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Robert P. Letcher

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Robert P. Letcher
15th Governor of Kentucky
In office
September 2, 1840 – September 4, 1844
LieutenantManlius Valerius Thomson
Preceded byCharles A. Wickliffe
Succeeded byWilliam Owsley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky's 4th district
In office
March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1835
Preceded byThomas Metcalfe
Succeeded byJames Harlan
Personal details
Born(1788-02-10)February 10, 1788
Goochland County, Virginia
DiedJanuary 24, 1861(1861-01-24) (aged 72)
Frankfort, Kentucky
Political partyDemocratic Republican, Whig
Spouse(s)Mary Oden Epps
Charlotte Robinson
ProfessionLawyer

Robert Perkins Letcher (February 10, 1788 – January 24, 1861) was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative, diplomat and governor of Kentucky. He also served in the Kentucky General Assembly where he was Speaker of the House in 1837 and 1838. A strong supporter of the Whig Party, he was a friend of Henry Clay and John J. Crittenden.

Letcher's family came to Kentucky around 1800. Letcher attended the private academy of Joshua Fry, then studied law. He was briefly a judge advocate in John Allen's volunteer militia during the War of 1812. He began his political career in 1813, representing Garrard County in the Kentucky House of Representatives. In 1823, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served for more than a decade. During the 1824 presidential election, he acted as an intermediary between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Adams' opponent, Andrew Jackson, charged that, through these negotiations, Clay agreed to support Adams for president in exchange for being named Secretary of State.

In 1840, Letcher was chosen as the Whig nominee for governor of Kentucky over William Owsley. In the general election, Letcher won by landslide over Judge Richard French. Letcher's fiscally conservative policies helped Kentucky recover from the financial Panic of 1837. By the end of his term, the state was experiencing budget surpluses and state banks had resumed specie payments. After Letcher left office, he was appointed diplomat to Mexico by President Zachary Taylor. Following this, he made an attempt to return to the U.S. House, but was defeated by Democrat John C. Breckinridge. Letcher's defeat in Henry Clay's home district was a strong indication of the decline of Whig influence in Kentucky. Though he remained active in politics, Letcher never again sought public office. He died on January 24, 1861.

Early life

Robert Perkins Letcher was born in Goochland County, Virginia on February 10, 1788.[1] He was seventh of twelve children born to Stephen Giles and Betsy (Perkins) Letcher.[2] The family moved to Kentucky around 1800, first living at Harrodsburg, then settling in Garrard County.[3] For a time, Letcher attended the common schools of the area, but he was dismissed for being unruly.[4] He studied the trade of masonry, though not very enthusiastically, at his father's brickyard.[2]

Letcher approached Joshua Fry about becoming a student at his private academy near Danville, Kentucky.[5] He fared better under Fry's instruction than he had in the common schools, and gained a sound education.[4] Following his instruction at Fry's academy, he returned to the brickyard, where tradition holds that he helped build the state's first governor's mansion alongside future governor Thomas Metcalfe.[4] He then studied law in the office of Humphrey Marshall, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Lancaster, Kentucky.[6] He briefly served as a judge advocate in Colonel John Allen's volunteer militia during the War of 1812.[3]

Letcher first married Susan Oden Epps.[7] Epps died on March 9, 1816 and did not bear any children.[6] Following the death of his first wife, Letcher married Charlotte Robertson. Robertson was the daughter of George Robertson, a congressman and future chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals.[2] Historian Jennie Morton records that Letcher referred to his second wife as "the queen".[8] No children were born as a result of this marriage, but the couple raised one of their nieces from childhood.[9] Charlotte Robertson-Letcher survived her husband, and died October 29, 1879.[9]

Political career

Nicknamed "Black Bob", Letcher was known as a witty and gregarious campaigner.[10] He was also known to distract audiences at his opponents' campaign speeches by playing a fiddle.[11] His political career began in 1813 when he was elected to represent Garrard County in the Kentucky House of Representatives.[8] He served until 1815, and was re-elected in 1817.[1]

In the House of Representatives

Letcher was elected as a Democratic Republican to the Eighteenth Congress in 1823.[1] He represented the state's fourth district until 1833, when the General Assembly conducted a redistricting of the state.[2] After the redistricting, Garrard County became part of the fifth district.[2]

Letcher was a friend and ardent supporter of Henry Clay. When no candidate gained a two-thirds majority of the electoral vote in the 1824 presidential election, the outcome fell to a vote of the House of Representatives. In the political wrangling that followed, Letcher served as an intermediary between Clay and John Quincy Adams. Eventually, Clay's supporters threw their support behind Adams, reportedly in exchange for Clay's being named Secretary of State.[10] Andrew Jackson called the alleged deal the "corrupt bargain".[12]

Letcher supported Adams' administration, but became anti-administration when Jackson won the 1828 presidential contest. Consistent with his support of Clay, he promoted expansion of internal improvements, including the Maysville Road bill vetoed by Jackson. In 1833, Clay proposed a compromise in the Senate to quell the Nullification Crisis; Letcher introduced Clay's compromise in the House.[10]

