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Aliso Creek (Orange County)

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Not to be confused with Aliso Creek (Los Angeles County).
For other uses see Aliso Creek (disambiguation).

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Aliso Creek (Spanish translation: "Alder Creek"; also Alisos Creek) is the perennial, 19-mile (31 km) third-order mainstem stream of an approximately 30.4-square-mile (79 km2) watershed in Orange County in the U.S. state of California. It drains into the Pacific Ocean in the city of Laguna Beach. The name refers to the "alisos" (alder trees) that grow in the area, presumably christened by the Spanish conquistadors when they came upon the area. As of 2004, the watershed had a population of 149,087.[1]

Historically, the creek served as the boundary between the Juaneno and Gabrieleno Indians. The creek's watershed was originally a part of the 1842 Rancho Niguel Mexican Land Grant, granted to Juan Avila. The creek flows southwest through a narrow, steep-sided coastal canyon at the southern extreme of the Los Angeles Basin[2] in a fairly straight, mostly channelized course, through rock that dates from the late Eocene to the Pliocene eras.

Pollution and development of the watershed and surrounding Orange County have blighted the water quality and wildlife of the creek since the 1960s, when urban and suburban development of the eight incorporated cities in the watershed began. The creek continues to be a major pollution problem today, and recently became the subject of a $45 million USD project that aims to clean up the creek and its watershed.[3]

Overview

Aliso Creek is part of the San Juan Hydrological Unit in Southern California, which covers about 500 square miles (1,300 km2). In the watershed, the mean annual precipitation is 16.42 inches (41.71 cm).

On the north, the Aliso Creek watershed borders the 112.2-square-mile (290.6 km2) San Diego Creek watershed and the 10.2-square-mile (26.4 km2) Laguna Canyon watershed; and on the south, the 6.1-square-mile (15.8 km2) Salt Creek watershed and the 133.9-square-mile (346.8 km2) San Juan Creek watershed. Eight incorporated cities are contained or partially contained within the watershed: Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Laguna Beach, and Lake Forest, all of which directly border the creek,[4] and Portola Hills and Foothill Ranch, which do not border the creek. The stream is known for being a polluted urban waterway that fouls the water quality at its mouth, Aliso Beach, in the city of Laguna Beach, California.[5]

It is bordered by many regional and community parks which offer extensive recreational opportunities within the watershed, as well as the popular Aliso Creek Trail that runs along its banks.

Name

As of 2008, Aliso Creek is one of five streams in California that are officially named Aliso Creek: From north to south, there is an Aliso Creek in Fremont, one in Santa Barbara County, one draining into the Los Angeles River, the Aliso Creek in Orange County, and one draining into San Mateo Creek.[6] Aliso Creek has given its name to a major arterial roadway, Aliso Creek Road, that runs from El Toro Road in Laguna Beach to Laguna Niguel; and to a small mountain, Aliso Peak, which is 623 feet (190 m) high.[7]

Course

The source of Aliso Creek is approximately 2,300 feet (700 m) above sea level; northeast of the city of Portola Hills and within the Cleveland National Forest. The source is in a series of small canyons, named the Vulture Crags, that converge into one stream as they flow down into the creek's basin.[8] It flows southeast along Santiago Road, exiting the Cleveland National Forest. Santiago Canyon Road soon becomes El Toro Road, which Aliso Creek more or less parallels for much of its length.

The creek next runs southwest in a small, vegetation-choked ravine following El Toro Road, within Mission Viejo. As it passes into Lake Forest, it receives a small tributary, English Canyon, on the left bank, and next receives Munger Creek on the right bank. The creek increases in size as it flows under Interstate 5 and into the city of Aliso Viejo. Here, it receives the Dairy Fork on its right bank. Another small stream, the Aliso Hills Channel, enters the creek on the left bank less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) downstream.

From here on, Aliso Creek enters a deep and broad valley that is the beginning of Aliso Canyon, a water gap through the San Joaquin Hills. The creek's channel has been forced to the east side of the valley because of the development of several schools on the valley floor. Soon, the creek becomes the border between Laguna Niguel on the southeast and Aliso Viejo on the northwest. As the creek continues on to the head of Aliso Canyon, it receives its major tributary, Sulpher Creek (also spelled Sulphur Creek) on the left bank.

