Kirill Razumovsky
Kyrylo Hryhorievych Rozumovsky | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Count Kirill Razumovsky, by Louis Tocqué, 1758. | |
| Hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks | |
| In office 1750–1764 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kyrylo Hryhorievych Rozumovsky March 18, 1728 Lemeshi, Kozelets Povit, Chernihivshchyna |
| Died | January 9, 1803 (aged 74) Baturyn, Chernihiv Governorate |
| Nationality | Russian Empire |
| Spouse | Katerina Ivanovna |
| Children | Alexey, Andrey, Pyotr, Lev, Grigori, Ivan, Natalia, Elizabeth, Anna, Paraska |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Russian Empire |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
Count Kyrylo Hryhorovych Rozumovsky (Ukrainian: Кирило Григорович Розумовський; Russian: Кирилл Григорьевич Разумовский, Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky) (born March 18, 1728 - died January 1, 1803) was a Ukrainian Register-Cossack from the Polk of Kozelec in north-western Ukraine, who ruled as the last Hetman of Left- (from 1750) and Right-Bank (from 1754) Ukraine until 1764; Razumovsky was subsequently elected Duke of the sovereign Zaporozhian Host in 1759, a position that he managed to nominally conserve until 1769, even though he had lost all factual power to exercise this office with his abdication in November 1764.
Kirill Rozum was appointed President of the Russian Academy of Sciences when he just turned 18 years old. This was due to the influence of his brother, Aleksey Grigorievich Razumovsky, the morganatic husband of Czarina Elisabeth I and father of Princess Augusta Tarakanova, known as nona Dosifeja of the Ivanovskiy Monastir in Moscow.
In 1750, he was elected and subsequently anointed Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, a title he held until Catherine II of Russia forced him to abdicate in 1764. During his reign, Baturyn was re-established as capital of the Hetmanate and Razumovsky had opulent baroque palaces erected both in Baturyn as well as in Hlukhiv by the imperial architect Andrey Kvasov and Charles Cameron. He also planned to open a Ukrainian university in Baturyn.
In July 1762, Razumovsky supported the coup d'état Catherine the Great staged against her husband, the legitimate ruler of the Russian Empire, Czar Peter III. Shortly thereafter, in May 1763, Kirill Razumovsky, backed by the Heneralna Starshyna of the Hetmanate, declared the Ukrainian state's sovereignty and the heredity of the title in primogeniture for his descendants in the male line. Into the phase of the ensuing power struggle between the Hetman and the Czarina, fell the failed attempt to free the deposed Czar Ivan VI in Schluesselburg by one of Razumovsky's followers, a young cossack noble by the name of Myrovych. However, Razumovsky's active support or even tacit approval was never proven. In November 1764, the Hetman eventually gave in to the military threat exerted by the Empress and abdicated. From 1765 to 1766, he traveled extensively to Western Europe, yet always accompanied by a Russian "honour guard", which was a privilege associated with the rank of Field-Marshal, conveniently accorded to him by Catherine II. Effectively, Razumovsky was banned from traveling to his Ukrainian homeland until the last bastion of the Hetmanate, the Zaporozhian Host, had been vanquished by Grigori Potemkin in 1776. Kirill Razumovsky died in January 1803 in Baturyn, where he was interred according to his wishes without any pomp, in stark contrast to his rather flamboyant lifestyle.
Kirill had five sons, of whom Count Aleksey Kirillovich (1748-1822) was the Minister of Education in 1810-16, and Prince Andrey Kirillovich (1752-1836) was the Russian plenipotentiary ambassador in Vienna in the years of the Congress 1814-1815. However, Andrey has become better known for his role as patron of Ludwig van Beethoven who dedicated three String Quartets, Op.59 1, 2 and 3, as well as the 5th and 6th Symphonies to him. Any living descendants in the male line of Kirill Razumovsky arise from the progeniture of his fourth son Gregor Razumovsky (1759-1837), who had to emigrate to Western Europe due to his critique of czarist totalitarian rule and acquired relative fame as natural scientist and member of a number of distinguished scientific societies in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.