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EarthBound
North American box art, depicting Ness reflected in a Starman's visor
Developer(s)Ape
HAL Laboratory
Publisher(s)Nintendo
Director(s)
Producer(s)
Designer(s)Shigesato Itoi (producer, director)
Writer(s)Shigesato Itoi
Composer(s)Keiichi Suzuki
Hirokazu Tanaka
SeriesEarthBound
Platform(s)Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy Advance (Japan-only port)
Genre(s)Console role-playing
Mode(s)Single-player

EarthBound, known in Japan as Mother 2: Gyiyg no Gyakushū (MOTHER2ギーグの逆襲, Mazā Tsū Gīgu no Gyakushū, lit. "Mother 2: Gyiyg Strikes Back"), is a role-playing video game co-developed by Ape and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES video game console. It was designed by Shigesato Itoi, who also developed its Japan-only predecessor, Mother. It was released in Japan on August 27, 1994, and in North America on June 1, 1995. Despite being successful in Japan, the North American version was released to poor commercial response.[1] Despite the poor sales figures the game has been lauded by gamers for its humorous depictions of American culture and parody of the RPG genre,[2] and has since become a cult classic.[3]

A sequel to EarthBound for the Nintendo 64DD, titled "EarthBound 64", was in development for many years before finally being cancelled.[4] This project eventually resurfaced as a Game Boy Advance title called Mother 3 and was released only in Japan.[1] Like Mother, Mother 3 has only a loose connection to EarthBound, starring new characters, though it does include several returning characters.[citation needed] A collection of Mother and EarthBound was released in Japan under the title Mother 1 + 2.[5]

Gameplay

EarthBound features many traditional RPG elements; the player controls a party of characters who travel through the game's two dimensional world, which is composed of villages, cities, and dungeons. Along the way, battles are fought against enemies, after which the party receives experience points for victories.[6] If enough experience points are acquired, a character's level will increase. This increases the character's attributes, such as strength, defense, and health. Rather than utilizing an overworld map screen like most console RPGs of its era, the world is entirely seamless, with no differentiation between towns and the outside world.[7] Another non-traditional element is the perspective used for the world. The game uses oblique projection, while most 2-D RPGs use a "top down" view on a grid or an isometric perspective.[2]

Unlike its predecessor, EarthBound does not utilize random encounters. When physical contact occurs between a character and an enemy, the screen dissolves into battle mode. In combat, characters and enemies possess a certain amount of hit points (HP). Blows to an enemy reduces the amount of HP. Once an enemy's HP reaches zero, they are defeated. If a specific type of enemy is defeated, there is a chance that the character will receive an item after the battle. In battle, the player is allowed to choose specific actions for their characters. These actions can include attacking, healing, or the use of items. Characters can also use special PSI attacks that require psychic points (PP). Once each character is assigned a command, the characters and enemies perform their actions in a set order, determined by character speed. Whenever a character receives damage, the HP box gradually "rolls" down, similar to an odometer. This allows players an opportunity to heal the character or win the battle before the counter hits zero, after which the character is knocked unconscious (although if the counter reaches zero as the battle is won, it will be set to 1 instead and the character will survive). If all characters are rendered unconscious, the game ends. Because battles are not random, tactical advantages can be gained. If the player physically contacts an enemy from behind, the player is given a first-strike priority. However, this also applies to enemies, who can also engage the party from behind. Additionally, as Ness and his friends become stronger, battles with weaker enemies are eventually won automatically, forgoing the battle sequence.[6] While most RPGs up to the mid 1990s primarily utilized swords and other traditional weapons, the characters in EarthBound use less conventional weapons such as baseball bats, yo-yos, and frying pans.

Currency is indirectly received from Ness' father, who can also save the game's progress. Each time the party wins a battle, Ness' father deposits money in an account that can be withdrawn at ATMs. In towns, players can visit various stores where weapons, armor, and items can be bought. Weapons and armor can be equipped to increase character strength and defense, respectively. In addition, items can be used for a number of purposes, such as healing. Towns also house several other useful facilities such as hospitals where players can be healed for a fee.[8]

Plot summary

Characters

File:Ness SSBB.jpg
Ness as seen in Super Smash Bros. Brawl

EarthBound takes place on Earth in the year 199X.[9] Throughout the game, four characters, known as the Chosen Four, come to compose the party in the game. They are Ness, Paula, Jeff, and Poo.