Sulpher Creek begins in north Laguna Niguel and runs south 1.8 miles (2.9 km) along Crown Valley Parkway, separated from Aliso Creek by a low ridge. It then bends west around the ridge into the Crown Valley Park, feeding the Laguna Niguel Lake as it winds north into Laguna Niguel Regional Park. As the creek exits the dam, it then curves west again, receiving its major tributary, the Narco Channel, on the right bank. Its terminus is on the left bank of Aliso Creek soon after flowing under Alicia Parkway.

The combined waters head southwest into Aliso Canyon, soon arriving at a former stream gauge; there is a dam that stands 15 feet (4.6 m) high and 50 feet (15 m) wide here. It serves as the diversion dam for the South Orange Coast Water Agency (SOCWA); a diversion pipeline parallels the creek from here and leads to the SOCWA water treatment plant near the creek's mouth. Aliso Creek continues south-southwest, and shortly downstream Wood Canyon Creek enters the stream on the right bank, at river mile 5 (river kilometer 8).[9] At about this point, there is an oxbow pond on the creek's left bank.[10] Soon, the creek flows past the Aliso Creek Golf Course and out to sea in Laguna Beach. The Pacific Coast Highway crosses the creek on a stone arch bridge shortly upstream of the creek's mouth.[11][12]

Contrary to the creek's length of 19 miles (31 km), the direct distance from mouth to source is only 16.2 miles (26.1 km).[13] The average gradient is 121.05 feet (36.90 m) per mile, but most of this elevation change occurs in the first 3 miles (5 km) of the creek. For comparison, the next watershed to the south, San Juan Creek, has a similar average gradient of 120 feet (37 m) per mile.

Discharge

The USGS collects the flow data of Aliso Creek at two stations: one in Laguna Beach at its mouth and one at El Toro Road, at approximately river mile 9. On average, the flow at the Laguna Beach station, which constitutes data for the entire 30.5-square-mile (79 km2) watershed, is 9 cubic feet per second (0.25 m3/s); while there is no data for the El Toro station, which constitutes data for just shy of 50 percent of the watershed, which is 15 square miles (39 km2). At the Laguna Beach station, the maximum recorded momentary peak flow was 5,400 cubic feet per second (150 m3/s) (twice the average flow of the Rio Grande)[14] with a water depth of 11.30 feet (3.44 m) on March 1, 1983. This was a flood caused by record rainfall that the heavily developed land was not able to absorb, that flooded the Aliso Creek Golf Course and the Aliso Creek Inn up to the second floor, flowing into 48 of the inn's 62 rooms.[15]

Aliso Creek empties into a sandy lagoon at its mouth in Laguna Beach. Due to tides and erosion, its mouth is ever-changing and never the same.

Other notable flows include 2,880 cubic feet per second (82 m3/s) on February 16, 1986, with a water level of 8.58 feet (2.62 m) and 2,870 cubic feet per second (81 m3/s) on October 1, 1983, with a water level of 8.57 feet (2.61 m).

At El Toro, the maximum recorded flow was 2,500 cubic feet per second (71 m3/s) on February 24, 1969 with a water level of 11 feet (3.4 m). Other significant flows include 2,450 cubic feet per second (69 m3/s) on January 5, 1979, and 1,950 cubic feet per second (55 m3/s) on February 6, 1937.[16]

A streamflow gauge, installed in 1938, existed below the Jeronimo Road bridge over Aliso Creek. It has since been discontinued.

The streamflow data collected more recently is not historically accurate because it is heavily affected and tainted by urban runoff. Up to 80 percent (7.2 cfs) of Aliso Creek’s discharge in the dry season consists of wastewater and urban runoff.[17][18]

Watershed

Aliso Creek's watershed drains a long and narrow coastal canyon in central Orange County, draining parts of the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Laguna Beach, Portola Hills, and Lake Forest, with its area subdivided approximately equally among the eight cities. The breadth of the watershed ranges from 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide in its upper reaches to a maximum breadth of 5 miles (8.0 km) before it enters the Aliso Canyon. Salt Creek is the nearest major watershed with its outfall in the Pacific Ocean at about 2 miles (3.2 km) south, as measured along the Pacific coast; however, a minor stream that drains part of Laguna Canyon enters the Pacific Ocean about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Aliso Creek. The watershed is mostly urbanized with an average residential density of 18 housing units per acre. It is approximately 69.6% developed with the exception of the Cleveland National Forest in the upper watershed and the Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park in the lower watershed. Of the total land area, 4.7% is agricultural, 5.7% commerce, 0.5% civic, 1.7% industrial, 0.4% recreational, 31.3% residential, 2.9% transport and utilities, 30% vacant land, and 26.2% mixed use.[19]

File:Laguna Beach side of Wood Canyon with SUA in the Distance - 2007.jpg
Aliso Canyon, viewed from the Aliso Summit trail on the south rim. Aliso Creek is in the valley below.

