:Parkercenter.jpg
Parker Center - LAPD's Headquarters

The Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD.[5] The board functions like a corporate board of directors and is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing its operations. The chief of police reports to the board, and the rest of the department reports to the chief. The headquarters for the LAPD is the Parker Center. A new headquarters building is currently being constructed.

Detective Bureau

The detective bureau, which now reports to the Chief of Police, is responsible for investigating reported crimes.

  • COMPSTAT
  • Investigative Analysis Section
  • Tactical Technology Unit
  • Robbery-Homicide Division
  • Commercial Crimes Division
  • Detective Support and Vice Division
  • Juvenile Division
  • Narcotics Division
  • Gang and Operations Support Division
  • Real-Time Analysis and Critical Response Division

COMPSTAT Unit

See also: COMPSTAT

The computer statistics unit (COMPSTAT), reports directly to the Chief of Detectives. The COMPSTAT unit maintains statistical crime data and hold weekly meetings with the Chief of Police to review the data. COMPSTAT is the LAPD's version of the NYPD CompStat unit, which was originally developed in 1994 by current LAPD Chief William Bratton, while he was still the NYPD Police Commisioner.[6] When Bratton became chief in 2002, he immediately implemented the CompStat system in the LAPD.

Office of Operations

The bulk of the uniformed officers are located within the office of operations. An assistant chief heads the office, and reports directly to the chief of police. The LAPD is comprised of 19 patrol "Areas" within the department. These areas are grouped together in four "Bureaus." By the end of 2008, two additional areas will be added known as "Olympic" and "Northwest." Also within the Office of Operations is the Special Operations Bureau.

Central Bureau South Bureau Valley Bureau West Bureau
Central Area 77th Street Area Devonshire Area Hollywood Area
Hollenbeck Area Harbor Area Foothill Area Pacific Area
Newton Area Southeast Area Mission Area West Los Angeles Area
Northeast Area Southwest Area North Hollywood Area Wilshire Area
Rampart Area Van Nuys Area
West Valley Area

Special Operations Bureau

Special Operations Bureau provides the Los Angeles Police Department specialized tactical resources in support of operations during: daily field activities, unusual occurrences, and elevated threat conditions.

Central Bureau

Central Facilities Building

The Hollenbeck Area (#4) community police station serves the easternmost portions of the city of Los Angeles, including the communities of Boyle Heights, Lincoln Heights, and El Sereno.[7] Its station house is at 2111 East 1st Street in Boyle Heights. The station will be replaced by a modern police station, compared to the current police station is a 1950s style station, in which during that time police stations were not open to the general public.

South Bureau

The 77th Street Area (#12) serves a portion of South Los Angeles, roughly in an area south of Vernon Avenue, west of the Harbor Freeway, north of Manchester Avenue and points west to the city limits. A section of South L.A. bordering Florence, Central and Manchester to the Harbor Freeway is also part of this division. [12]

The Harbor Area (#5) serves all of San Pedro and the Harbor Gateway annex south of Artesia Boulevard. [13]

The Southeast Area (#18) covers the city limits north of Artesia Boulevard, the community of Watts, and areas south of Manchester. [14]

The Southwest Area (#3) serves all of the city limits south of the Santa Monica Freeway, west of the Harbor Freeway, south of Vernon Avenue, and east of the Culver City/Lennox/Baldwin Hills area. This section also includes the University of Southern California and Exposition Park. [15]

Valley Bureau

The Mission Area (#19) community police station began operations in May 2005. This was the first new station to be created in more than a quarter of a century. The Mission Area covers the eastern half of the old Devonshire and the western half of the Foothill Areas in the San Fernando Valley.[16]

  • Devonshire Area (#17)[17]
  • Foothill Area (#16)[18]
  • North Hollywood Area (#15)[19]
  • Van Nuys (#9)[20]
  • West Valley Area (#10)[21]

The Northwest Area (#21) community police station is currently under construction and is due to be operational by October 2008.[22]

West Bureau

The Hollywood Area (#6) community police station serves the Hollywood area of Los Angeles.[23]

The Wilshire Area (#7) community police station serves the Mid-Wilshire area, covering a wildly diverse range of communities such as Koreatown, Mid-City, Carthay, and the Fairfax District. The station house is at 4861 West Venice Boulevard in Mid-City.[24]

The Pacific Area (#14) community police station serves the southern portion of the West Side.[25] This division is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the 405 to the east, Venice Boulevard to the north and Imperial Highway to the south. Communities under its protection include Palms, Mar Vista, Venice, Del Rey, Westchester, and Playa del Rey. The station house is at 12312 Culver Boulevard on the border between Mar Vista and Del Rey. Some officers in this area are assigned to the LAX field services division.

