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Robert de Bethune

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Robert de Bethune (or Robert de Betun or Robert de Béthune[1]) (died 1148) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford. The son of a knight, he became a teacher before becoming a canon, a type of monk, by 1115. He was elected prior of Llanthony Priory in the middle 1120s, and was named bishop by King Henry I of England in 1130. As bishop, he was often appointed a judge by the papacy, and was known for the care he took of his diocese.

After Henry's death in 1135, Bethune first supported King Stephen, who seized the throne from Henry's heiress Empress Matilda, but when Matilda's forces captured Stephen, Bethune switched sides to support Matilda. When Matilda did not secure the throne, Bethune once more switched back to supporting Stephen. Construction of Hereford Cathedral was completed under Bethune's episcopate, and consecrated in 1142 and 1148. Stephen appointed Bethune as one of the English bishops that the king allowed to attend the Council of Rheims in 1148, and Bethune died there in April 1148. A hagiography is the only surviving evidence of Bethune's cathedral chapter's attempts to promote him as a saint.

Early life

Bethune was the youngest son of a knight, and was at first educated by his eldest brother,[2] who was named Gunfrid and was a schoolmaster. Although the medieval chronicler Robert de Torigni describes Bethune as Flemish, Bethune's medieval biographer, William Wyncombe says that he and Bethune grew up in neighboring villages in Buckinghamshire. It thus is likely that Bethune was born near Wingrave, Buckinghamshire, to a family descended from Flemish settlers.[3] He was a schoolmaster in England, teaching elementary subjects,[2] before he went to study theology under William of Champeaux and Anselm of Laon.[4][5] He was a canon of Llanthony Priory before 1115, and was elected prior of that house in the middle 1120s.[6] Before becoming prior, he was entrusted with establishing a cell of the priory at Weobley, which had been established by Hugh de Lacy shortly before Lacy's death around 1115.[3]

Bishop of Hereford

The see of Hereford had been vacant since 1127, and in 1130, the king Henry I of England took the advice of the local magnates and nominated Bethune to the see.[7] Bethune's diocesan bishop as prior, Urban, bishop of Llandaff, at first refused permission for Bethune's elevation. However, the archbishop of Canterbury, William of Corbeil, advised that the matter be referred to the papacy.[8] Pope Innocent II ordered that Bethune be allowed to accept the see of Hereford in 1131.[6] He was consecrated on 28 June 1131[9] at Rochester.[6] In nominating Bethune, the king is said to have felt that he needed one "godly bishop" around.[10] Most of Henry's bishops were given their sees as rewards for royal service, and were not particularly noted for piety.[7]

Bethune was known as a strict Augustinian canon, a priest living a monastic life but yet not a monk. Bethune was often appointed a judge delegate by the papacy to try cases and disputes, which had been referred back to England by the popes.[11] The historian David Knowles said of Bethune that he was a man of wide outlook, with a great desire for reform.[12] He was praised by contemporaries for the care with which he selected men to serve as clergy in his diocese.[13] He also held synods in his diocese, including two during the first year of his episcopate.[3]

Stephen's reign

After the accession of King Stephen of England, Bethune supported Stephen and was often at his court.[3] Stephen had seized the throne at King Henry's death, depriving Henry's suriving legitimate daughter and heiress, Matilda, of the throne. Matilda is usually known as the "Empress" because of her first marriage to the German Emperor Henry V, who died in 1125.[14] When the Empress Matilda landed in England in September 1139 in pursuit of the throne, one of the local magnates of Hereford, Miles of Gloucester supported Matilda, while Bethune continued to support Stephen. Miles' hostility drove Bethune from his diocese, and Miles was in control of Hereford in 1140, leaving Bethune to perform his episcopal duties in Shropshire.[3] During this time, Bethune assisted Theobald of Bec, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, in consecrating Maurice as Bishop of Bangor. Bethune had earlier persuaded the bishop-elect to swear fealty to King Stephen, after Maurice had originally refused. Bethune's standing as a bishop known for his piety and independence of the king helped persuade Maurice that the homage was canonical.[15]

Sometime after Stephen was captured by the Empress' forces in 1141, Bethune switched sides,[3] and he was with the Empress Matilda at Winchester in 4 March 1141, when Matilda claimed the throne of England. He also was present at the council that proclaimed Matilda "lady of the English" shortly thereafter. His diocese of Hereford was in the center of the lands that Matilda controlled,[16] and he was one of the few bishops who was often in Matilda's court.[17] However, Matilda was never crowned, being driven from London before her planned coronation could take place. One of her chief supporters was captured in late 1141, and in order to secure his release, Matilda released Stephen from captivity, thus prolonging the conflict. Between 1142 and 1148, England was in a state of civil war, with parts of the country supporting Matilda and parts supporting Stephen.[14]

Welsh raids at the beginning of Stephen's reign had driven Bethune's former canons from Llanthony and the bishop gave them refuge at Hereford before establishing them at a new site near Gloucester. The land the canons were settled on had belonged to the diocese, and this led Bethune into conflict with his cathedral chapter, led by their dean, Ralph. Bethune was forced to travel to Pisa to secure an order from Innocent II declaring that the chapter obey their bishop.[3]