Geology

Marine and nonmarine sedimentary strata underlies the Aliso Creek watershed, ranging from the late Eocene through Pliocene in age. This consists of mainly sandstone, siltstone, and breccia. Also, Holocene fluvial sediment, ranging from 4–11 meters (13–36 feet) deep, has been deposited on the floor of Aliso Canyon. The six main soil and rock types in the watershed consist of Capistrano sandy loam, Cieneba sandy loam, Cieneba-rock outcrop, Marina loamy sand, Myford sandy loam, and Rock outcrop-cieneba. Approximately 50% is soil and the remaining 50 percent is rock outcrop. The water table depth is 6 feet (1.8 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) in most areas, the soil having a hydrological group of Class D, indicating slow infiltration of water.[20] The northeastern section of Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park harbors the Pecten Reef, an exposure of the Monterey Formation, which consists of siltstone, mudstone, sandstone, diatomite, and chert. It has yielded thousands of samples of marine fossils.

The Monterey Formation is being studied as a possible future resource of oil.[21]

Water quality

The creek, in the valley below, flows directly into the Pacific Ocean after it exits Aliso Canyon.
File:Aliso Creek Dam.jpg
Aliso Creek is impounded by a small flood control dam deep inside Aliso Canyon.

Aliso Creek's watershed, as well as most of Orange County, saw a rapid jump in urban development from the 1960s onward, adversely effecting the ecology and wildlife of the creek by means of elevated flow level (urban runoff), bacteria (namely E.coli), and invasive exotic ornamental plants that have escaped from gardens and made a presence in the streambed, mostly Arundo donax (giant reed). As of 2001, the average annual precipitation in the San Juan Hydrological Unit, which Aliso Creek is part of, was 16.42 inches (417 mm).

Bacteria affecting the water quality mainly consist of different types of fecal coliforms, with a high level of E.coli bacteria. This is sourced from pet waste, fertilizer, manure, and other organic pollutants that are washed into the creek. This results in a bacterial level 34% higher than levels declared safe under California law.[22] This in turn impacts recreation at popular Aliso Creek Beach at the creek's mouth, violating state swimming standards 99% of the time, especially during storm events, as beachgoers are warned to avoid the creek for 72 hours (3 days) after a major storm event.[23][24]

Other viruses and bacteria are found in small concentrations in the Aliso Creek water. In 2002, a dog contracted parvovirus after having been bitten by coyotes that had drank from Aliso Creek.[25]Also in 2002, tests in November of that year detected small amounts of the virus that causes Hepatitis A in Aliso Creek.[26] A test in the autumn of 2000 found enterovirus in a tributary of Sulphur Creek, that drains to Aliso Creek.[27]

Chlorine is also another major pollutant, and is responsible for the degradation of fish and shrimp in the creek. It prevails in urban runoff because this source of runoff is basically created by tap water dumped down storm drains. The only remaining fish species in the creek is carp, which can withstand high amounts of toxicity. Ironically, carp up to 18 inches (1.5 feet / 45 cm) long have been found in Aliso Creek near the mouth.[28]

Wildlife

Western snowy plover is one of many bird species found in Aliso Canyon.

Historically, the creek supported small steelhead runs when it flowed, usually in the winter and spring. The presence of steelhead in the creek lasted until the 1960s to early 1970s. [29] The current creek, despite its augmented flow, provides poor habitat for the steelhead because of pollution. Invasive plant species such as giant reed have filled the creek channel and destroyed large amounts of habitat. Finally, the dams on the creek pose the largest of the migrational problems, as none of them have fish ladders.[30]. The creek is now dominantly inhabited by carp, which is far more tolerant of pollution.

Aliso Canyon, which lines the lowermost 5 miles (8.0 km) of the creek, is rich in bird species. The valley supports a population of at least five bald eagles. California least tern, Least Bell's Vireo, Southwestern Willow Flycatcher, Coastal California Gnatcatcher, and Western Snowy Plover[31] are among the 137 migratory and resident bird species that inhabit the watershed.[32]

Recreation

Laguna Niguel Lake.

