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2009 Swiss minaret referendum

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Minaret at the mosque of the local Turkish cultural association in Wangen bei Olten. Inaugurated in July 2009, after four years of legal and political controversy, this minaret, a Turkish-made plastic construction placed on the roof of the Turkish cultural centre, was the initial motivation for the popular initiative voted upon later in 2009 that led to a nation-wide ban on further minarets.[1]
The results of the November 2009 referendum by canton. Red indicates opposition to the ban of minarets, green support of the ban.

The construction of minarets has been subject to legal and political controversy in Switzerland during the 2000s. On 1 May 2007, the Egerkinger committee made up of members of the Swiss People's Party and the Federal Democratic Union launched a federal popular initiative that sought a constitutional ban on minarets.

In a referendum on 29 November 2009, the amendment, which needed a double majority to pass, was approved by 57.5% of the population and by 19½ cantons out of 23. Geneva, Vaud and Neuchatel, all French speaking cantons, voted against the ban (59.7%, 53.1% and 50.9% respectively). The half canton of Basel-City, which has the largest Muslim community of Switzerland, also rejected the ban by 51.6%. The voter turnout was 55%.[2]

Only four of the 26 cantons opposed the initiative, granting the double approval that makes the moratorium on minarets a part of the Swiss constitution.[3]

As of the date of the vote, there were four minarets in Switzerland, attached to mosques in Zürich, Geneva, Winterthur and Wangen bei Olten. These existing minarets will not be demolished.

Background

Swiss citizens are sovereign and act as the ultimate supreme authority. They may seek via federal popular initiative to enact, revoke or alter any constitutional provision as they see fit. Popular initiatives do not originate from parliament or government, but from citizens themselves. They are therefore regarded as the driving force behind direct democracy. Initiators have 18 months to collect at least 100,000 signatures.[4] If they succeed and several legal obstacles are overcome, the initiative is put before the Swiss citizenry in a nationwide vote.

The Ahmadiyya mosque in Zürich

The Swiss minaret controversy began in a small commune in the eastern part of Switzerland in 2005. The contention involved the Turkish cultural association in Wangen bei Olten, which applied for a construction permit to erect a 6-meter high minaret on the roof of its Islamic community centre. The project faced opposition from surrounding residents, who had formed a group to prevent the tower's erection. The Turkish association claimed that the building authorities improperly and arbitrarily delayed its building application. They also believed that the members of the local opposition group were motivated by religious bias. The Communal Building and Planning Commission rejected the association's application. The applicants appealed to the Building and Justice Department, which reverted the decision and remanded. As a consequence of that decision, local residents (who were members of the group mentioned) and the commune of Wangen brought the case before the Administrative Court of the Canton of Solothurn, but failed with their claims. On appeal the Federal Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the lower court. The 6-metre (20 ft)-high minaret was eventually erected in July 2009.[5]

Political dispute

From 2006 until 2008, members of the Swiss People's Party and the Federal Democratic Union launched several cantonal (state) initiatives against the erection of minarets. The cantonal citizenry never had the opportunity to vote on it because all cantonal parliaments held the initiatives unconstitutional and therefore void.[6] In 2007, simultaneous action was taken by the Egerkinger committee to counter these political defeats. They launched a federal popular initiative that sought a constitutional ban on minarets. In Switzerland federal popular initiatives (as opposed to cantonal initiatives) cannot be judicially reviewed. The committee's proposition reads: "The building of minarets is prohibited" and would be written into Article 72 (Section 3) of the Swiss Federal Constitution.[7]

Initiative

The two parties (Swiss People's Party and the Federal Democratic Union) tried several motions at the cantonal level to ban minaret-building. This never came to the vote, though, because all cantonal parliaments found the motions unconstitutional.[8]

In 2007, the parties launched a motion at the federal level. Unlike at the cantonal level, intitiatives at the federal level cannot be reviewed, and found unconstitutional. The motion wants to ban the building of minarets in Switzerland.

Support

File:Swiss minaret ban poster.png
Campaign poster distributed by the Egerkinger committee displaying a woman dressed in a black burqua and black minarets covering the Swiss flag.

