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Troy Davis

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For the Canadian Football League running back, see Troy Davis.

The Troy Davis case, (also known as the "Mark MacPhail case"), concerns the case of Mark Allan MacPhail, an off-duty police officer who was found to have been murdered by one Troy Anthony Davis on the evening of August 19, 1989, in Savannah, Georgia. Davis was sentenced to death in 1991 for the murder partially on the basis of now-queried eyewitness testimonies.[1] There was also physical evidence against him[2] although the weapon used in the crime was never found.[3] Throughout the trial and subsequent appeals, Davis has continued to deny his responsibility, and suggest that he was wrongfully convicted. Since the trial, seven of the nine prosecution witnesses who had linked Davis to the killing have recanted, contradicted or materially adjusted their original trial testimony, some[4] claiming police coercion or questionable interrogation tactics.[5] One of the witnesses who has remained consistent, Sylvester "Redd" Coles, was initially a suspect in the crime. Coles has been heard on one occasion subsequently while under the influence of alcohol[6], boasting that he killed an off-duty police officer.[3] In the years following Davis' conviction, nine individuals signed sworn affidavits suggesting that they could not exclude the possibility of concluding that Sylvester Coles may have been the party solely responsible for the killing.[5]

Davis has repeatedly asked the courts to examine the new purported exculpatory evidence, but has not been successful in persuading a majority of judges to grant him a new trial or conduct a hearing in which the recanting eyewitnesses could be cross-examined to determine the credibility of his innocence claims.[3] A three-justice minority of the Georgia Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears, ruled that the new innocence evidence justifies holding an evidentiary hearing in which the recanting witnesses and the new witnesses implicating Coles should be cross-examined to determine their credibility.[7] The four-justice majority, however, denied Davis' Extraordinary Motion for a New Trial, claiming that under Georgia's standards the new evidence is not sufficient to justify an evidentiary hearing. In any case, even as recently as September 2008, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles has exhaustively reviewed all available information regarding the Troy Davis case - including trial transcripts, new evidence and recantation statements, the police investigation report, the interview of Davis, and retesting of physical evidence - and after considering all possible reasons for granting clemency, determined that execution is appropriate and clemency is not warranted.[8]

Amnesty International in concert with assorted celebrities in the US and abroad is known to have initiated a political campaign for the purpose of securing clemency for the convicted killer.[3] Many American leaders and international figures, including former President Jimmy Carter,[9] Pope Benedict XVI,[10][10][10][11][12]

The matter presently awaits the decision of a three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals which is expected to determine whether he has pressed his claims in a timely fashion, and whether he will be granted his right to have a judicial hearing to weigh the new, evidence alleged to be exculpatory .[13]

The shooting of Mark MacPhail

On August 19, 1989, Mark MacPhail, an off-duty policeman, was working as a security guard at a Burger King restaurant in Savannah, Georgia. The incident started when Sylvester “Redd” Coles began harassing a homeless man, Larry Young, for a beer while Troy Davis and others watched quietly from a distance.[14] Coles verbally harassed and chased the homeless man to a nearby parking lot where MacPhail was working. Coles threatened the retreating homeless man by exclaiming: “You don’t know me. Don’t walk away from me. I’ll shoot you.” Davis and others silently followed the scuffle.[14]

After being pistolwhipped "blindside" by Davis, the homeless man yelled for help and MacPhail responded: running past Redd Coles on his way to catch Davis immediately prior to being shot dead with a .38 caliber weapon by Davis.[2] Davis shot MacPhail and continued shooting him as he lay on the ground.[15] The parking lot was dark and the scene was chaotic. After the dust settled, the police took the statements of several onlookers but had no suspects. Redd Coles and Troy Davis were both African-American males of similar age, height and weight.[14]

The day after the shooting, a spent shell from a .38 caliber revolver was discovered near the scene of the murder. The shell was similar to shell casings recovered near a shooting that occurred earlier that evening at a pool party in Cloverdale -- not far from where MacPhail was killed. In that shooting, a man named Michael Cooper was shot. The two hosts of the pool party confirm that Coles was at the party. Davis was also at the party, but he was not with Coles.[14] Crime lab tests proved that the shell casings recovered from the shooting of Michael Cooper at a party earlier in the evening were fired from the same weapon as the casings recovered from the scene of Officer Mark MacPhail's murder.[2] Davis was convicted of shooting Cooper.[2]