Around 1142, Bethune was involved with a conflict with Miles of Gloucester, who was now the Earl of Hereford, which led to the bishop excomunicating Miles and all the inhabitants of the city of Hereford, and "had the doors of the church blocked with thorns and the crosses taken down and placed on the ground".[18] This dispute arose over an attempt by Miles to tax the churches in his earldom, which Bethune regarded as unlawful. Miles died in 1143 which ended the dispute over the taxes. Also after his death Bethune was free to leave Empress' faction and thus returned to supporting Stephen.[3] In 1142, Hereford Cathedral, which had begun under Robert de Losinga around 1079, was finally ready for consecration. The work was finally completed in 1148, and it was once consecrated in that year.[19] The year 1148 also saw the departure of Matilda from England, as her support had dwindled over the previous few years and Stephen was able to secure control of most of England. He was never able to completely remove Matilda's supporters, however.[20]

King Stephen gave permission for some of England's bishops, including Bethune, to attend the Council of Rheims in 1148.[21] Stephen had expelled the papal legates, or representatives, who arrived in England to summon the bishops to Rheims, and after that appointed three of the bishops as representatives of the English Church. These three, Bethune, Hilary of Chichester, and William de Turbeville, were allowed to attend the council. Theobald of Bec was expressly forbidden to attend, but he managed to evade those watching him and arrived in Rheims along with his clerk, Thomas Becket.[22]

Death and legacy

Bethune died on 16 April 1148[9] at Rheims just after the close of the Council of Rheims.[23] As his corpse returned to Hereford, miracles were alleged to have taken place along its route.[24] He was buried in Hereford Cathedral.[25]

A Life, giving his life and miracles, was written about him,[26] and was written by one of the Bethune's canons, William Wyncombe.[27][28] It contains few details of Bethune's life itself. Instead, it is an attempt by his canons to secure sainthood for Bethune.[27] Although the life describes miracles that took place at Bethune's tomb, no evidence survives of a formal cult being developed, and he was never canonized.[28] The historian Avram Saltman called him "the model bishop of his time", because of his care for his diocese and his abilities.[29]

Notes

  1. ^ Green Government of England Under Henry I p. 160
  2. ^ a b Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 229
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrow "Béthune, Robert de (d. 1148)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  4. ^ Chibnall Anglo-Norman England p. 128
  5. ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 pp. 249–50
  6. ^ a b c Barrow Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 8: Hereford: Bishops
  7. ^ a b Brett English Church Under Henry I p. 105 Cite error: The named reference "Brett105" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Brett English Church Under Henry I pp. 53–55
  9. ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 250
  10. ^ Brett English Church Under Henry I p. 112
  11. ^ Knowles Monastic Order p. 253
  12. ^ Knowles Monastic Order p. 297
  13. ^ Brett English Church Under Henry I pp. 119–120
  14. ^ a b Huscroft Ruling England pp. 71-74
  15. ^ Saltman Theobald pp. 92–93
  16. ^ Chibnall Empress Matilda pp. 98–99
  17. ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 96}}
  18. ^ Quoted in Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 448
  19. ^ Wischermann "Romanesque Architecture in Great Britain" Romanesque p. 226
  20. ^ Huscroft Ruling England p. 75
  21. ^ Matthew King Stephen pp. 199–200
  22. ^ Saltman Theobald pp. 25–26
  23. ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 305
  24. ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 100
  25. ^ Boker "Bishop's Chapel" Gesta p. 47
  26. ^ Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 23
  27. ^ a b Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 88
  28. ^ a b Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings pp. 461–462
  29. ^ Saltman Theobald p. 14

References

  • Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50236-5.
  • Barrow, Julia (2004). "Béthune, Robert de (d. 1148)" (fee required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 6 January 2009
  • Barrow, J. S. (2002). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 8: Hereford: Bishops. Institute of Historical Research. Accessed on 26 October 2007
  • Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
  • Böker, Hans J. (1998). "The Bishop's Chapel of Hereford Cathedral and the Question of Architectural Copies in the Middle Ages" (fee required). Gesta. 37 (1): 44–54. doi:10.2307/767211.
  • Brett, M. (1975). The English Church under Henry I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821861-3.
  • Chibnall, Marjorie (1986). Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-15439-6.
  • Chibnall, Marjorie (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19028-7.
  • Crouch, David (2000). The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-22657-0.
  • Fryde, E. B. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Green, Judith A. (1986). The Government of England Under Henry I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37586-X.
  • Huscroft, Richard (2005). Ruling England 1042-1217. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-84882-2.
  • Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6.
  • Matthew, Donald (2002). King Stephen. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-514-2.
  • Saltman, Avrom (1956). Theobald: Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Athlone Press.
  • Wischermann, Heinfried (2007). "Romanesque Architecture in Great Britain". In Toman, Rolf (ed.). Romanesque: Architecture Sculpture Painting. Köln: Könemann. pp. 216–255. ISBN 3-8331-3600-6.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Hereford
1131–1148 		Succeeded by

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