In the 1833 election, Thomas P. Moore challenged Letcher for the fifth district's seat in the House of Representatives. Moore had previously represented the counties in the fifth district (Garrard excepted), and had just returned from a four-year stint as U.S. minister to Grenada.[10] The vote was so close that the House refused to seat either candidate and ordered a new election.[1][5] Letcher won the new election by 258 votes.[5] During this term, he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.[6] He did not seek re-election at the end of his term.[1]

In 1836, Letcher served as a presidential elector on the Whig ticket.[1] He returned to the Kentucky House later that year, and was re-elected every year until 1838.[1] Each of these years, he sought to become Speaker of the House.[10] In 1836, he was defeated by incumbent speaker John L. Helm by a vote of 45—48.[3] The following year, there was a three-way contest for speaker between Letcher, Helm, and James Turner Morehead.[10] After nine ballots, Helm withdrew from the race, and Letcher defeated Morehead 50—48.[10] The next year, Letcher was re-elected to the post without opposition.[10]

As governor of Kentucky

The Whigs' state nominating convention was held in Harrodsburg on August 26, 1839.[3] Four candidates were initially put forward for the office of governor, but two withdrew from consideration, leaving the contest between Letcher and Judge William Owsley.[10] Letcher won the nomination by a vote of 48—26.[10] In the general election, Letcher defeated his Democratic opponent, Judge Richard French, by a majority of over 15,000 votes (out of 95,020 cast).[5] The Whigs also captured large majorities in both houses of the state legislature.[5]

Just weeks after Letcher's inauguration, William Henry Harrison prevailed in the 1840 presidential election. Soon after, Harrison visited Letcher in Frankfort to discuss the appointment of Letcher's friend, John J. Crittenden, to Harrison's cabinet. On December 14, 1840, Letcher wrote Crittenden to tell him that the General Assembly would shortly re-elect him to his Senate seat. If he (Crittenden) were going to accept a position in President Harrison's cabinet, Letcher would prefer he do it before March 4, 1841 so the General Assembly would still be in session to elect Crittenden's replacement in the Senate. On January 11, 1841, Crittenden replied that he expected to be named attorney general and believed he could accept the post before Letcher's preferred deadline. However, due to Harrison's death only a month after his inauguration, Crittenden was not able to keep Letcher's timeline; he was appointed attorney general by John Tyler on March 5, 1841.[13]

For the first half of Letcher’s term, the state was still struggling to recover from the financial Panic of 1837.[5] Consistent with his Whig views, Letcher blamed the crisis on the federal government's failure to recharter the Second Bank of the United States.[5] To ameliorate the state's dire financial situation, Letcher drastically cut spending, including the suspension of turnpike construction and improvements on the Green, Kentucky, and Licking rivers.[5] These actions greatly reduced the state’s deficit and improved its credit.[7][5] In each of Letcher's years in office, the state showed a small but growing budget surplus.[14]

Although Letcher generally opposed debt relief measures, he did allow the passage of some minor legislation to aid those most in danger of foreclosure on their property.[5] In 1842, legislation was passed that expanded the types of personal property that were exempted from foreclosure.[11] The next year, the General Assembly eliminated the summer terms of the circuit courts, effectively delaying some foreclosure hearings.[11] Letcher also encouraged banks to make new small loans, and the legislature followed suit by moderately increasing the credit extended by state banks.[11] As the state's economy recovered, its banks resumed specie payments.[14] State bonds increased in value.[11] By the end of Letcher's term, Kentucky had weathered the worst of the economic crisis.[11]

In one of his final acts as governor, Letcher proclaimed the first thanksgiving day in Kentucky on September 26, 1844.[8] After leaving office, he resumed his law practice in Frankfort.[14] In 1847, he was one of four contenders for a seat in the U.S. Senate.[15] The other contenders consisted of two fellow Whigs and a Democrat.[15] After twenty-eight ballots, no winner emerged, and Letcher's supporters withdrew his name and nominated Joseph R. Underwood, who eventually won the seat.[15]

As a diplomat to Mexico

Letcher was a strong supporter of Whig candidate Zachary Taylor in the 1848 presidential election.[15] When Taylor won the election, Letcher's friend John J. Crittenden recommended Letcher for the post of postmaster general; Taylor declined this suggestion, but instead appointed Letcher as the United States envoy and minister to Mexico.[15] Letcher arrived in Mexico City on February 3, 1850.[16]

Letcher's primary responsibility was negotiating a treaty to protect the interests of some American citizens who had purchased the rights to construct a line of transit on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.[15] He submitted a rough draft of the treaty to Mexican officials in March 1850.[17] After nearly three months of negotiation, Letcher signed a modified treaty on June 22, 1850.[18] Among the modifications were a provision that tolls on Mexican-produced goods transported on the route would be twenty-percent less than those of United States goods and an increase in the authority exercised by Mexico in protecting the route.[18] Letcher wrote to Secretary of State John M. Clayton that the treaty fell short of what he had hoped for, but that he believed that its provisions were the best that could be obtained.[18]

