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Buncefield fire

Coordinates: 51°45′49″N 0°25′26″W / 51.76361°N 0.42389°W / 51.76361; -0.42389
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Buncefield fire
The fire just ten minutes after the explosion as seen from Hunters Oak
DateDecember 11, 2005 (2005-12-11)
Time06:01 UTC
LocationHemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England.
Casualties
43 injuries.
2 serious injuries.
Buncefield fire is located in Hertfordshire
Buncefield fire
class=notpageimage|
Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire

The 2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire, more commonly known as the Buncefield fire, was caused by a series of explosions early on the morning of Sunday 11 December 2005.[1] The terminal, generally known as the Buncefield Depot, is an oil storage facility located near the M1 motorway on the edge of Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, England.[2][3] The terminal was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the UK, with a capacity of about 60,000,000 imperial gallons (272,765,400 L) of fuel.[3][4] The terminal is owned by TOTAL UK Limited (60%) and Texaco 40%.[5][6][7][8]

The first and largest explosion occurred at 06:01 UTC near tank 912,[6][9] which led to further explosions which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks.[10] The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a huge fire fighting effort began. The cause of the explosion seems to have been a fuel-air explosion of unusually high strength.[11] The British Geological Survey monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the Richter scale.[4][9][12] News reports described the incident as the biggest of its kind in peacetime Europe and certainly the biggest such explosion in the United Kingdom since the 1974 Flixborough Disaster.[1][13] The flames had been extinguished by the afternoon of 13 December 2005. However, one storage tank re-ignited that evening, which the fire-fighters left to burn rather than attempt to re-extinguish it.[3][5]

The Health Protection Agency and the Major Incident Investigation Board provided advice to prevent incidents such as these in the future.[14] The primary need is for safety measures to be in place to prevent fuel from exiting the tanks in which it is stored.[15] Added safety measures are needed for when fuel does escape, mainly to prevent it forming a flammable vapour and stop pollutants from poisoning the environment.[15]

The incident

Explosion and fire

The fire seen from a vantage point between the Northgate and 3Com Corporation buildings

The first and largest explosion occurred at 06:01 UTC near container 912.[6][9] Further explosions followed which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks.[10] From all accounts, it seems to have been an unconfined vapour cloud explosion of unusually high strength—also known as a fuel-air explosion.[11] Because of an inversion layer, the explosions were heard up to 125 miles (201 km) away; there were reports that they were audible in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.[6][2][12]

The British Geological Survey monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the Richter scale.[9][12][4] It was reported that people were woken in south London, and as far west as Wokingham (about 28 miles (45 km)), where in its southern suburb, Finchampstead, numerous people felt the shockwave after the initial explosion. Subsequent explosions occurred at 06:27 and 06:28.[6][5]

Witnesses many miles from the terminal observed flames hundreds of feet high; the smoke cloud was visible from space, and from as far north as Lincolnshire (about 70 miles (113 km)) away.[5] Damage from the blasts included broken windows at various buildings including the Holy Trinity church and Leverstock Green School, blown-in or warped front doors, and an entire wall being removed from a warehouse more than half a mile (800 m) from the site.[16] Buildings in neighbouring St Albans also suffered; Townsend School had serious blast damage, and a window was blown out of St Albans Abbey (about 5 miles (8 km)).[9]

Several nearby office blocks were hit so badly that almost every window, front and back, was blown in as the explosion ripped through them.[17] During the working day, these offices would have been full of people, and many deaths may have resulted. Reports also indicated that cars in nearby streets caught fire. The roof of at least one house was blown off.[16] Buildings in the vicinity were evacuated by police, not only because of the smoke and possibility of more explosions, but because of the danger of structural damage making the buildings unstable.[9]

There were 43 reported injuries; two people were deemed to be seriously injured enough to be kept in hospital, one in Watford General Hospital, with breathing difficulties, and another in Hemel Hempstead Hospital, although they were not in a life-threatening condition.[12][4][18] Some early media reports spoke of eight fatalities, but these may have been persons missing. All members of staff from the terminal were accounted for.[16][3]

Hertfordshire police and fire services and the Member of Parliament for the area, Mike Penning, said that there were seven fuel tanks on the site which, as of 14:00 on 12 December, had not been affected. These tanks were at risk of exploding if the fire were to spread.[11][5]

Tackling the blaze

This satellite photo shows black smoke from the explosion spreading in two main streams from the explosion site at the apex of the inverted 'v'. By the time the fire had extinguished the smoke had reached the English channel. The orange dot is a marker, not the actual fire.