Egerkinger committee

The Egerkinger committee is made up of members of the Swiss People's Party and the Federal Democratic Union. The committee opines that the interests of residents, who are disturbed by specific kinds of religious land uses, are to be taken seriously. Moreover, it argues that Swiss residents should be able to block unwanted and unusual projects such as the erection of Islamic minarets. The committee alleges, inter alia, that "the construction of a minaret has no religious meaning. Neither in the Qur'an, nor in any other holy scripture of Islam is the minaret expressly mentioned at any rate. The minaret is far more a symbol of religious-political power claim [...]."[7] The initiators justify their point of view by stating parts of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's 1997 speech, which holds: "Mosques are our barracks, domes our helmets, minarets our bayonets, believers our soldiers. This holy army guards my religion."[9] Ulrich Schluer, who is one of the Egerkinger committee’s most prominent exponent states in this respect: "A minaret has nothing to do with religion: It just symbolises a place where Islamic law is established."[10] The members of the Egerkinger committee are the following politicians: Ulrich Schluer; Christian Waber; Walter Wobmann; Jasmin Hutter; Oskar Freysinger; Eric Bonjour; Eros N. Mellini; Sylvia Flückiger; Patrick Freudiger; Thomas Fuchs; Andreas Glarner; Lukas Reimann; Natalie Rickli; Cornelia Schaub; Barbara Steinemann; Daniel Zingg.[7]

Swiss citizens

A survey last year in Le Matin newspaper found that 43 per cent of French-speaking Swiss questioned favoured a ban on minarets.[10] However, the first poll on the issue by the leading gfs.berne polling (as of 23 October 2009) and research institute says 34 per cent of the Swiss currently support the anti-minaret initiative, 53 per cent reject it, and 13 per cent are undecided.[11] Two weeks ahead of the nationwide vote at the end of November, 53 per cent of respondents said they reject the initiative, while 37 per cent said they approve the ban. A further ten per cent were still undecided.[12] So the proposal to ban the construction of minarets appeared to be winning support, but was still some way short of a majority, according to the latest opinion poll before the vote.

Religious organisations

No religious organisation in Switzerland has officially announced its support for the minaret ban. On the contrary, however, the Salvation Army has expressed its disagreement with the opinion of its own member, Christian Waber, one of the main proponents of the minaret ban.[13]

Opposition

On the evening of the vote in favour of the ban, demonstrations against the result were held in Switzerland's major cities. The poster beneath the cardboard minarets reads: "Integration, not exclusion!"

The Swiss Government

The Swiss Federal Council opposes a building ban on minarets. It says that popular initiative against the construction of minarets has been submitted in accordance with the applicable regulations, but infringes guaranteed international human rights and contradicts the core values of the Swiss Federal Constitution. Such a ban would endanger peace between religions and would not help to prevent the spread of fundamentalist Islamic beliefs. In its opinion the Federal Council therefore recommends that the Swiss people reject the initiative.[14] The Federal Commission against Racism criticised the people's initiative. It claims that the initiative defames Muslims and violates religious freedom, which is protected by fundamental and human rights and the ban on discrimination.[15]

Parliament

The Federal Assembly recommended (by 129 to 50 votes) in spring of 2009 that the Swiss people reject the minaret ban initiative.[16]

NGOs

The Society for Minorities in Switzerland calls for freedom and equality. It started an internet-based campaign in order to gather as many symbolic signatures as possible against a possible minaret ban.[17] Amnesty International warned the minaret ban aims to exploit fears of Muslims and encourage xenophobia for political gains. "This initiative claims to be a defense against rampant Islamification of Switzerland," Daniel Bolomey, the head of Amnesty’s Swiss office, said in a statement cited by Agence France-Presse (AFP). "But it seeks to discredit Muslims and defames them, pure and simple."[18] Economiesuisse finds an absolute construction ban would hit Swiss foreign interests negatively. It points to the fact that only the launch of the initiative caused turmoil in the Islamic world.[19] The Swiss-based "Unser Recht" association publishes a number of articles against a minaret ban.[20] In fall 2009, the Swiss Journal of Religious Freedom launched a public campaign for religious harmony, security, and justice in Switzerland. It distributed several thousand stickers in the streets of Zürich for the right to religious freedom.[21]

