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Lisa Nowak

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Lisa Nowak
StatusDismissed, re-assigned to US Navy
NationalityAmerican
Space career
NASA Astronaut
Previous occupation
Test Naval Flight Officer
RankCaptain, USN
Time in space
12d 18h 36 m
Selection1996 NASA Group
MissionsSTS-121
Mission insignia

Lisa Marie Nowak (née Caputo) (born May 10, 1963) is a United States naval officer and a former NASA astronaut.[1] Born in Washington, DC, she was selected by NASA in 1996 and qualified as a mission specialist in robotics.[1] Nowak flew aboard Space Shuttle Discovery during mission STS-121 in July 2006.[1] She was responsible for operating the robotic arms of the shuttle and the International Space Station.[1]

Nowak gained national attention on February 5, 2007, when she was arrested in Orlando, Florida, and subsequently charged with the attempted kidnapping of U.S. Air Force Captain Colleen Shipman, the girlfriend of astronaut William Oefelein.[2] Nowak was released on bail, pleaded not guilty to the charges and requested a jury trial. Nowak's assignment to the space agency as an astronaut was terminated by NASA effective March 8, 2007.[3]

Early life and Navy career

Lisa Nowak is the daughter of Alfredo and Jane Caputo of Rockville, Maryland.[1] She first became interested in the space program when she was six years old, watching the Apollo moon landings. Nowak followed the space shuttle program, particularly the introduction of women astronauts, while she was growing up. She graduated from Charles W. Woodward High School in Rockville, Maryland, in 1981, and received a BS degree in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1985.[1] Nowak received a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering, and a degree in aeronautical and astronautical engineering in 1992 from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.[1]

Military career

Nowak received her commission from the U.S. Navy in 1985, and became a naval flight officer in 1987.[1] After her postgraduate studies, Nowak entered Aerospace Engineering Duty and the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School. She logged over 1,500 hours of flight in over 30 different aircraft during her career in the Navy, and obtained the rank of captain.[1]

NASA career

Lisa Nowak during astronaut training in 2005.

Nowak was selected to be an astronaut in 1996 and entered the NASA Astronaut Corps at Johnson Space Center in August of that year.[1] She qualified as a mission specialist in robotics, and was assigned to mission STS-118. After schedule changes, she instead went into space on July 4, 2006 as a member of the STS-121 crew to the International Space Station. Nowak served as mission flight engineer, operated the shuttle's robotic arm during several spacewalks, and logged almost 13 days in space.[1]

On February 6, 2007, following an arrest in Florida for attempted kidnapping, she was placed on 30-day leave by NASA.[3] She returned to Houston, Texas on a commercial airline flight the next day and reportedly was taken immediately under police escort to the Johnson Space Center for medical and psychiatric evaluation. Nowak's assignment to NASA as a serving naval officer was terminated by the space agency on March 7, 2007.[4][3][5]

After NASA

Nowak remains on active duty with the US Navy and was subsequently ordered to work on the staff of the chief of naval air training in Corpus Christi, Texas, where she is involved in development of flight training curricula for broad use throughout the Navy.[6] Naval officials are waiting for her kidnapping case to be resolved before taking further action.[7] Military law experts state that while the Navy rarely brings charges against officers for adultery, it is seen as conduct unbecoming an officer, and demonstrates bad judgement.[8]

On June 5, 2007, Nowak was awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal at Johnson Space Center, Houston.[9]

Personal

Nowak married Richard T. Nowak, a classmate at both the Naval Academy and Navy flight school, in 1988. [10] Richard Nowak is employed by a NASA contractor at Johnson Space Center.[11] The Nowaks have three children, a son born in 1992 and twin daughters born in 2001.[12] Although the Nowaks are still married, a statement from the family indicated that they separated in January 2007.[13] Her reported hobbies have included reading, running, piano, gardening, skeet shooting, gourmet cooking, rubber stamp collecting, and crossword puzzles.[1]

Immediately after Oefelein's divorce, he and Nowak became involved with each other. Their affair lasted two years, and then Oefelein began to break it off gradually near the end of 2006 while starting a relationship with Colleen Shipman, who works as an engineer at Patrick Air Force Base.[14][15][16]

Charges of attempted kidnapping at Orlando Airport

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According to police reports, Nowak drove from Houston, Texas USA to Orlando, Florida, USA on February 4–5, 2007. She had packed latex gloves, a black wig, a BB pistol and ammunition, pepper spray, a hooded tan trench coat, a 2-pound hammer drill, black gloves, rubber tubing, plastic garbage bags, about US$585 in cash, her computer, an eight-inch (203 mm) Gerber folding knife and several other items before driving the 900 miles (1,450 km) to Florida. Early police reports indicated that she used diapers during the trip but she later vehemently denied wearing them through her lawyer.[17][18] On February 5, 2007, Nowak went to the Orlando International Airport, waited for about an hour in the baggage claim, and then proceeded to the airport parking lot, where she located and confronted Colleen Shipman, who had just arrived from Houston by plane.[19]