The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a huge fire fighting effort began. At peak times this effort consited of 25 fire engines, 20 support vehicles and 180 fire fighters.[10] Around 150 firefighters were called immediately to the incident, and began tackling the blaze at 08:20 on the morning of 12 December, putting in containment measures before applying a large quantity of foam.[5][19][20] The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway, which led to its closure and the setting up of a public exclusion area.[3] It was estimated that this incident would be the largest "single-seat" fire in the world ever to be fought by a fire brigade, and foam supplies from sites all over the UK were drawn upon.[3][6]

Plans had been in place to start using foam at midnight on 11 December, but were delayed by last-minute concerns over possible pollution of local rivers and underlying water sources.[16][21] Six high volume pumps were used to extract 25,000 litres (5,499 imp gal) of water per minute—417 litres (92 imp gal) per second—from a reservoir 1.5 miles (2 km) from the fire, with six more high volume pumps deployed at various locations to serve as boosters. Thirty-two thousand litres (7,039 imp gal) of fire fighting foam were directed against the fire for just over four hours, after which the pumping rate was reduced.[5] Half of the 20 individual fires were reported extinguished by midday.[19]

By 16:30 on Monday, 12 December, it was reported that a further two tank fires had been extinguished, but that one of the tanks extinguished earlier had ruptured and re-ignited, and was now threatening to cause the explosion of an adjacent tank.[20] This led to the M1 motorway being closed again; the public exclusion area was widened, and firefighters were temporarily withdrawn until the risk posed by the threatened tank could be assessed.[3][6]

Firefighting operations were resumed at about 20:00, and it was anticipated that all fires could be extinguished during the night. Further damage occurred to one of the storage tanks in the early hours of Tuesday morning, causing firefighters to be withdrawn once again, but operations resumed at 08:30.[22] By midday on the 13 December, all but three fires had been extinguished, although the largest tank was still burning.[20] Bronze command—operations on the ground—was visited by the Bishop of St Albans, the local vicar, and the industrial chaplain supporting the fire crews, to see how they were coping.[5]

Firefighters were confident that the remaining fires could be extinguished during the day—Tuesday, the 13th December.[20] The smoke plume had been considerably reduced and was more grey, indicating the amount of vapourised water now combining with the smoke. It was reported at 16:45 that all tank fires had been extinguished, although some smaller fires persisted.[20] 75% of firefighters for Hertfordshire were involved in fighting the fire, supported by 16 other brigades. The entire gold command operation, involving many agencies as well as all the emergency services, was run from Hertfordshire Constabulary's headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, some distance from the fire.[5]

A further fire broke out during the early morning of 14 December. Firefighters were of the view that extinguishing it would leave the risk of petroleum vapour re-igniting or exploding, so it would be better to allow the fire, which was well contained, to burn itself out.[5] Hertfordshire Fire Service's deputy chief Mark Yates stated that escaping petroleum vapour was the most likely cause of the original explosion and fire.[5][11]

Smoke cloud

The smoke plume seen from Dunsmore, Buckinghamshire, about 20 miles (32 km) away

The black smoke cloud, which was clearly visible from satellite photographs, drifted at a high altitude, around 9,000 feet (2,700 m), towards Reading and Swindon, and could be seen across much of South East England.[23]

The small particles in the smoke, which contained hydrocarbons, can be an irritant but has a low toxicity and were not expected to cause any long-term harm.[16] The Met Office issued warnings that the smoke in the atmosphere could come down in rainfall during the night of 11 December.[23]

The fire resulted in 244 people requiring medical aid—mainly on the first day of the fire.[16] From those 117 had symptoms attributable to the incident, of which 38 were members of the public. The majority of those visiting hospitals were from the rescue services and attended for precautionary check ups. Most of them had no symptoms, except for 63 emergency workers who suffered respiratory complaints, of which half were sore throats.[16]

For the first two days of the fire, the high thermal energy made the plume highly buoyant; this, together with settled weather conditions, allowed the plume to rise to a great height with little cross-mixing. When the fire was reduced in intensity it was reported to be possible that the plume would be less buoyant and that ground-level smoke concentrations could then rise significantly.[22] By 12 December, it was reported that the smoke cloud had reached northern France; it was expected to arrive in northern Spain by the weekend.[19]

To investigate the smoke cloud the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, a research aircraft operated jointly by NERC and the Met Office, made two flights on the 12 and 13 December. In the first flight the edge of the plume was followed along the south coast of England. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone concentrations were found to be low with soot particles being the major component in the cloud. The second flight went into the centre of the plume to obtain data to help forecasting and emergency teams.[6][16][24][25]

Reactions and response

Evacuations and closures

File:MG 6532.jpg
Smoke from the blast, visible from Hemel Hempstead.