Ness (ネス, Nesu) is a young boy from Onett, characterized by his love of American things, such as baseball and steak. He also possesses psychic abilities strong enough to affect cosmic events, such as alter the future. Ness' mother cooks for Ness and his friends, and allows them to rest. His father supports him over the phone by recording his progress and depositing money into his cash account. His sister, Tracy, stores items for the group, by way of Escargo Express.

Paula (ポーラ, Pōra) is the second main character in the game. She is a young girl from Twoson where her mother runs the Polestar preschool out of their home. Like Ness, she possesses powerful psychic abilities, which are mainly focused on attacks. She is a celebrity in Twoson, which affects the personalities of the people of Twoson, such as her overactive, overprotective father.

Jeff Andonuts (ジェフ・アンドーナッツ, Jefu Andōnattsu), the third character to join the party, is a young boy who resides at Snow Wood Boarding School in the northern country of Winters. He escapes from the Boarding School with the aid of his friend, Tony, so he can go help Ness and Paula. He is a child prodigy, able to fix broken down objects into advanced weaponry. Unlike the rest of the group, he is the only one of the Chosen Four unable to use PSI powers. He compensates for this in battle by the use of such weapons as bottle rockets, bombs, and other advanced mechanical devices. He is also the son of famous inventor Dr. Andonuts

Poo (プー, Pū) is the last character to join the party. He is the oldest of the group, a residing prince from the distant land of Dalaam. He is presented as a powerful martial arts master. He practices his martial arts, called Mu, with his master and is beloved by everyone in Dalaam. He is also able to use PSI powers and has the ability to transform himself into enemies thanks to his Mu training.

Giygas (ギーグ, Gīgu, Gyiyg in the Japanese version) returns from Mother as the game's main antagonist. He uses his powerful influence over the evil in peoples' hearts to control them, and commands an army consisting of a bizarre variety of aliens, robots, and animals to prevent Ness from uniting his powers at the eight sanctuaries. His initial goal is to conquer the Earth, but when his evil becomes too great, the power destroys his ability to think rationally. No longer in control of his actions, Giygas threatens to destroy the universe if his power is not kept in check.

Pokey Minch (ポーキー・ミンチ, Pōkī Minchi, Porky Minch), Ness' overweight neighbor, who antagonizes Ness and his friends throughout the game, he eventually helps carry out Giygas's will and oversees his plans. His father, Aloysius Minch, resents Ness and his family (particularly Ness' father), saying that their living next door has caused many problems for the Minch family. Pokey's mother, Lardna Minch, is an unattractive[citation needed], large woman that ends up killing Ness' friend, Buzz Buzz, whom she mistakes for a dung beetle. The only reasonable member of the family is Pokey's brother, Picky, who is found sleeping near the meteor that carried Buzz Buzz. He attempts to help Ness in the first sections of the game when he is accosted by enemies, though his attacks are of little use.

Doctor Andonuts (アンドーナッツ博士, Andōnattsu hakase), Jeff's father, is a famous inventor who supports the group with his inventions.

Runaway Five (トンズラブラザーズ, Tonzura Burazāzu) A traveling band that aids the party after the party saves them from debt after debt.

Story

The story begins when Ness is awakened by a meteorite that has plummeted to the earth near his home, whereupon he proceeds to investigate the crash site along with his annoying next door neighbor, Pokey, who later on asks if Ness could help find his little brother, Picky.[9] After arriving, Ness encounters an alien named Buzz Buzz, who informs Ness that he is from the future where a hostile alien, Giygas, dominates the planet.[10] Buzz Buzz instructs Ness to embark on a journey to defeat Giygas in the present, because he is too powerful in the future. Ness then proceeds to seek out eight "sanctuaries," to unite his own powers with the Earth's and gain the strength required to confront Giygas.[11] Buzz Buzz is later killed by Pokey's mom, who mistakes Buzz Buzz for a dung beetle. Dying, Buzz Buzz gives Ness the Sound Stone, an item that is vital to the completion of his quest.

