Battery charger
A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or (rechargeable) battery by forcing an electric current through it.
The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery being charged. For example, the current that should be applied to recharge a 12 V car battery will be very different from the current for a mobile phone battery.
Types of battery chargers
Simple
A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current to the battery.
Trickle
A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger that charges the battery slowly, at the self-discharge rate. A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery charger. A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely. Leaving a battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never over-charges.
Timer-based
The output of a timer charger is terminated after a pre-determined time. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells were typically charged with a simple charger).
Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time was set to suit those batteries. If batteries of lower capacity were charged then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were charged they would be only partly charged. With the trend for battery technology to increase capacity year on year, an old timer charger would only partly charge the newer batteries.
Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged, even if those batteries were of the correct capacity for the particular timed charger, would result in over-charging.
Intelligent
Output current depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature and/or time under charge to determine the optimum charge current at that instant. Charging is terminated when a combination of the voltage, temperature and/or time indicates that the battery is fully charged.
For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V," or sometimes "delta peak", charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.
The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can become very small or even non-existent if (very) high capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged. This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and continue charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which should prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.
A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity. [1]
Fast
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.
Pulse
Some chargers use pulse technology in which a pulse is fed to the battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries.[2][3] With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without overheating the battery. In a Lead-acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.[4]
Several kinds of pulse charging are patented.[5][6][7] Others are open source hardware.[8]
Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge.[9]
Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging".[10] Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. Such chargers don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses.[11][12]
Inductive
Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. It is commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution.
USB-based
Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it's possible to use a USB cable as a power source for recharging batteries. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones and portable digital audio players. They may be fully compliant USB peripheral devices adhering to USB power discipline, or uncontrolled in the manner of USB decorations.
Solar chargers
Solar chargers employ solar energy. They are generally portable.
Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable wind turbines are also sold. Some, including the Kinesis K3, can work either way.
Charge rate
This is often denoted as C and signifies a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery divided by 1 hour. For example C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1600 mA (or 1.6 amps).
Applications
Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering may be identified as battery eliminators.
Mobile phone charger
Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone.[13] Mobile phones can usually accept relatively wide range of voltages[citation needed], as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.
Battery chargers for mobile phones and other devices are notable in that they come in a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufactuers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.
There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers.
China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.[15]
Starting in 2010, Apple, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and RIM will begin making handsets with a standard phone charger based on the micro-USB connector.[16]
On October 22 2009 the International Telcommunication Union announced a standard for a universal charger for mobile handsets.[17]
Battery charger for vehicles
There are two main types of charges for vehicles:
- To recharge a fuel vehicle's starter battery, where a modular charger is used.
- To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack.
Battery electric vehicle
These vehicles include a battery pack, so generally use series charger.
A 10 Ampere-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1 Ampere charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity.
Public EV charging [18] heads (aka: stations) provide 6kW (host power of 208 to 240 VAC off a 40 amp circuit). 6kW will recharge an EV roughly 6 times faster than 1kW overnight charging.
Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is only limited by available AC power and the type of charging system [19].
On board EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:
- Isolated: they make no physical connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries being charged. These typically employ some form of Inductive charging. Some isolated chargers may be used in parallel. This allows for an increased charge current and reduced charging times. The battery has a maximum current rating that cannot be exceeded
- Non-isolated: the battery charger has a direct electrical connection the A/C outlet's wiring. Non-isolated chargers cannot be using in parallel.
Power Factor Correction (PFC) chargers can more closely approach the maximum current the plug can deliver, shortening charging time.
Charge stations
There is a list of public EV charging stations in the U.S.A.[18]
Project Better Place is deploying a network of charging stations. It also subsidize vehicle battery costs through leases and credits.
Prolonging battery life
A battery charger can be a source of DC voltage for experimentation. It may, however, require an external capacitor to be connected across its output terminals in order to "smooth" the voltage sufficiently, which may be thought of as a DC voltage plus a "ripple" voltage added to it. To see the difference between connecting and not connecting a capacitor, connect also an oscilloscope across the output terminals. Note that there may be an internal resistance connected to limit the short circuit current, and the value of that internal resistance may have to be taken into consideration in experiments.