Hundreds of homes in the Hemel Hempstead area were evacuated, and about 2,000 people had to find alternative accommodation; emergency services asked residents of the smoke-affected areas to close their windows and doors and to stay inside.[3][19][22]

Hertfordshire Constabulary advised people who had houses with smashed windows to seek refuge with friends or family nearby if possible.[3] Some people whose homes were damaged by the blast were placed in hotels, while others stayed in a nearby shopping centre.[17] Total, the operator of the Buncefield depot, set up a helpline for people whose properties had been damaged by the explosion, and called in local authorities and the Salvation Army to provide accommodation or other help.[17]

Concerns for public safety resulted in about 227 schools, libraries, and other public buildings across Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire closing on 12 and 13 December.[3][26] Police and local authorities advised residents to consult the Hertfordshire Direct website for up-to-date information.[26]

Seventy-eight schools in Luton borough were closed on 13 December, along with a limited number of schools in Bedfordshire,[3] on the advice of Hertfordshire's Health Protection Agency that all schools within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of the incident site should be closed because of concerns surrounding the effect of the smoke plume on children's health. Schools reopened as normal on 14 December.[27]

Transport disruption

The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway.[3] The motorway was shut between junctions 12 and 6a—about 18 miles (29 km) shortly after the incident. Other roads in the vicinity, including the short M10 motorway, were also closed.[3]

Some local petrol stations reported long queues as people started panic buying. A spokesman for the Department for Trade and Industry gave assurances that no petrol shortage was likely to result from the incident.[3][6]

The oil terminal supplied 30% of Heathrow Airport's fuel, and because of the fire, the airport had to start rationing fuel.[2][28] Some long-haul flights to Australia, the Far-East, and South Africa had to pit-stop at Stansted Airport or other European airports to refuel, while short-haul operators were asked to fuel their planes for the round trip before flying to Heathrow.[28] Some aircraft were only allowed 40% of the fuel they would normally take on board. Fuel shortages continued for months after the explosion.[28]

Business disruption

A number of companies were affected by an inability to reach premises used for distribution even where the premises themselves were largely unaffected by the blast.[5] Criticism was expressed by local citizens and the local MP that originally the depot had been constructed away from other buildings, but that developmental pressures had led to both houses and commercial premises being built near the depot.[5][17]

The buildings worst hit were the Northgate Information Solutions headquarters and the Fujifilm building, which were totally devastated and rendered completely unusable.[5] The Fujifilm building was considered unsafe, and demolition began soon afterwards. By June 2006 it had been completely removed from the site.[5]

The Northgate and Fujifilm buildings were closest to the blast, although the surrounding Catherine House (to the north), Keystone Distribution building (to the west), 3Com Corporation and RO buildings (to the south), were also extensively damaged.[29] As a result of the destruction of the equipment in the Northgate building several websites it hosts were inaccessible—including that of the Labour Party. Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge was also affected; its IT system dealing with admissions and discharges had to be replaced for several days by a manual system.[29]

Groundwater pollution

In May 2006 Three Valleys Water announced that it had detected the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic fluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)—which is used in fire fighting foam—in a ground water bore hole close to the Buncefield site.[16][30] It stated that no water from this well entered the public water supply and that a nearby well and pumping station had been closed since the fire as a precaution. The chemical is a known health risk and the UK government had been about to ban its use.[21][30]

However just before the announcement, the Drinking Water Inspectorate announced that it was increasing the safe level of the chemical in drinking water.[16] Hemel Hempstead MP, Mike Penning accused the government of changing the rules to suit the situation in which PFOS levels in drinking water in the area may rise in the future.[16] Most of the fuel burned out—rather than spilling into the soil, so the impact on surrounding land and the water table was limited.[21]

Inquiry

Smoke from the fire over Hampstead Heath, London

A government inquiry held jointly by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Environment Agency was started, but calls for a full public enquiry were declined.[12][31] The Board included Lord Newton of Braintree, Prof Dougal Drysdale—an authority on fire safety and Dr Peter Baxter, a medical expert.[1] Environment Agency and HSE staff were also on the board.[32] Its aim was to identify the immediate causes of the explosion, rather than consider who was to blame for any deficiencies, so as not to prejudice further legal proceedings.[31][32]