According to police reports,[citation needed] Shipman said that upon arriving, she was aware of someone following her to a satellite parking area. When she got into her car, she heard running steps and quickly locked the door. Nowak slapped the window and tried to open the car door, asked for a ride, then started crying. Shipman rolled down the window a couple of inches after which Nowak sprayed the pepper spray into the car. Shipman drove off to the parking lot booth where police were summoned. Several Orlando Police Department officers arrived minutes later, with the first officer observing Nowak throwing a bag into the trash at a parking shuttle bus stop.

Arrest

On February 5, 2007, Nowak was arrested at Orlando International Airport on charges of attempted kidnapping, battery, attempted vehicle burglary with battery, and destruction of evidence.[2][20][21] Nowak was detained and subsequently arrested.[22] In a handwritten request for a protective order against Nowak after her arrest, Shipman referred to Nowak as an acquaintance of a boyfriend but did not identify Oefelein, and also claimed Nowak had been stalking her for two months.[23] Nowak told investigators she was involved in a relationship with fellow astronaut Oefelein which she described as being "more than a working relationship but less than a romantic relationship." Citing evidence of elaborate planning, disguises and weapons, police recommended she be held without bail, but Nowak was later released on $10,000 bond.[23][24][25][26]

Arraignment

Two fellow astronauts flew to Florida in NASA T-38 Talon jets to visit Nowak in jail and otherwise make contact with her:[27] Christopher Ferguson, the senior Naval Officer in the NASA Astronaut Corps, went as Nowak's commanding officer, and retired Air Force Colonel Steve Lindsey, who was the commander of Nowak's shuttle mission, STS-121, went as Chief of the Astronaut Office, the senior astronaut at NASA. On February 6, 2007, both appeared before a judge on her behalf. The state attorney argued that the facts indicated a well-thought-out plan to kidnap and perhaps to injure Ms. Shipman.[2] While arguing for pre-trial release Nowak's attorney remarked, “One’s good works must count for something.” Nowak was ordered released on $15,500 bail under the condition she wear a GPS tracking device and not contact Shipman.[28]

Before Nowak could be released, however, Orlando police charged Nowak with attempted first-degree murder and announced she would not be released on bail. Her lawyer alleged that police and prosecutors, unhappy that Nowak had been granted bail, pressed more serious charges solely to keep her confined to jail.[29] In the second arraignment Nowak was charged with attempted first degree murder with a deadly weapon, for which the judge raised bail by $10,000. After posting bail, Nowak was released from jail.[25] Shipman dropped her request for a protection order on February 15.[30]

Reactions

There was widespread reaction to Nowak's arrest with concerns expressed about NASA's astronaut selection and screening process and planned 30-month missions to Mars.[31][32] Some indicated that NASA presentation of astronauts as heroes is part of the problem because of the social pressure it brings to bear on them.[33] Some perceived her treatment in the criminal process as lenient.[34] Others have been shocked that her misfortunes have been the subject of parody.[35][36][37]

Evidence released before trial

On April 10, 2007, Florida prosecutors released additional material in the case. The previous week, the trial judge had agreed to unseal some of the documents that described items found in Nowak's car after her arrest. Among these items were a handwritten note on USS Nimitz stationery listing Shipman's flight information and "Flight Controller's Log" paper with a handwritten list of more than 24 items, including sneakers, plastic gloves, contacts, cash, an umbrella, and black sweats. A floppy disk contained two photographs of Nowak riding in a bicycle race, and fifteen images depicting an unidentified woman in different stages of undress. An evidence report dated March 15 indicated that nearly all of the photographs and drawings depicted bondage scenes.[38] Also found was $585.00 (USD), and 41.00 GBP in cash, and four brown paper towels with 69 orange pills that were not publicly identified. Investigators also examined two USB drives found in the car. They contained family pictures, digital movies, and NASA-related materials. Investigators concluded that the information on the disk and USB drives did not have any direct relationship to the alleged kidnapping attempt.[39]

Oefelein reportedly provided Nowak with a cell phone to communicate with him. Phone records show that she called him at least 12 times, and sent 7 text messages the day after he returned from his shuttle flight on December 22, but he did not pick up until December 24, when they had a seven-minute conversation. During December and January, over 100 calls were recorded, although it is unclear who called whom. Under questioning by NASA and military investigators, Oefelein reportedly stated that he had broken off the relationship with Nowak, but he had her to lunch in his apartment at least once in January, and they continued to train for a bicycle race, as well as go to the gym together.[40][41]