Religious organisations

Catholic bishops oppose a minaret ban. The bishops said in a joint statement that a ban would hinder interreligious dialogue and added that the construction and operation of minarets were already regulated by Swiss building codes. "Our request for the initiative to be rejected is based on our Christian values and the democratic principles in our country."[22] The official journal of the Catholic Church in Switzerland publishes a series of articles on the minaret controversy.[23] The Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches holds that the popular initiative is not about minarets, but is rather an expression of the initiators’ concern and fear of Islam. It views a minaret ban as a wrong approach to overcome such objections.[24] Many other religious organisations find the idea of a complete minaret ban as lamentable.[25] These are: the Association of Evangelical Free Churches and Communities in Switzerland; the Swiss Evangelical Alliance; the Old Catholic Church in Switzerland; the Covenant of Swiss Baptists; the Salvation Army; the Federation of Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Switzerland; the Orthodox Diocese the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; the Serbian Orthodox Church in Switzerland; and the Anglican Church in Switzerland.

Marcel Stüssi argues that any ban would be incompatible with articles of international law to which Switzerland is a signatory. In any case, cantonal zoning laws already prohibit the construction of buildings that do not match their surroundings. "Right-wing initiatives like the minaret one can misuse the system," says Stüssi.[26] He calls the initiative "obsolete and unnecessary" but adds that the public discourse on the issue could put Switzerland in a positive light, at least for the majority who at this point oppose a ban. In July 2008, before the popular initiative, he argued that "crisis always creates an opportunity. A popular vote against a proposed ban would be the highest declaration for the recognition of the Swiss Muslim community."[27] "It would also be an expressed statement that anybody is equally subject to the law and to the political process," Stüssi said in an interview with World Radio Switzerland.[28] Heinrich Koller, states that "Switzerland must abide by international law because both systems together form a unity."[29] Giusep Nay states that from an objective viewpoint jus cogens is to be read and given effect in association with fundamental norms of international law. According to Nay, this interpretation means that any state action must be in accordance with fundamental material justice, and applies not only to interpretations of applicable law, but also to new law.[29] Erwin Tanner sees the initiative as breaching not only the constitutionally entrenched right to religious freedom, but also the right to freedom of expression, enjoyment of property, and equality.[30] The editorial board of the Revue de Droit Suisse called for the invalidation of initiative as "it appears that the material content of popular initiatives is subject to ill-considered draftsmanship because the drafters are affected by particular emotions that merely last for snatches."[29]

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ^ NZZ, 21 July 2009
  2. ^ Minaret result seen as "turning point". swissinfo, November 29, 2009. Accessed November 29, 2009
  3. ^ Swiss Approve Constitutional Ban on Mosque Minarets Retrieved November 30, 2009
  4. ^ Official website of the Swiss government, explanation of popular initiatives
  5. ^ Media Information of the Federal Supreme Court
  6. ^ Dailytalk Forum für Politik und Gesellschaft
  7. ^ a b c Website of the initiative committee
  8. ^ Dailytalk Forum für Politik und Gesellschaft
  9. ^ Le minaret et sa signification Template:Fr icon, Comité d'initiative contre la construction de minarets. Translation from French flyer.
  10. ^ a b Swissinfo as of 3 May 2007
  11. ^ Swissinfo as of 23 October 2009
  12. ^ Swissinfo as of 18 November 2009
  13. ^ Kipa as of 20 May 2007
  14. ^ Official statement by the Federal Council as of 28 August 2008
  15. ^ Official statement by the Federal Commission against Racism as of 24 October 2008
  16. ^ Official statement by the Swiss parliamentary commission
  17. ^ Societé pour les minorites en Suisse
  18. ^ Report on Amnesty International
  19. ^ Statement made by Economyswiss
  20. ^ Unser-recht.ch
  21. ^ The Journal of Religious Freedom 09 Campaign
  22. ^ Swissinfo as of 10 September 2009
  23. ^ Schweizerische Kirchenzeitung, Article by Marcel Stüssi
  24. ^ Official statement by the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches
  25. ^ Statement released by the Evangelical Methodical Church
  26. ^ Will Switzerland vote to Ban Minarets on Mosques? Time/CNN on 3 November 2009
  27. ^ Swissinfo interview with Marcel Stüssi on 8 July 2008
  28. ^ World Radio Switzerland interview with Marcel Stüssi on 10 July 2008
  29. ^ a b c Brill, Banning of Minarets, Religion and Human Rights Volume 3, Number 2, September 2008
  30. ^ Schweizerische Kirchenzeitung as of 17 September 2009
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