The Aliso Creek watershed includes portions of the Cleveland National Forest in the upper watershed, and two major regional parks- the 3,879 acres (6.061 sq mi) Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park and its adjoining Aliso Creek Beach, one of the county's most popular beaches;[33] and the 236 acres (0.369 sq mi) Laguna Niguel Regional Park, which borders Sulpher Creek. A mostly paved trail, the Aliso Creek Trail, follows the creek from Aliso Canyon to the Cleveland National Forest.

Fishing: The only major spot where one can fish in the Aliso Creek's watershed is the 44 acres (0.069 sq mi) Laguna Niguel Lake, formed by a large earthfill dam across Sulpher Creek inside Laguna Niguel Regional Park. The lake is regularly stocked with catfish, bass, bluegill, and trout during the winter months. Any other location in the watershed will probably yield only the bottom-dweller carp.[28]

Trails: Most of the trails in the watershed are biking and equestrian trails located in the lower portion of the watershed, in the immensely popular Aliso Canyon and its tributary, Wood Canyon. Aside from the main Aliso Creek Trail, the Wood Canyon Trail and its companion, the West Ridge Trail, follow a tributary of Aliso Creek (Wood Canyon Creek) and makes a large switchback up to 1,000 feet (300 m) Temple Hill. Between the two sections of the switchback are three small trails: the Mathis Canyon trail, Coyote Run trail, and Lynx trail.[34]

Flood control

File:AlisoCreekConcrete.jpg
Aliso Creek is completely lined with concrete in several stretches upstream of the 5 Freeway.
Many drop structures exist in the Aliso Creek riverbed to prevent erosion.

After devastating floods that plagued much of Los Angeles, Riverside and Orange counties, the Orange County Flood Control Act of 1927 was implemented. This act called for 100-year flood protection of all streams and drainage channels in Orange County that serve developed areas.[35] The channelization of Aliso Creek began in the 1960s, mostly forcing Aliso Creek into a series of open-air, dirt-bottom, concrete or riprap lined flood control channels that were built to withstand 100-year floods. In several places upstream of Interstate 5, the creek has been confined to a concrete channel much like the Los Angeles River.

Approximately 19 small dams and drop structures exist on the creek in order to reduce velocity of flood flow.[36] Despite these flood protection measures, however, a bottleneck is found in the very lowest reaches of Aliso Canyon, where heavy development of Laguna Beach has resulted in several major developments being built within a 25-year floodplain. In conjunction with a sharp westward bend of Aliso Creek and narrowing of the canyon with extremely steep and unstable slopes, this produces an area that the creek water, during floods, has difficulty moving through. This has resulted in major damage in floods throughout the 1990s.[37] One large flood, in 1998, destroyed six footbridges spanning Aliso Creek.[38]

History

Earliest inhabitants

The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Aliso Creek watershed and its surrounding lands were the Luiseño speaking Juaneño (formerly Acjachemen) and Gabrieleño (formerly Tongva) Indians. Both tribe names were christened by priests of the California mission chain due to the close proximity of their settlements to the Mission San Juan Capistrano. The creek itself (then a predominantly seasonal arroyo approximately 21 miles (34 km) long), served as the dividing line between the two tribes, though most of the Juaneño population centered around the mouth of nearby San Juan Creek. One prominent Juaneño Indian village, Niguili, was located on Aliso Creek and forms part of the name of present day Laguna Niguel.[39]

Development

In 1842, the entire Aliso Creek watershed became a part of the 1842 Rancho Niguel Mexican Land Grant, granted to Juan Avila. About 29 years later, in about 1871, a pioneer named Eugene Salter filed a claim to 152 acres (0.2 square miles / 62 ha) of Aliso Canyon very near the mouth of the creek, at approximately the location of where the Aliso Creek Inn and adjoining golf course now stand. The following year, homesteaders George and Sarah Thurston acquired the land and one-room house, and the 152 acres were used as a fruit and vegetable orchard for the next fifty years, until 1922. During this time, the inner Aliso Creek watershed was mostly undeveloped.[40][34]