File:Mother 2 Summers.jpg
Screenshot showing Ness, Paula, Jeff, and Poo as they travel through Summers.

Ness proceeds on his quest through a variety of locales, including the towns of Onett, Twoson, Threed, and Fourside, an icy land called Winters, an oriental land called Dalaam, and a dream world called Magicant. As he goes on his journey, he encounters a variety of characters, including the other three chosen ones, Paula, a blond girl from Twoson, Jeff, a book-smart boy from Winters, and Poo, a young prince from Dalaam. There are several enemies that Ness encounters in EarthBound, including Giygas' army of Starmen. The group often runs into a blues band called the Runaway Five, helping them out and being helped out in return. Throughout the game, Ness runs into Pokey, who had joined with Giygas to take over the world. Ness eventually activates all of the "Your Sanctuary" locations, travels to Magicant, and defeats his "Nightmare", which represented all of the evil hidden away in Ness' heart, unlocking his true power. Jeff's father, Doctor Andonuts, creates a device that will allow them to travel to the past to battle against Giygas - however, they are forced to transfer their souls from their bodies into robot bodies, as organic material can't withstand the warp through time. In the past, they encounter Giygas and Pokey in a giant spider mech, who informs Ness and the others that Giygas has consumed so much evil power, that his mind was completely destroyed. Pokey then activates a device called the Devil's Machine, which causes Giygas' body to manifest itself into a physical form. After defeating Pokey, the machine turns off, revealing Giygas' true form, a swirling, spirit-esque, mass. It utilizes attacks that Ness and the others can't even comprehend, and speaks in a confused babble. Paula then prays reaching out to a variety of people on Earth, such as their family and friends, who all pray for their safety, and eventually, she reaches out to the player, whose prayers defeat Giygas. Pokey escapes into a time warp, and Ness and company manage to have their spirits returned to their bodies, and they all return to their homes. After the credits, Picky gives Ness a message from Pokey, daring him to come looking for him.

Development

File:Mother 2 Concept Art.jpg
Concept art featuring Ness and his dog, King, standing in front of their home.

Development on EarthBound took place as a joint effort between Ape, Inc. and HAL Laboratory, Inc. and was designed by Shigesato Itoi. The total development time for the project was five years, much longer than was initially expected. Of this, Itoi has stated that many times he felt the project was "doomed."[7] Because two companies were working on EarthBound, responsibilities were spread out between the two studios. Ape had more people working on the title and oversaw the data aspects of the game while HAL worked on the programming. Because the two studios were based at separate locations, employees would regularly have to travel between the studios to work.[12]

Initial gameplay features that Itoi had in mind involved an unconventional level structure and hit points system (HP). Itoi decided to exclude an overworld, because he wanted no distinction to remain between towns and the outside world. This resulted in each town being carefully designed to be unique. The first design concepts for the HP boxes were to make them like pachinko balls and have them fall off the screen whenever a character was damaged. However, this was later changed to the "rolling counter" HP boxes because the pachinko balls did not work so well when characters had large amounts of HP.[7]

Some of the difficulties posed by the development of EarthBound were the data restrictions imposed by the SNES cartridge size. It was initially designed to fit on an 8 megabit cartridge. However, it was later pushed to 12 megabits and then finally pushed onto a 24 megabit cartridge. This can partially be attributed to the large amount of music composed for the title. Other aspects of the project that remained difficult were programming concepts. The oblique projection techniques proved difficult to program and were time consuming as well.[7] The bicycle and delivery man systems posed problems as well due to their own complex programming schemes.[12]

Some aspects of the character designs remain very personal for Shigesato Itoi. In an interview on his website, Itoi describes how his inspiration for the final battle with Giygas resulted from a traumatic childhood event. When Itoi was a young boy, he accidentally viewed the wrong movie at a theater, a Shintōhō film entitled The Military Policeman and the Dismembered Beauty. According to Itoi the film featured a graphic rape scene near a river that traumatized Itoi so much that his parents began to worry about his wellbeing. Years later, Itoi integrated the experience into Giygas' dialogue for the final battle.[13]