The pool party shooting occurred when four boys -- two of whom were Coles’ neighbors -- were shot at as they drove away from the party. One of the car’s passengers was shot in the face.[14] Later that evening, as Coles’ sister testified at trial, Coles got into a heated argument with Joseph Blige, one of the teenagers riding in the car. Although excluded from trial as hearsay, Coles’ sister’s police statements include her allegation that Blige exclaimed to Coles: “I know y’all tried to kill me.” In any case, Michael Cooper identified none other than Troy Davis as his assailant.[16]

Coles initially dissembled about carrying the .38 caliber revolver, but later admitted to carrying it with him on the night of the murder. He revealed that it was lost when police attempted to recover it for testing.[14]

In the immediate aftermath Redd Coles and his attorney voluntarily approached the police to put on the record his account. As a measure of his sincerity, Coles then faced up to police questions alone and at all times waiving the right to have his accompanying attorney present.[16] Davis, on the other hand, chose to evade law enforcement authorities, fleeing to Atlanta and surrendering to authorities there more than 100 hours later on August 23.[17] He admitted to being present at the Burger King parking lot, and recriminated that Coles had shot MacPhail.[14]

Although the police did not search Coles’ house for the murder weapon or include Coles’ picture in witness photo spreads, he was paraded in front of four State witnesses as part of a crime scene reenactment.[14] No State witness at any time has gone as far as to positively identify Coles as the murderer.

The trial

Trial of Troy Anthony Davis
File:Troy-Anthony-Davis.jpg
Criminal chargeMalice Murder, Aggravated Assault (x2), Possession of Firearm During the Commission of a Felony, Obstruction of a Law Enforcement Officer
PenaltyDeath penalty

Davis asserted his innocence and a jury trial was held. Davis testified at trial and denied that he was involved in the shooting of Cooper or MacPhail.[17] A ballistics expert testified at the trial that the .38 calibre bullet that killed McPhail could possibly have been fired from the same gun that wounded Michael Cooper in the pool party, although he admitted that he had "some doubt" about this.[18]

On August 28, 1991, based on the physical evidence and testimony of eyewitnesses who had linked Davis to the shooting of MacPhail, the jury found Davis guilty on one count of murder and other offenses.[17] In the sentencing phase of the trial, Davis' family members and close friends were not allowed to testify, preventing the jurors from hearing sympathetic facts, leaving them to rely only on the prosecutor's characterizations of Davis and his life.[9] On August 30, 1991, the jury sentenced Troy Davis to death.[17]

Appeals by convicted murderer

Georgia Supreme Court's first denial of appeal

The first set of failed appeals focused almost exclusively on jury selection and racial politicking issues. The jury in the trial was composed of seven blacks and five whites. The racial bias claim raised by Davis' lawyers was dismissed because the county in which the trial took place was about two-thirds white (and the jury pool was about 57% white) while the seated jury was 58% black. His conviction and death sentence were affirmed by the Supreme Court of Georgia in 1993.[19]

Denial of state habeas petitions

On September 9, 1997, the state court denied Davis' state habeas corpus relief. Following briefing and oral argument, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the denial of state habeas corpus relief on November 13, 2000. [20]

Recantations of certain trial witnesses and new developments

In 2001, Davis submitted twenty-one purportedly exculpatory affidavits to a federal court in Georgia. These affidavits were said to contain recantations from all but two of the prosecution eyewitnesses, the testimony of another previously undiscovered eyewitness and others with information bearing on the crime.

One of the key prosecution witnesses, Dorothy Ferrel, recanted her testimony, stating in her affidavit that she was on parole when she testified, and was afraid that she'd be sent back to prison if she didn't agree to finger Davis. In her affidavit, she wrote "I told the detective that Troy Davis was the shooter, even though the truth was that I didn't know who shot the officer."[21]}}

Another witness, Darrell Collins, a teenager at the time of the murder, said "[The police] were telling me that I was an accessory to murder and that I would ... go to jail for a long time and I would be lucky if I ever got out, especially because a police officer got killed ... I was only 16 and was so scared of going to jail."[22]}}

At least three witnesses who testified against Davis have since said that Sylvester "Redd" Coles admitted that he was the one who had killed the officer. Additionally, five new witnesses implicated Coles, not Davis, in the murder of MacPhail.[14]

The only eyewitness, aside from Coles, who did not recant his testimony is Steve Sanders. Althoug Sanders’ police statement on the night of the shooting stated that he would not “recognize the shooter” in trial testimony he positively and categorically identified Davis as the killer when presented with the latter face-to-face.[14]

In response to Davis' petition, prosecutors Spencer Lawton and David Lock successfully argued that under Georgia law it was too late to present the recantations as evidence in an extraordinary motion for new trial,[23], that the "submitted affidavits are insufficient to raise doubts as to the constitutionality of the result at trial", and that at all times and in any case Davis retained his right to seek and obtain executive clemency based upon a claim of innocence furthered by the post-trial discovery of new evidence that was alleged to be exculpatory.[17]

Federal courts' upholding of AEDPA prodecural requirements

Citing procedural bars, the federal district court declined to consider new evidence that had not been pressed or submitted on behalf of Davis’ in a timely fashion.