On May 11 2007, authorities released a surveillance video from the Orlando International Airport terminal purporting to show Nowak waiting for nearly an hour, standing near the baggage claim, then donning a trench coat and later following Shipman after she retrieved her bags .[42]

Ongoing case

On February 13, Nowak entered a written plea of not guilty to the charges of attempted murder and attempted kidnapping. On March 2 Florida prosecutors filed three formal charges against Nowak: (1) attempted kidnapping with intent to inflict bodily harm or terrorize, (2) burglary of a conveyance with a weapon, and (3) battery.[43] The prosecutors declined to file the attempted murder charge which had been recommended by Orlando police. Nowak formally entered a plea of not guilty in relating to the kidnapping charges on March 22 at an arraignment hearing although she was not present in person. Nowak's attorney, who filed the plea with the Orange County court, requested a jury trial. The trial was originally due to commence on July 30, 2007, but was postponed until April 7, 2008 to allow the prosecution time to prepare for an anticipated insanity defense. On January 16, 2008, a judge postponed the trial, as well as the pretrial hearing to be held on March 12, 2008 indefinitely, pending the outcome of the state's appeal of an earlier decision to suppress evidence obtained on the day of her arrest.[44][45] A pre-trial hearing was held on July 17, 2007, and further hearings were to be held on September 19, to argue defense motions to suppress some of the evidence obtained on the day of her arrest.[46][47][48]

On August 12, Nowak asked to have her GPS ankle bracelet removed,[49] which the judge agreed to on August 30.[50] On August 28, the trial judge unsealed a court document indicating that Nowak intended to pursue an insanity defense. Her lawyer stated that she suffered from major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Asperger's syndrome, insomnia, and "brief psychotic disorder with marked stressors" at the time of the incident.[51]

On November 2, the trial judge ruled to suppress Nowak's initial (pre-Miranda) statements to police, as well as all evidence found in her vehicle, citing police misconduct in their initial search and questioning.[52] The prosecution appealed that ruling on November 8.