Nintendo eventually announced a release date of August 27, 1994 for Japan,[14] and invested a large amount of money into promoting the new game.[1] One of the marketing campaigns involved Japanese celebrity Takuya Kimura of SMAP, who was heavily featured in Weekly Famitsu promotional ads.[15] Other efforts included bundling a full length strategy guide with the game, complete in a bigger box, and affixing a price much lower than other titles at the time.[2] Scratch and sniff stickers also came bundled with the game.[16] EarthBound was released in Japan on August 27, 1994, and was well received. The North American version was released months later on June 1, 1995, and was met with lukewarm responses.[1]

Reception

EarthBound became a great success in Japan,[2] eventually rising to #1 on Weekly Famitsu's top 30 chart along with hearty recommendations by the magazine reviewers.[22] Commercial reactions in America, on the other hand, were much lower than Nintendo had anticipated. The game sold 140,000 copies in North America, and about twice that number in Japan.[23] American audiences were largely indifferent to Japanese RPGs, and would remain this way until titles like Final Fantasy VII took the genre into the mainstream.[2] Years later, many American critics have praised the game for being ahead of its time,[2] as well as for its storyline, graphics, and particularly, its humor.[17] In the June 2008 issue of Nintendo Power, EarthBound was revealed to be the #1 "Readers' Most Wanted" Virtual Console title, with Mother close behind at #4.[24] Then in the July 2008 issue of Nintendo Power, EarthBound was yet again the #1 "Readers' Most Wanted" Virtual Console title, with the original Mother now placed in second.

EarthBound is regarded by critics as one of the greatest RPGs on the SNES,[25] as well as one of the best of the 1990s.[18] The game has also become a cult classic and possesses substantial fanbases in both Japan and America.[3] As a result, the game regularly appears on readers' choice polls in both countries. In a 2005 readers' choice poll of the top 99 best games of all time conducted by IGN, EarthBound was voted 46th on the list.[26] A year later, IGN conducted a similar readers' choice poll where EarthBound moved up to be 33rd on the list.[27] A 2005 GameFAQs poll of the 100 best games ever had EarthBound at the 37th spot. [28] The game has also appeared on lists conducted by the Japanese. In a 2006 readers' poll conducted by Famitsu magazine, the game was voted the 37th best game of all time on a list of 100 titles.[29] In an introspective of the 20 essential Japanese RPGs, Gamasutra featured EarthBound on the list.[25]

Critical response

Reviews of EarthBound have generally been positive. In Allgame's review, EarthBound was declared "one of the most original role-playing games of the 1990s."[18] The site then went on to praise its storyline, humor, music, and characters. A point of contention between critics were the simplistic graphics. In All RPG's review of the game, the graphics were described as "horrid,"[18] while Nintendojo and 1UP enjoyed them, with 1UP going so far as to say "regardless of what anyone tells you, the graphics are awesome." 1UP also criticized the title's similarities to Dragon Quest, but in the end declared EarthBound a game "worth experiencing."[2] Nintendojo and Gamasutra also criticized the similarities to Dragon Quest, with Gamasutra declaring EarthBound an "unabashed Dragon Quest clone..."[9][25] Despite the criticism, Gamasutra regarded the title as "as one of the greatest RPGs on the SNES." The game's audio was also praised, with All RPG declaring it "some of the best music on the Super Nintendo."

Humor

Of all EarthBound's elements, however, the most lauded was its humor, being universally praised by all critics for its comedic, albeit confusing, depictions of American culture and parody of the RPG genre.[2][9][17][18][20][25] Described by Gamasutra as "a warped, confused tribute to American culture, designed by people who've only experienced the country through books and movies" the quirky humor of the game is one of the chief reasons for its popularity. [25] Ranging from trips in a yellow submarine to fighting a diamond dog, the game is rife with subtle cultural references. Amongst the ranks of absurd enemies in the game Ness must face down New Age Retro Hippies, Pogo Punks, Extra Cranky Ladies, and Big Piles of Puke throughout his quest. Much of the dialogue and plot of the game pokes fun at traditional RPG and sci-fi clichés. Even the advertising campaign played off of its humor, with the slogan "This game stinks", referring to the scratch and sniff stickers that were included in the Player's Guide.