In the early 20th century, 13,000 acres (53 km2) of the watershed were acquired by two men — Lewis F. Moulton and Jean Pierre Daguerre — who owned the land for 38 years. Daguerre died in 1911 and Moulton died in 1938, which led to the acquisition of the ranch by their family. In about 1940, William "Bill" Bryant purchased an 85.2-acre (0.13 square mile / 35 ha) site adjoining the Thurston plot along the creek, and began designing the current golf course that rests on the land. Ten years later, on September 10, 1950, the golf course opened to the public as the "Laguna Beach Country Club". In 1956, Ben Brown purchased the Laguna Beach Country Club from Bryant, renaming it "Ben Brown's Motel and Golf Course". He later earned unanimous approval in 1960 from Orange County to develop a 10-story, 131-foot (40 m) hotel on the land with 200 rooms. The hotel was never built, and was converted to an apartment complex. At about this time urbanization began to take hold in the inner watershed, and portions of Moulton and Daguerre's land were sold to Orange County, becoming parts of three cities.

In 1978, the golf course was again renamed, this time to its present-day name, "Aliso Creek Inn and Golf Course". The Aliso/Wood Canyons Regional Park was created in April 1979 by the dedication of 3,400 acres (14 km2) of land by the Mission Viejo Company. It is currently 3,879 acres (15.70 km2). Five devastating floods plagued Aliso Creek throughout the 1990s, swamping the Aliso Creek Inn, but the historic Inn dating to the 1960s still stands to this day.[41]

The cities in the watershed were primarily built after the 1950s, beginning as small unincorporated communities. The first city to be formed was Laguna Beach at the mouth of the creek, the second oldest city in Orange County, incorporated as a General Law City in 1927.[42] The next city to be incorporated was Mission Viejo in 1988.[43] Laguna Niguel was incorporated in 1989, and all other cities in the area were incorporated after the 1990s.

Tributaries

From mouth to source, Aliso Creek is joined by six major tributaries. Only named tributaries are listed. Another 47 minor streams and drains flow into the creek.

Name Variant Name Source Source coordinates Length Mouth Mouth coordinates
Mouth N/A N/A N/A Aliso Creek Beach, Laguna Beach 33°30′38″N 117°45′12″W / 33.5105°N 117.7532°W / 33.5105; -117.7532
Wood Canyon Creek Aliso Viejo 33°35′39″N 117°44′22″W / 33.5941°N 117.7394°W / 33.5941; -117.7394 2.8 miles (4.5 km)[44] Aliso Canyon- right bank of Aliso Creek 33°32′28″N 117°44′13″W / 33.5411°N 117.7369°W / 33.5411; -117.7369[45]
Sulpher Creek Arroyo Salada North Laguna Niguel 33°33′33″N 117°41′04″W / 33.5591°N 117.6844°W / 33.5591; -117.6844 3 miles (4.8 km) Head of Aliso Canyon- left bank of Aliso Creek 33°32′32″N 117°42′16″W / 33.5422°N 117.7044°W / 33.5422; -117.7044[46]
Aliso Hills Channel South Laguna Hills Aliso Viejo- left bank of Aliso Creek
Dairy Fork South Laguna Woods Aliso Viejo- right bank of Aliso Creek
Munger Creek Lake Forest Mission Viejo- right bank of Aliso Creek
English Canyon Mission Viejo 33°39′30″N 117°38′28″W / 33.6583°N 117.6411°W / 33.6583; -117.6411 5 miles (8.0 km) Mission Viejo- left bank of Aliso Creek 33°37′42″N 117°40′52″W / 33.6283°N 117.6811°W / 33.6283; -117.6811
Source Vulture Crags, Cleveland National Forest, Portola Hills 33°42′10″N 117°37′21″W / 33.7027°N 117.6225°W / 33.7027; -117.6225 N/A N/A N/A

[47] [48]