Davis appealed to the 11th Circuit Court which heard oral argument in the case on September 7, 2005. Davis unsuccessfully argued that since seven of the nine eyewitnesses recanted their testimony and voluntarily filed sworn affidavits stating they lied in the original trial, he ought be entitled to a retrial based on his actual innocence claim. Davis' lead lawyer, Kathleen Behan, also unsuccessfully argued that there were multiple constitutional violations in the original trial, including alleged failure to disclose Giglio materials (referring to State promises made to Dorothy Ferrell, a key witness for the State, in exchange for her testimony) and an asserted Brady violation (referring to the State's failure to give Davis' lawyers exculpatory evidence).

On September 26, 2006, the 11th Circuit affirmed the denial of federal habeas corpus relief, ruling that all his innocence claims are "procedurally barred."[24] The court based its decision on the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act whose major provisions reduced new trials for convicted criminals and sped up their sentences by restricting a federal court's ability to judge whether a state court had correctly interpreted the U.S. Constitution. The unitended effect of the 1996 Act in being restrictive of the ability of wrongfully convicted persons to prove their innocence outside of extra-judicial clemency procedures still reserved to them has been criticized by some legal authorities.[5]

Davis' Certiorari petition to the US Supreme Court was denied summarily on June 25, 2007.[25]

Former FBI Director's call for a new trial

In July 2007, William S. Sessions, former FBI Director and federal judge, published an opinion piece in the Atlanta Journal Constitution calling to halt the execution process until Davis is given a new trial. Sessions wrote: "There is no more serious violent crime than the murder of an off-duty police officer who was putting his life on the line to protect innocent bystanders. That being said, we must be convinced that the right person has been convicted. Serious questions have been raised about Davis' guilt...It would be intolerable to execute an innocent man."[26]}}

Davis' execution was initially scheduled for July 17, 2007.[5] On July 16, however, a ninety day stay of execution was granted by the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles.[27] Before the Board made a final decision, though, the Supreme Court of Geogia agreed to hear Davis' Extraordinary Motion for a New Trial.

The Georgia Supreme Court's majority decision

On August 3, 2007, the Georgia Supreme Court voted to allow a discretionary appeal of Davis' 1991 conviction.[28] It was the first time Davis' case reached the Georgia Supreme Court since the recantation of witnesses and the discovery of new evidence alleged to be exculpatory. On March 17, 2008, the Court denied the appeal by majority, ruling that "These affidavits lack the type of materiality required to support an extraordinary motion for new trial, as they do not show the witnesses’ trial testimony to have been the “purest fabrication.”"[7]

However, a minority led by Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears dissented, concluding that the new evidence pointing to "actual innocence" justified at the very least, an order to the trial court to conduct a hearing and weigh the credibility of Davis’ new evidence.[7]}}

Certiorari Petition to US Supreme Court

On July 14, 2008, Davis' lawyers filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the US Supreme Court, upon the argument that the Eighth Amendment along with the Due Process Clause activated a substantive right of the innocent not to be executed.[14] The Innocence Project, also filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of Davis as appelant.[29]

Georgia scheduled an execution date for September 23, 2008 at 7 pm,[30] already some 17 years after the original effective sentencing.[21] Withstanding pressure from activist groups and inviduals to further delay execution until the Supreme Court made a decision,[21] closure of the matter was only frustrated by a last-minute emergency stay, issued by the U.S. Supreme Court two hours ahead of time.[12] Georgia Attorney General Thurbert Baker and Deputy Attorney General Susan Boleyn had filed a brief with the Supreme Court asking the Supreme Court not to take the case for review, and objecting to the grant of Certiorari.