Legacy

EarthBound has been featured in all of the titles of the blockbuster Super Smash Bros. series. Since the first title in the series, Ness has consistently appeared as a playable character. In the first as a hidden character by beating the 1 player mode on medium of higher, without using any continues on Super Smash Bros., Ness as a playable character in the beginning of the game of Super Smash Bros. Melee, Ness is initially available as part of the roster in Super Smash Bros. Brawl by getting him in the Subspace Emissary, Gettting 10 projectiles with any character, or playing V.S. mode 5 times, Onett and Fourside appear as battle arenas in the Melee, while only Onett appears in Brawl. New Pork City, from Mother 3, appears in Brawl as well.[30][31] In addition to Ness, Lucas from Mother 3 is a playable character in Brawl, and trophies for many other characters, such as Paula, Jeff, and Poo, can be collected in the two latter games.[32] Jeff is also featured as an Assist Trophy in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, using his Multi-Bottle Rockets to home in on opponents.[33] Mr. Saturn is used as a tool, and the Franklin Badge is featured as a power-up.

EarthBound's soundtrack has also been completely remixed by fans and released as a free downloadable tribute album entitled Bound Together. The album encompasses 48 tracks and includes performances from well known video game cover bands, such as the OneUps, as well as various artists from remixing communities like OverClocked ReMix.[34]

Independent filmmaker UbseyMovies has produced a series on YouTube entitled EarthBound Saga, based on EarthBound. [35][36]

Sequel

A sequel was announced in 1997 for the Nintendo 64DD, entitled EarthBound 64 or Mother 3. However, the game became plagued by problems as release date pushbacks occurred,[37] as well as failures to appear at popular gaming conventions, like E3.[38] Nintendo eventually announced its cancellation on August 21, 2000.[4] Years later, Mother 3 resurfaced as a Game Boy Advance title and was released only in Japan.[1] On May 5, 2005, Shigesato Itoi announced that he had no plans to develop the Mother series any further.[39] An ESRB rating suggesting an EarthBound release for the Wii Console has since surfaced; however, no official plans concerning this release have been announced. [40] An entire Mother trilogy for DS has not been officially announced, but Itoi mentioned that "It is not entirely out-of-the-question".[citation needed]

Music

See also: Discography of the EarthBound series § EarthBound

Mother 2: Gyiyg Strikes Back (マザー2 ギーグの逆襲) is the soundtrack for EarthBound. The album was composed by Hiroshi Kanazu, Keiichi Suzuki, and Hirokazu Tanaka, and was released by Sony Records in Japan on November 2, 1994.[41]