In popular culture

  • Her case was used as inspiration for the episode "Rocket Man" on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, which aired May 1, 2007.[53]
  • She was referenced in the 30 Rock episode "The Fighting Irish", in which Liz wanted to fire her romantic rival.
  • She is referenced in the Common song "Drivin' Me Wild" from the 2007 album Finding Forever, in a verse where the rapper says, "Doing all that she can for a man and a baby/Driving herself crazy like the astronaut lady".
  • Her kidnapping attempt was parodied on the 2007 show of the annual VH1 special Best Year Ever.
  • Her kidnapping incident appeared in MAD magazine's "Top 20 dumbest people, events, and things" of 2007 as #8.
  • American sports TV host Jim Rome harshly lambasted Nowak on 'Jim Rome is Burning & cited that the Orlando police should not have arrested her for attempted murder, but for a charge of "a person wearing a diaper over the age of 3!"
  • The pilot episode of the series "Chuck" depicts "Astro Diapers" on display on the wall as a background as the main character enters "Large Mart" to make a purchase.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Astronaut Bio: Lisa M. Nowak (03/2007)". NASA. October 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  2. ^ a b c Hauser, Christine (2007-02-06). "Astronaut Charged with Attempted Kidnapping". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c "Statement Regarding the Status of Lisa Nowak" (Press release). NASA. 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2007-03-07. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ MSNBC (2007). "NASA fires astronaut Lisa Nowak". MSNBC. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Stone, Andrea (2007-03-07). "In Houston, concern for Nowak—and little affection for reporters". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-03-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Doukopil, Tony (2007-07-10). "Lisa Nowak's Strange Spacewalk". Newsweek. Retrieved 2007-07-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ The New York Times (2007-03-08). "NASA Fires Arrested Astronaut". The New York Times. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Traci Watson (2007). "E-mails offer clues to astronauts' triangle". USA Today. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ NASA Watch.com (2007). "2007 NASA Honor Awards Ceremony at JSC". NASA Watch.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Boyce, Nell (2007-02-06). "Astronaut Faces Attempted-Murder Charges". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2006-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Schneider, Mike (2007-02-07). "NASA to Review Screening Process". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-02-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ McLaughlin, Moira E. (2006-10-26). "Shuttle astronaut visits Stone Ridge". The Catholic Standard. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ EarthTimes.org (2007-02-06). "Statement From the Family of Lisa Nowak". EarthTimes.org. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (2007-02-08). "Houston, She's Got Some Problems". TIME. Retrieved 2007-02-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Gina Sunseri (2007). "Before Alleged Assault, Ex-Astronaut Nowak Was on the Outs at NASA". ABC News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Lundy, Sarah (May 2, 2007). "Former astronaut Lisa Nowak's attitude cost her mission". Orlando Sun-Sentinal. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ Reed, Travis ((September 19, 2007)). "Former astronaut wants evidence thrown out". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Schneider, Mike ((June 29, 2007)). "Lawyer: Ex-astronaut didn't wear diaper". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ Ellis, Jim ((2007-04-10)). "Nowak's Car Had Bondage Photos, Pills". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ Orlando Police Department (2007-02-06). "Second charging affidavit, Orlando Police". Orlando Sentinel/Orlando Police.
  21. ^ Orlando Police Department (2007-03-12). "Orlando Police Department forensic examination report" (PDF). Orlando Police/KHOU.com.
  22. ^ CBS/Associated Press (2007). "Astronaut Nabbed In Bizarre Kidnap Plot". CBS News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b CNN (2007). "Astronaut granted bond on attempted murder charge". CNN. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Mike Schneider for The Associated Press (2007). "Shuttle Pilot: Nowak Showed No Emotion". ABC News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b Watson, Traci (2007-02-07). "Astronaut posts bail after being charged with attempted first-degree murder". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-02-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Orlando Police (2007-02-05). "Orlando Police Department charging affidavit" (PDF). Florida Today. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Curtis, Henry Pierson (2007-02-07). "Astronaut's victim claims she was stalked". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2007-02-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Associated Press (2007-02-06). "NASA Astronaut Lisa Nowak Charged With Attempted Kidnapping, Released on Bail". FoxNews.com. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ Curtis, Henry Pierson (2007-02-06). "Space shuttle astronaut arrested at OIA on attempted kidnapping, battery charges". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ The Associated Press (2007). "Petition Against Nowak Is Dropped". The Ledger. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ CNN (2007-03-02). "NASA chief: We didn't recognize Nowak was troubled". CNN. Retrieved 2007-03-06. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ MSNBC (2007). "Terms of endearment buried in e-mails". MSNBC. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Borenstein, Seth (2007-02-09). "Astronaut Culture Stresses Achievement". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-02-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Mayette Q. Tabada (2007). "Back to the future". Sun.Star Publishing, Inc. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Fox News (2007). "NASA Astronaut Lisa Nowak Charged With Attempted Murder in Bizarre Love Triangle". Fox News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Rivenburg, Roy (2007-02-09). "NASA diapers become topic No. 1". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Editorial (2007-02-15). "The public stoning of Lisa Nowak". Kennebec Journal. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); David K.M. Klaus (2007-02-10). "No More Jokes About Lisa Nowak, Please". ifeminists.com. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Fox News (2007). "Police Discover Bondage Images in Car of Lovesick NASA Astronaut Lisa Nowak". Fox News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Ellis, Jim (2007-04-10). "Nowak's Car Had Bondage Photos, Pills". Associated Press. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ Sunseri, Gina (2007-05-11). "Ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak's lawyer considers insanity plea". ABC13.com. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  41. ^ Schneider, Mike (2007-05-2). "New Documents Paint Portrait of Fallen NASA Astronaut". Space.com. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  42. ^ "Ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak's lawyer considers insanity plea". Associated Press. 11 May 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Text "Accessdate 2007-05-15" ignored (help)
  43. ^ Kim Cobb, Mark Carreau (2007). "Astronaut won't face attempted murder". Houston Chronicle. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Moore, Kimberley C. (2007-02-18). "Judge Sets Nowak's Trial Date". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 2007-02-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ Lundy, Sarah (2008-01-17). "Appeal freezes trial for ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak". Orlando Sentinal. Retrieved 2008-01-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Schweers, Jeff (2007-03-02). "Hearing in Lisa Nowak case delayed". Florida Today. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved 2007-04-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. ^ "Ex-astronaut pleads not guilty to kidnap charge". CNN. Associated Press. 2007-03-22. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ Sunseri, Gina (2007-05-11). "Ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak's lawyer considers insanity plea". ABC13.com. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ Travis Reed (2007). "Ex-Astronaut Wants Ankle Bracelet Off". Space.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Barbara Liston (2007). "Ex-astronaut Nowak allowed to shed ankle bracelet". Reuters. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Associated Press (2007). "Lisa Nowak pursuing insanity defense". USA Today. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ WESH.com (2007). "Judge: Evidence From Nowak's Car Not Allowed In Court". WESH Channel 2 NBC. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Adam Buckman (2007-05-01). "Lust in Space: Astro-Nut Blasts Off On 'L&O'". The New York Post. Retrieved 2007-05-04.

External links

Further reading

  • Out There: The In-Depth Story of the Astronaut Love Triangle Case that Shocked America - Diane Fanning - St. Martin's Paperbacks - 2007 - ISBN 0312949308
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