On October 14, 2008, the Supreme Court issued a one-line decision declining to hear Troy Davis' petition.[31] Vindicated by the Supreme Court's summary rejection of Davis' petition, a new execution date was set for October 27, 2008.[32]

Opposition to the interests of the State of Georgia and the family of the deceased

The Board of Pardons and Paroles received more than four thousand letters asking to grant clemency to Troy Davis, including letters written by Archbishop Desmond Tutu,[33] Harry Belafonte,[34] and Sister Helen Prejean. Amnesty International and representatives from the Council of Europe spoke out and issued statements against the planned execution.[35] The Vatican's nuncio to the U.S., Monsignor Martin Krebs, sent a letter on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI to Governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue urging him to spare Davis' life which was passed onto the State Board of Pardons and Paroles.[36]

Selected US Congressmen have also spoke out against the interests of the State of Georgia and of the family of the deceased, requesting the grant of a retrial. On July 16, U.S. Congressman John Lewis spoke to the Board of Pardons, smearing that the uncharged and unconvicted Sylvester Coles was the killer.[37] Jesse Jackson, Jr. and Sheila Jackson Lee, actor Mike Farrell, former Texas District Attorney Sam D. Millsap, Jr., and the organization Murder Victims Families for Reconciliation[38] have also called for the exercise of clemency in the matter.

While the Certiorari petition was pending in the U.S. Superme Court, Davis appealed again for clemency although not offering any expression of remorse. In a resolution adopted on July 10, 2008, the European Parliament issued a call to US authorities in aid of the same purpose.[39]}} On September 12, 2008 the Board of Pardons request the request.[40] Following, Jimmy Carter in writing implored the State Board to reverse its decision.[9]}} Bob Barr also wrote the Board to the same end[41], and Al Sharpton issued similar pleas.[42]

On September 22, 2008, attorney Carol Gray, who assisted the Troy Davis defense team, issued a press release calling to halt the execution until information can be obtained from a clerk at the motel across from the murder scene. Despite the existence of identifying tax records, the clerk had not any any prior point been offered or suggested as a witness on Davis' behalf.[43]

NGOs' response to denial of clemency

Amnesty International insulted the Board's decision as "a baffling and unbelievable perversion of justice."[44] The National Lawyers Guild also uttered similar remarks.[45]

Second habeas petition of October 2008

On October 23, 2008, Davis launched a second habeas petition, based on affidavits that had already considered in the clemency process. In their court filing, the attorneys argued that Davis was innocent and that his execution would violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution.[46]}} Chatham County prosecutors filed objections to Davis' federal habeas petition.[46]

On October 24, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay of execution to consider the petition.[47]

On December 9, Judges Joel Fredrick Dubina, Rosemary Barkett, and Stanley Marcus) heard oral arguments from Davis' lawyers - Arnold & Porter lawyer Jason Ewart and attorney Tom Dunn, and from attorney Susan Boleyn from the Georgia Attorney General's office.[13] The judges will render their decision at a later date.[48]

Family statements

Davis' sister, Martina Correia, has been actively campaigning on his behalf. She has attended all of Davis' court hearings, often sitting in the same room with relatives of MacPhail. After the December 9, 2008 hearing in the 11th Circuit Court, she addressed the concerns of the MacPhail family:

This is not family against family. We have no ill will against the MacPhail family. When justice is found for Troy, there will be justice for Officer MacPhail."[48]

MacPhail's widow, Joan, has remarked about the successive appeals of Davis:

It's like another punch in the stomach. You have to relive that night over and over. That's so wrong. Why shouldn't we have peace in our lives?[49]