See also

Sources

  1. ^ http://dms.cityofmissionviejo.org/sirepub/cache/2/xegsy4554lp1fz55iiexx4rl/159152202142009114143515.PDF
  2. ^ http://64.58.157.203/government/departments/Aliso%20Creek%20Plan/3.%20Technical%20Reports%20&%20Studies/06_Aliso%20Creek%20Cultural%20Resources%20Inventory.pdf
  3. ^ Diamond, Barbara. "Coastline Pilot - Serving Laguna Beach, California". www.coastlinepilot.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  4. ^ "Orange County California Watershed". www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  5. ^ "Watershed". wrpinfo.scc.ca.gov. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  6. ^ "GNIS Search Results". geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  7. ^ http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=HGS511-033
  8. ^ "Course of Aliso Creek" (PDF). www.waterrights.ca.gov. March 6, 1936. Retrieved 2009-2-4. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ http://64.58.157.203/government/departments/Aliso%20Creek%20Plan/3.%20Technical%20Reports%20&%20Studies/06_Aliso%20Creek%20Cultural%20Resources%20Inventory.pdf
  10. ^ "Orange County California Watershed". www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  11. ^ http://maps.google.com/ Google Maps
  12. ^ "Aliso Creek Watershed" (PDF). 303(d) Fact Sheet Region 9 Water Quality Control Board. www.waterboards.ca.gov. 1998. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  13. ^ "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation". jan.ucc.nau.edu. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  14. ^ "Rivers of the Earth-The 25 Longest Rivers". Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  15. ^ Martin Beck &, Steve Kresal. "Aliso Creek Is Ready for This Surge - Los Angeles Times". latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  16. ^ "USGS Surface Water for USA: Peak Streamflow". nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  17. ^ http://www.scwd.org/acproject/Hydrology_Report_Rev2.pdf Bacterial Counts in Aliso Creek
  18. ^ http://www.scwd.org/acproject/Aliso_Creek_Final_IS_Rev3.pdf Pollution in the Aliso Creek Watershed
  19. ^ http://www.ocwatersheds.com/watersheds/alisocreek_land_use.asp OC Watershed Land Use
  20. ^ http://www.ttsfo.com/alisoviejoeis/Documents/Project%20Documents/Draft%20EIS/3.05%20Geology.pdf San Juan Hydrological Unit Geology
  21. ^ http://www.ocparks.com/awresources/AWCWP_RMP_OpenHouse_Booklet.pdf Pecten Reef
  22. ^ Mariano, Willoughby. "Aliso Creek Pollution Is Down, Report Says - Los Angeles Times". latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  23. ^ Susan Gill Vardon, Jim Radcliffe. "Checking up on the creek". www.clearcreeksystems.com. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  24. ^ http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressReleases/060803_ca.asp Aliso Beach Pollution
  25. ^ Walker, Cheryl. "Parvo virus diagnosed in Woods canine, dog owners urged to get vaccine". ocregister.com. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  26. ^ Haldane, David. "Pipe to Protect Creek Pollutes It Instead - Los Angeles Times". latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  27. ^ Mehta, Seema. "Viruses Found in Water Running to Aliso Creek - Los Angeles Times". articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  28. ^ a b http://www.cheathouse.com/essay/essay_view.php?p_essay_id=99859 Wildlife of Aliso Creek
  29. ^ "OC Watershed". Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  30. ^ "Steelhead Migratory Limits in Aliso Canyon". Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  31. ^ "Aliso Canyon Nesting Birds" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  32. ^ "Aliso and Wood Canyon Wilderness Park, California". Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  33. ^ "OCParks-Aliso Beach". Retrieved 2009-02-14.
  34. ^ a b "Wood Canyon Trails". Retrieved 2009-2-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  35. ^ "County of Orange, Public Works - OC Flood Control Division - Neighborhood Flood Control Introduction". www.ocflood.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  36. ^ "Documents and Maps - Channel Grade Control Structure Inventory". www.ocflood.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  37. ^ Martin Beck, Steve Kresal. "Aliso Creek Is Ready for This Surge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  38. ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jan/29/local/me-13217
  39. ^ http://64.58.157.203/government/departments/Aliso%20Creek%20Plan/3.%20Technical%20Reports%20&%20Studies/06_Aliso%20Creek%20Cultural%20Resources%20Inventory.pdf
  40. ^ http://www.beachcalifornia.com/alisobch.html Aliso Beach
  41. ^ http://alisocreekinnupdate.com/Main.php?pg=history
  42. ^ http://www.lagunabeach.com/
  43. ^ "City of Mission Viejo". cityofmissionviejo.org. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  44. ^ http://www.cityofalisoviejo.com/environmental_care/Wood_Canyon_Wetlands.pdf
  45. ^ "Wood Canyon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
  46. ^ "Sulphur Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
  47. ^ "OC Watersheds- Aliso Creek". Retrieved 2009-02-14.
  48. ^ "Aliso Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-2-14. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
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