The West Los Angeles Area (#8) community police station serves the northern portion of the West Side.[26] Communities within its service area include Pacific Palisades, Brentwood, Westwood, West Los Angeles, Rancho Park, Beverlywood, and Cheviot Hills. The station house is at 1663 Butler Avenue in West Los Angeles.

The Mid-City (Olympic) Area (#20) community police station is currently under construction and is due to be operational by November 2008.[27]

Organizational notes

The Real-Time Analysis & Critical Response Division began operations in March 2006. It is composed of the Department Operations Section, which includes the Department Operations Center Unit, Department Operations Support Unit and the Incident Command Post Unit; Detective Support Section and the Crime Analysis Section.

History

Main article: History of the Los Angeles Police Department

The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853 as the Los Angeles Rangers, a volunteer force that assisted the existing County forces. The Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling and "vice".

LAPD also had the first SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) team in America. Officer John Nelson and inspector Daryl Gates created the program in 1965 to deal with threats from organized factions such as the Black Panther Party and other radical groups operating during that time. LAPD's SWAT team is considered by many in the business to be the premier unit of its kind.

Riots of 1992

Main article: Los Angeles riots of 1992

The riots of 1992 began after four LAPD officers were acquitted of charges that they used excessive force when arresting Rodney King. Following the riots, the Christopher Commission was formed in July 1991. The attorney Warren Christopher investigated the LAPD's hiring practices, as well as their handling of excessive force complaints.

Main article: Rampart scandal
See also: consent decree

Following the Rampart Division C.R.A.S.H. scandal of the late 1990's - early 2000's, the United States Department of Justice entered into a consent decree with the LAPD regarding numerous civil rights violations.[28] Mayor Richard J. Riordan and the Los Angeles city council agreed to the terms of the decree on November 2, 2000. The federal judge formally entered the decree into law on June 15, 2001. The consent decree is legally binding and will last until at least 2009.[29] However, if any judge finds the LAPD in violation of the decree, federal oversight of the LAPD could be extended beyond this current deadline.

The Rampart scandal mainly surrounded the unethical actions of the LAPD's anti-gang unit, Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH). By 2001, the resulting investigations would lead to more than 75 officers being investigated or charged and over 100 crinimal cases being overturned due to perjury or other forms of misconduct

The DOJ-LAPD Consent Decree places emphasis on the following nine major areas:

  • Management and supervisory measures to promote Civil Rights Integrity;
  • Critical incident procedures, documentation, investigation and review;
  • Management of Gang Units;
  • Management of Confidential Informants;
  • Program development for response to persons with mental illness;
  • Training;
  • Integrity Audits;
  • Operations of the Police Commission and Inspector General; and,
  • Community outreach and public information

The Consent Decree includes several recommendations from the Rampart Board of Inquiry, and several Consent Decree provisions mandate the Department to continue existing policies. Some of the more complex or major provisions in the Decree call for the following:

  • Development of a Risk Management System (TEAMS II);
  • Creation of a new division to investigate all Uses of Force formerly investigated by Robbery Homicide Division and Detective Headquarters Division;
  • Creation of a new division to conduct audits Department-wide;
  • Creation of a Field Data Capture System to track the race, ethnicity or national origin of the motorists and pedestrians stopped by the Department;
  • Creation of an Ethics Enforcement Section within Internal Affairs Group;
  • Transfer of investigative authority to IAG of all serious personnel complaint investigations;
  • A nationwide study by an independent consultant of law enforcement agencies’ protocols for dealing with the mentally ill. The study will serve as the Department’s foundation for refining its own system;
  • A study by an independent consultant of the Department’s training programs; and,
  • Creation of an Informant Manual and database

There are several stakeholders in the LAPD Consent Decree compliance process. At the Federal level, stakeholders include:

As the Consent Decree is a binding agreement between the City and the DOJ, the following City entities are key stakeholders:

  • Office of the Mayor
  • City Council
  • Office of the City Attorney
  • Office of the Chief Legislative Analyst;
  • Office of Administrative and Research Services
  • The Los Angeles Police Department, including the Board of Police Commissioners and the Inspector General

The Consent Decree Bureau is the LAPD bureau charged with overseeing this process. Since 2003, The Commanding Officer of the Consent Decree Bureau, a civilian appointed by the Chief of Police, is Police Administrator Gerald L. Chaleff.[2]

Other controversies

Other controversies include detective Mark Fuhrman's role in the Nicole Simpson/Ron Goldman murder investigation (1994), the arrest of Stanley Miller (2004), the Javier Ovando scandal, and the LAPD's reaction to illegal immigrant rallies (2007). In 1962, the LAPD shooting of 7 unarmed members of the Nation of Islam resulted in the death of Ronald Stokes.[citation needed] In 1972, Elmer Pratt was framed by the LAPD and FBI, and his conviction was overturned on appeal on February 18, 1999.[30]

Rank structure and insignia

Rank insignia for Lieutenant I through Chief is worn on the collars of the shirt and the shoulders of the jacket. Rank insignia for Police Officers/Detectives and Sergeant I and II is worn on the upper sleeves.

Tenured officers will have silver-gray hash-marks on the lower left side of their long-sleeved shirts. Each mark represents five years of service.

Title Insignia
Chief
Assistant Chief - Deputy Chief II
Deputy Chief - Deputy Chief I
Commander
Captain I/Captain II/Captain III
Lieutenant I/Lieutenant II
Detective III
Sergeant II
Detective II
Sergeant I
Detective I
Police Officer III+1/Senior Lead Officer
Police Officer III
Police Officer II
Police Officer I

Chiefs of Police

Further information: List of Los Angeles Police Department Chiefs of Police

Service Weapons

LAPD patrol officers were all armed with Beretta92s until 2002, chief William Bratton, the former chief of NYPD came into the office. He let his officers to choose between .40S&W Glock22s and Beretta92s. Some plain coats detectives carry revolvers as their service weapons and some other special units are allowed to carry .45 Glock21s. The LAPD SWAT team decided to go with the Kimber Custom II TLE in 2002 and they renamed their Kimbers:LAPD SWAT Custom II. Before that, LAPD SWAT carried 1911 and Colt Government pistols. These weapons were made special modifications by the LAPD armory and all the 1911 handguns carried by LAPD SWAT are mounted with Surefire 610R flashlights.

Fallen Officers

Main article: List of Los Angeles Police Department officers killed in the line of duty

Since the establishment of the Los Angeles Police Department, 199 officers have died in the line of duty. [31]

LAPD awards, commendations, citations and medals

The department presents a number of medals to its members for meritorious service.[3] The medals the LAPD awards are as follows:

Bravery

Medal of Valor (Solid blue and white bar):

File:Medalofvalor.JPG

The Los Angeles Police Department Medal of Valor is the highest law enforcement medal awarded to officers by the Los Angeles Police Department. The Medal of Valor is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officer for individual acts of extraordinary bravery or heroism performed in the line of duty at extreme and life-threatening personal risk.

Liberty Award

Police Medal for Heroism

Police Star

Life-Saving Medal

Service

Police Distinguished Service Medal

File:Pdsm.JPG

Police Meritorious Service Medal

Police Meritorious Achievement Medal

Police Commission Distinguished Service Medal

Community Policing

Human Relations

Unit Citations

Police Commission Unit Citation

Police Meritorious Unit Citation

Ribbons

1984 Summer Olympics Ribbon:

File:1984medal.JPG

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1984 Summer Olympics from July 28 to August 12, 1984.[4]

1987 Papal Visit Ribbon:

Given to LAPD officers whom were used during the September 1987 pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II.[5]

1992 Civil Disturbance Ribbon:

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1992 Los Angeles riots from April 29 to May 4, 1992.[6]

1994 Earthquake Ribbon:

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake from January 17 to January 18, 1994.[7]

Reserve Service Ribbon

The LAPD is well-represented in popular media. Several prominent representations include Adam-12, Dragnet, Crash, the Lethal Weapon series, and the The Shield series. The television series LAPD: Life On the Beat provided a more accurate depiction of the LAPD.