References

  1. ^ "Amicus curiae brief" (PDF). SCOTUS blog. 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  2. ^ a b c d http://savannahnow.com/node/597187 "Lawton: Troy Davis Verdict Correct" Spencer Lawton Jr., Savannah Now; October 19, 2008
  3. ^ a b c d "Troy Davis". Amnesty International. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  4. ^ Robert Grizzard does not claim police coercion per http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/Affadavits.pdf
  5. ^ a b c d Lowe, Brendan (2007-07-13). "Will Georgia Kill an Innocent Man?". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  6. ^ http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/Affadavits.pdf Statement of Darold Taylor "One day when I was in the parking lot of Yamacraw drinking beers with Red [he] admitted to me that he was the one who killed the officer.
  7. ^ a b c Davis v. State, 660 S.E.2d 354 (Georgia Supreme Court 2008).
  8. ^ http://www.pap.state.ga.us/opencms/opencms/press_releases/news_274.html THE PAROLE BOARD'S CONSIDERATION OF THE TROY ANTHONY DAVIS CASE; Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles - September 22, 2008
  9. ^ a b c "Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter Calls for Clemency for Troy Davis" (Press release). Carter Center. 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-12-08. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c "Shrapton Seeks Clemency for Troy Anthony Davis". Atlanta Journal Constitution. 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  11. ^ "Reasonable doubt". The Economist. 2008-11-27. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  12. ^ a b "Stay of Exeuction for Troy Davis". Amnesty International. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  13. ^ a b "Judges differ as Davis seeks new trial". Atlanta Journal Constitution. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-12-10. Cite error: The named reference "ajc 12-10-08" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Petition for A Writ of Certiorari" (PDF). SCOTUS blog. 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  15. ^ http://www.pap.state.ga.us/opencms/opencms/press_releases/news_271.html PAROLE BOARD DENIES CLEMENCY FOR CONDEMNED INMATE TROY ANTHONY DAVIS; Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles - September 12, 2008
  16. ^ a b http://www.sundaypaper.com/More/Archives/tabid/98/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2441/Should-Troy-Davis-be-executed.aspx
  17. ^ a b c d e http://law.ga.gov/00/press/detail/0,2668,87670814_87670929_121231342,00.html
  18. ^ "'Where is the justice for me?' The case of Troy Davis, facing execution in Georgia". Amnesty International. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  19. ^ Davis v. State, 426 S.E.2d 844 (1993).
  20. ^ Davis v. Turpin, 539 S.E.2d 129 (Georgia Supreme Court 2000).
  21. ^ a b c Herbert, Bob (2008-09-18). "What's the Rush?". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-09. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ "Supreme Court's Death Penalty Ruling in Troy Davis Case Reveals Catastrophic Flaws in the U.S. Death Penalty Machine" (Press release). Amnesty International. 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2008-12-20. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Whoriskey, Peter (2007-07-16). "Execution Of Ga. Man Near Despite Recantations: Some Witnesses Now Say He Is Innocent". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  24. ^ Davis v. Terry, 465 F.3d F.3d 1249 (11th Circuit 2006).
  25. ^ "Docket for 06-1407". US Supreme Court. 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  26. ^ "Fallible Legal System Must Avoid Injustice". Atlanta Journal Constitution. 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2008-12-20. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Skutch, Jan (2007-07-17). "Davis wins 90-day stay of execution". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  28. ^ Skutch, Jan (2007-08-07). "Parole board bows out of Davis clemency bid". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  29. ^ "Troy Davis Set to be Executed Tuesday Despite Evidence of Innocence". Innocence Project. 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  30. ^ "Troy Davis – Finality Over Fairness". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  31. ^ "Docket for 08-66". US Supreme Court. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  32. ^ "Troy Davis Execution Set, Again: Action Taken After Supreme Court Rejects Appeal". EURweb. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  33. ^ "Letter of Most Reverend Desmond M. Tutu" (PDF). 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  34. ^ "Letter of Harry Belafonte". 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  35. ^ Carrier, Fanny (2007-07-17). "US inmate's execution on hold". AFP / The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  36. ^ Eckenrode, Vicky (2007-07-21). "Pope makes plea to spare life of Troy Davis". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  37. ^ Lewis, John (2007-07-16). "Rep. Lewis' statement at Davis hearing". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  38. ^ "Religious Leaders, Members of Congress, Entertainers, Civil Rights Leaders Lead Worldwide Clemency Call for Troy Davis". Amnesty International. 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  39. ^ "European Parliament resolution of 10 July 2008 on the death penalty, particularly the case of Troy Davis". European Parliament. 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  40. ^ "Troy Davis' clemency bid fails". Savannah Morning News. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-12-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  41. ^ "Barr, Carter both seek clemency for Troy Davis". WTVM. 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Scott, Jeffry (2008-09-21). "Sharpton seeks clemency for Troy Anthony Davis". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2008-09-21. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Weiner, Robert (2008-09-22). "Stay Georgia's Tuesday 7PM Execution of Troy Davis to Allow Critical Witness Interview Says Attorney Carol Gray, Who Assisted Defense Team". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2008-09-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Amnesty International Condemns Parole Board Decision". Amnesty International. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  45. ^ "Rally to Stop Execution of Troy Davis". Washington Peace Center. 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  46. ^ a b "Lawyers launch new appeals effort". 2008-23-08. Retrieved 2008-12-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ "Court issues stay of execution for Troy Davis". ajc.com. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  48. ^ a b "Troy Davis Makes Case for New Round of Appeals". Atlanta Progressive News. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  49. ^ http://www.fop9.net/markmacphail/lookingforclosure.cfm Fraternal Order of Police information page for Officer Mark MacPhail
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