On the other hand, many rumors circulate about the best practices to prolong battery life. What practices are best depend on the type of battery. It is "rumored" that Nickel-based cells, such as NiMH and NiCd, need to be fully discharged before each charge, or else the battery loses capacity over time in a phenomenon known as "memory effect". However, this is only partially accurate: nickel alloy cells can be charged at any point throughout their discharge cycle – they do not have to be fully discharged. Memory effect should instead be prevented by fully discharging the battery once a month (once every 30 charges)[20]. This extends the life of the battery since memory effect is prevented while avoiding full charge cycles which are known to be hard on all types of dry-cell batteries, eventually resulting in a permanent decrease in battery capacity.
Most modern cell phones, laptops, and most electric vehicles use Lithium-ion batteries. Contrary to some recommendations, these batteries actually last longest if the battery is not fully charged; fully charging and discharging them will degrade their capacity relatively quickly. Degradation occurs faster at higher temperatures. Lithium batteries degrade more while fully charged than if they are only 40% charged. The conditions of high temperature combined with full charge are exactly the scenario occurring when a laptop computer is run on AC power. Degradation in lithium-ion batteries is caused by an increased internal battery resistance due to cell oxidation. This decreases the efficiency of the battery, resulting in less net current available to be drawn from the battery.
Internal combustion engine vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks, and more use lead acid batteries. These batteries employ a sulfuric acid electrolyte and can generally be charged and discharged without exhibiting memory effect, though sulfation (a chemical reaction in the battery which deposits a layer of sulfates on the lead) will occur over time. Keeping the electrolyte level in the recommended range is necessary. When discharged, these batteries should be recharged immediately in order to prevent sulfation. These sulfates are electrically insulating and therefore interfere with the transfer of charge from the sulfuric acid to the lead, resulting in a lower maximum current than can be drawn from the battery. Sulfated lead acid batteries typically need replacing. Good ventilation and avoidance of ignition sources (e.g., sparks) is wise when recharging, since charging a lead acid battery generates highly explosive hydrogen gas.
See also
- Battery eliminator
- Battery holder
- Battery Management System
- Battery sizes
- Carport
- Charge controller
- Lithium-ion battery
- Solar energy
- Solar lamp
- Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certification.
- NiMH
References
- ^ "The Great Battery Shootout" by Dave Etchells
- ^ "AN913: Switch-Mode, Linear, and Pulse Charging Techniques for Li+ Battery in Mobile Phones and PDAs" Maxim 2001
- ^ "A New Pulse Battery Charger" by Jean-Michel Cour
- ^ http://www.dallas.net/~jvpoll/Battery/aaPictures.html Lead-acid battery sulfation
- ^ "fast pulse battery charger" patent 2003
- ^ "Battery charger with current pulse regulation" patented 1981 United States Patent 4355275
- ^ "Pulse-charge battery charger" patented 1997 United States Patent 5633574
- ^ http://www.dallas.net/~jvpoll/Battery/aaPictures.html Pulse-charger/desulfator circuit schematic
- ^ "Pulse Maintenance charging."
- ^ "The pulse power(tm) battery charging system"
- ^ "Negative Pulse Charge, or "Burp" Charging: Fact or Fiction?"
- ^ Tech Brief: Negative Pulse Charging Myths and Facts and Negative Pulse Charging: Myths and Facts
- ^ Mobile phone battery care
- ^ Ionhub all-in-one universal multi charger multiple iPhone iPod Razr Treo Blkberry travel charger more!
- ^ China to work out national standard for mobile phone chargers
- ^ [1]
- ^ Oct 22, 2009 ITU press release Universal charger for mobile phone handsets
- ^ a b EV Charger News - Home
- ^ Green Car Congress: Fuji Heavy Speeds Up Recharging Of R1e EV
- ^ How to prolong lithium-based batteries