Development of the music for EarthBound remained much easier than its predecessor. In an interview with Weekly Famitsu, Keiichi Suzuki commented on how the SNES gave the composers much more freedom to compose what they wanted. This was an advantage, because one of the many problems the makers originally had was trying to get all of their music on to the cartridge. Suzuki also cited John Lennon as an influential figure to all the composers while the soundtrack was being developed.[42]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Cowan, Danny (2007-02-07). "Vapor Trail: Games that never were". 1UP. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Parish, Jeremy (2006-04-13). "Retronauts 5: Earthbound". 1UP. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  3. ^ a b Thomas, Lucas M. (2006-08-17). "Retro Remix: Round 25". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  4. ^ a b IGN staff (2000-08-21). "Earthbound 64 Cancelled". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  5. ^ "Buy Mother 1 2 (Value Selection) (GBA) - Order Now!" Play-Asia.com. Mother 1+2 (Value Selection). <http://www.play-asia.com/paOS-13-71-67-49-en-70-16oc.html>.
  6. ^ a b Nintendo of America, ed. (1995). EarthBound Player's Guide. Nintendo of America, Inc. pp. 10, 11.
  7. ^ a b c d "Interview with Shigesato Itoi". Weekly Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain, Inc.: 21–24. 1994-09-02. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Nintendo of America, ed. (1995). EarthBound Player's Guide. Nintendo of America, Inc. p. 12.
  9. ^ a b c d e Gomer, Jeremy. "Earthbound Review". Nintendojo. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  10. ^ Buzz Buzz: A bee I am not... I'm from 10 years in the future. And, in the future, all is devastation... Giygas, the universal cosmic destroyer, send all to the horror of eternal darkness... Ape, Inc. and HAL Laboratory, Inc. (1995-06-01). EarthBound (SNES). Nintendo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Buzz Buzz: To defeat Giygas, your own power must unite with the Earth's... the Earth will then channel your power and multiply it... There are eight points that you must visit. Make these places your own... Each of these locations is "Your Sanctuary." Ape, Inc. and HAL Laboratory, Inc. (1995-06-01). EarthBound (SNES). Nintendo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b "Interview with Kouji Malta and Satoru Iwata". Weekly Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain, Inc.: 72, 73. 1994-09-09. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Interview with Shigesato Itoi" (in Japanese). 1101.com, Sigesato Itoi's website. 2003-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-02. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "EarthBound Release Date Announced". Weekly Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain, Inc.: 170. 1994-07-15. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ^ List of Weekly Famitsu issues featuring Takuya Kimura EarthBound ads: July 24, 1994; August 5, 1994; August 12, 1994; August 19, 1994; September 2, 1994; September 9, 1994; September 16, 1994
  16. ^ IGN Staff. "IGN EarthBound Profile". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  17. ^ a b c House, Michael L. "allgame: EarthBound review". Allgame. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  18. ^ a b c d e Gravy Train. "All RPG: EarthBound review". All RPG. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  19. ^ "New Games Cross Review". Weekly Famitsu. Enterbrain, Inc. 1994-09-23. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  20. ^ a b Hancock, Robert (2001-08-03). "Earthbound (SNES) Review". Gamer's Mark. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  21. ^ "Game Rankings: EarthBound". Game Rankings. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  22. ^ "Weekly Top 30 Chart". Weekly Famitsu. Enterbrain, Inc.: 14. 1994-09-23. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  23. ^ Linde, Aaron (2008-05-06). "EarthBotched: A History of Nintendo vs. Starmen". Shacknews. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  24. ^ Nintendo Power June, 2008. Future US. 2008. p. 25.
  25. ^ a b c d e Kalata, Kurt (2008-03-19). "A Japanese RPG Primer: The Essential 20". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
  26. ^ IGN Staff (2005). "IGN and KFC Snacker Present Readers' Top 99 Games". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  27. ^ IGN Staff (2006). "IGN Readers' Choice 2006—The Top 100 Games Ever". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  28. ^ "The 10 Best Games Ever". GameFAQs. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  29. ^ Campbell, Colin (2006-03-03). "Japan Votes on All Time Top 100". Next Generation Magazine. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  30. ^ IGN Staff. "Super Smash Bros. Melee Stages". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  31. ^ IGN Staff. "Super Smash Bros. Brawl Stages". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  32. ^ IGN Staff. "Super Smash Bros. Melee Trophies". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  33. ^ Sakurai, Masahiro. "Assist Trophies". Smash Bros. Dojo!!. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  34. ^ "Bound Together—An EarthBound Remix Project". Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  35. ^ http://www.nerve.com/CS/blogs/61fps/archive/2008/09/11/for-the-love-of-the-game-earthbound-saga-pt-4.aspx
  36. ^ http://ebsaga.com/
  37. ^ IGN Staff (2000-03-22). "Mother 3 Pushed Back". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  38. ^ IGN Staff (2000-04-18). "Not Bound for E3". IGN. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  39. ^ Klepek, Patrick (2006-05-03). "Earthbound Series Dead". 1UP. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  40. ^ "ESRB Search Results".
  41. ^ "Mother 2 Gyiyg Strikes Back". VGMdb. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  42. ^ "Interview with Keiichi Suzuki". Weekly Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain, Inc.: 12. 1994-10-28. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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