The independently iconic television series Dragnet, with LAPD Detective Joe Friday as the primary character, was the first major media representation of the department. Real LAPD operations inspired Jack Webb to create the series and close cooperation with department officers let him make it as realistic as possible, including authentic police equipment and sound recording on-site at the police station.

Due to Dragnet's popularity, LAPD chief Parker "became, after J. Edgar Hoover, the most well known and respected law enforcement official in the nation." In the 1960s, when the LAPD under Chief Thomas Reddin expanded its community relations division and began efforts to reach out to the black community, Dragnet followed suit with more emphasis on internal affairs and community policing than solving crimes, the show's previous mainstay.[32]

It has also been the subject of several novels, probably the most famous of which is L.A. Confidential, a novel by James Ellroy that was made into a film of the same name. Both chronicled mass-murder and corruption inside and outside the force. Critic Roger Ebert indicates that the film's characters (from the 1950s) "represent the choices ahead for the LAPD": assisting Hollywood limelight, aggressive policing with relaxed ethics, and a "straight arrow" approach.[33]

L.A. Confidential is part of a modern trend of more negative portrayals of the department that started with the Rodney King beating and subsequent riots. There was, however, much tension in LA prior to the riots, as evidenced by songs such as Fuck Tha Police by N.W.A. The Closer is a contemporary example of a neutral portrayal which has been missing in recent media coverage of the LAPD.

A Native-American cop from the LAPD is also featured in the novel Picture Perfect (novel) by Jodi Picoult.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Newton, Jim. "ACLU Says 83% of Police Live Outside L.A." Los Angeles Times 29 March 1994: B1.
  2. ^ "Women in LAPD". Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  3. ^ http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1107
  4. ^ "Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  5. ^ "Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  6. ^ Template:Cite ref
  7. ^ "Hollenbeck Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  8. ^ "Central Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  9. ^ "Newton Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  10. ^ "Northeast Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  11. ^ "Rampart Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  12. ^ "77th Street Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  13. ^ "Harbor Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  14. ^ "Southeast Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  15. ^ "Southwest Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  16. ^ "Mission Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  17. ^ "Devonshire Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  18. ^ "Foothill Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  19. ^ "North Hollywood Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  20. ^ "Van Nuys Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  21. ^ "West Valley Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  22. ^ "Press release regarding the new LAPD stations". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  23. ^ "Hollywood Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  24. ^ "Wilshire Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  25. ^ "Pacific Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  26. ^ "West Los Angeles Community Police Station". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  27. ^ "Press release regarding the new LAPD stations". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  28. ^ "Consent Decree Overview: Civil Rights Consent Decree". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  29. ^ "Consent Decree Bureau". Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  30. ^ "Framed Black Panther leader Geronimo Pratt wins appeal". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  31. ^ "The Officer Down Memorial Page". Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  32. ^ * Michael J. Hayde, My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized but True Story of Dragnet and the Films of Jack Webb, Cumberland House, 2001, ISBN 1-581-82190-5, quote at p. 192.
  33. ^ Roger Ebert, L.A. Confidential (review), Chicago Sun-Times, September 19, 1997.

References

  • Bentley, Brian (1997). One Time: The Story of a South Central Los Angeles Police Officer. Los Angeles:Cool Jack Publishing. ISBN 1-890632-00-7.
  • Corwin, Miles (1997). The Killing Season . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80235-X.
  • Corwin, Miles (2003). Homicide Special: A Year With the LAPD's Elite Detective Unit. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-6798-1.
  • Domanick, Joe (1994). To Protect and to Serve: The LAPD's Century of War in the City of Dreams. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-9727625-5-8.
  • Gates, Daryl F. (1992). Chief: My Life in the LAPD. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-56205-3.
  • Sjoquist, Art R. (1984). History of the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Police Revolver and Athletic Club.
  • Starr, Kevin (2004). Coast of Dreams: California on the Edge, 1990-2003. New York: Knopf.
  • Stoker, Charles (1951). Thicker'n Thieves. Sutter.
  • Wambaugh, Joseph (1973). The Onion Field. Delacorte.
  • Webb, Jack (1958). The Badge: The Inside Story of One of America's Great Police Departments. New York: Prentice-Hall.
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