A month after Letcher signed the treaty, Clayton was replaced as Secretary of State by Daniel Webster. In response to concerns raised by one of the Americans hoping to construct the line of transit, Webster asked that Letcher attempt to obtain certain modifications to the treaty. Letcher brought these modifications to the Mexican diplomats, but they steadfastly refused to accept them.[19] Letcher, speaking with the blessing of the administration, intimated that the United States would take the region by force if the requested concessions were not made. The Mexican government conceded that they would not be able to resist such action, but still refused to accept the modifications to the treaty.[20]

Upon learning of the strong Mexican resistance to his proposed modifications, Webster instructed Letcher to negotiate the most favorable terms to which the Mexicans would agree.[19] On January 25, 1851, Letcher signed a second treaty that was slightly more favorable to the Americans.[19] During the time it had taken both sides to negotiate the treaty, however, public sentiment in Mexico had turned decidedly against any form of treaty with the United States regarding Tehuantepec.[21] On May 22, 1851, the Mexican government declared the agreement with the American investors null on grounds that the provisional government which granted it did not have the right to do so.[22] Letcher attempted to negotiate a new treaty to re-acquire the rights nullified by the Mexican government, but by February 14, 1852, he reported that he did not expect to be able to reach any kind of agreement.[23] He returned home in August 1852.[15]

Later political career

Gravestone of Letcher in Frankfort Cemetery

On returning to Kentucky, Letcher resumed his legal practice. In 1853, the Whig Party chose Letcher as their nominee to represent Whig Party founder Henry Clay's district in the House of Representatives.[15] The seat had been taken by Democrat John C. Breckinridge in 1851.[15] During the campaign, Breckinridge adopted a strong pro-slavery position and charged Letcher with having abolitionist sympathies.[24] Breckinridge won the canvass by 526 votes.[15] Letcher was considered the strongest Whig candidate in the state, and his inability to win the seat was a harbinger of the ultimate failure of the Whig Party in Kentucky.[24]

Letcher's loss to Breckinridge would be his last run for public office, though he remained active in politics until his death. During the 1856 presidential election, Letcher spoke on behalf of Millard Fillmore in Pennsylvania, New York, and Kentucky.[25] In 1857 and 1858, he urged John J. Crittenden to oppose the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas.[25]

After the dissolution of the Whig Party, Letcher generally supported Know-Nothing candidates in state politics.[14] Letcher and Crittenden both supported National Union candidate John Bell in the 1860 presidential election, believing he represented the best hope of peacefully resolving the tension between the north and south.[14] By election day, his health was beginning to fail.[25] He died at his home in Frankfort on January 24, 1861, and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery.[26][1] Letcher County, Kentucky is named in his honor.[14]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Congressional Biography
  2. ^ a b c d e Heck, p. 55
  3. ^ a b c d Gilliam, p. 6
  4. ^ a b c Morton, p. 13
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harrison, p. 545
  6. ^ a b c Powell, p. 40
  7. ^ a b NGA Bio
  8. ^ a b c Morton, p. 14
  9. ^ a b Morton, p. 15
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Heck, p. 56
  11. ^ a b c d e f Heck, p. 57
  12. ^ Lott, p. 46
  13. ^ Gilliam, pp. 8, 10–11
  14. ^ a b c d e f Harrison, p. 546
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Heck, p. 58
  16. ^ Gilliam, p. 24
  17. ^ Rippy, p. 508
  18. ^ a b c Rippy, p. 509
  19. ^ a b c Rippy, p. 512
  20. ^ Rippy, pp. 511–512
  21. ^ Rippy, pp. 512–513
  22. ^ Rippy, p. 517
  23. ^ Rippy, pp. 517–518
  24. ^ a b Kerr, p. 844
  25. ^ a b c Heck, p. 59
  26. ^ Morton, p. 16

References

  • Gilliam, Jr., Will D. (1950). "Robert Perkins Letcher, Whig Governor of Kentucky". Filson Club Historical Quarterly. 24. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Harrison, Lowell H. (1992). Kleber, John E. (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813117720.
  • Heck, Frank H. (2004). Lowell H. Harrison (ed.). Kentucky's Governors. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813123267.
  • "Kentucky Governor Robert Perkins Letcher". National Governors Association. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  • Kerr, Charles (1922). History of Kentucky. American Historical Society. Retrieved 2009-01-25. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Lott, Jeremy (2008). The Warm Bucket Brigade: The Story of the American Vice Presidency. Thomas Nelson, Inc. ISBN 1595550828. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  • Morton, Jennie C. (1905). "Governor Robert P. Letcher, Sketch of His Life". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 2 (7). Retrieved 2009-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Powell, Robert A. (1976). Kentucky Governors. Danville, Kentucky: Bluegrass Printing Company. ASIN B0006CPOVM, OCLC 2690774.
  • Rippy, J. Fred (1920). "Diplomacy of the United States and Mexico Regarding the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 1848–1860". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 6 (4). Retrieved 2009-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • United States Congress. "Robert P. Letcher (id: L000257)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Further reading

  • Contested Election: Robert P. Letcher vs. Thomas P. Moore. 23rd Congress, 1st Session, House Report No 446. May 6, 1834.
  • Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, June 12, 1834, p. 743.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Kentucky
1840–1844 		Succeeded by
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