An initial progress report by the Major Incident Investigation Board on 21 February 2006 did not go into the causes of the explosion, but summed up the event and the immediate reaction from the emergency services.[21][32] A second progress report, published on 11 April 2006, looked at the environmental impact.[12]

A further announcement was made on 9 May 2006 about the sequence of events which caused the explosion. Starting at 19:00 on the evening of 10 December Tank 912, towards the north west of the main depot, was filled with unleaded petrol—from the Lindsey oil refinery in Lincolnshire.[16][10] At midnight the terminal closed, and a check was made of the contents of tanks, which found everything normal. Normally the gauges monitor the level of the fuel in the tank as it fills from the particular pipeline. From about 03:00 the level gauge for Tank 912 began to indicate an unchanging level reading, despite it being filled at 550 cubic metres (19,423 cu ft) per hour.[16]

Calculations show that the tank would have begun to overflow at about 05:20.[1][10] There is evidence suggesting that a high-level switch, which should have detected that the tank was full and shut off the supply, failed to operate.[1][10] The switch's failure should have been triggered an alarm, but it too appears to have failed.[1][16] Forty-one minutes later, an estimated 300 tonnes of petrol would have spilled down the side of the tank through the roof vents onto the ground inside a bund wall—a semi-enclosed compound surrounding several tanks.[1][4][16]

An overflow such as this results in the rapid formation of a rich fuel and air vapour. CCTV footage showed such a vapour flowing out the bund wall from around 05:38. By 05:50 the vapour already started flowing off the site, near the junction of Cherry Tree and Buncefield Lane.[10] Around 05:50 the unimaginable happened when the rate at which fuel was being pumped into the tank increased dramatically. Initially the fuel was pumped in at 550 cubic metres (19,423 cu ft) per hour, but it increased to about 890 cubic metres (31,430 cu ft) per hour.[10] By 06:01, when the first explosion occurred, the cloud which was was initially about 1 metre (3 ft) deep, thickened to 2 metres (7 ft) and had spread beyond the boundaries of the site.[10][5][22]

The extent of the damage meant it was not possible to determine the exact source of ignition, but possibilities include an emergency generator and the depot's fire pump system.[3][16] The investigators did not believe that it was caused either by the driver of a fuel tanker, as had been speculated, or by anyone using a mobile phone. It was felt unlikely that the explosion had a widespread effect on air quality at ground level.[5][11]

Civil liability

Buncefield is just to the right of this photo. The building on the right has lost the glass from all of its windows.

A total of 2,700 claims were filed by residents, businesses and insurers.[17] A group of 146 claimants were hoping to bring a class action against Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd. On 17 March 2006 a High Court official, Senior Master Turner, adjourned a hearing on whether to permit the class action until October 2006.[17] Claimants including insurance companies, small businesses and about 280 families whose properties were damaged or destroyed were claiming up to £1 billion in damages.[18]

Several court cases resulted from the explosion, although the main trial to determine who was liable for the damage commenced at the High Court in October 2008.[7] An example of loss is Cheetah Couriers—who suffered a 20% drop in turnover because of the explosions, resulting in losses of around £300,000 to £400,000. The company was located in offices on an industrial estate 400 metres (1,312 ft) from the depot.[17]

An initial trial concluded on 23 May 2008 when Mr Justice David Steel issued a summary judgment after hearing that both Total and Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd (HOSL) had agreed that negligence was the cause.[7][18] In the main trial, Total UK claimed that the duty supervisor at the time was responsible for the explosion, but refused to admit either civil or criminal liability for the incident.[4][18] Total UK argued that it should not be liable for damages because it could not reasonably have foreseen that it would cause the destruction it did.[4][18] On 20 March 2009 the High Court found Total liable for the blast saying that it was satisfied that Total had control of tank filling operations at the Buncefield depot.[33] The judgement left the company facing damage claims of around £700 million.[7][34]

Total are appealing this judgement in a case due to be heard in 2010.[35][33]

Criminal liability

In April 2010 a prosecution is due to begin, brought by the Health and Safety Executive and the Environment Agency, against five companies who are accused of causing the explosion. They are Total UK Ltd, Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd, TAV Engineering Ltd, British Pipeline Agency Ltd, and Motherwell Control Systems.[12][7][36]

Total UK pleaded guilty in November 2009.[33] The case against the other four defendants will begin in April 2010, and the verdict on all five will be delivered after that trial.[33][35]

The terminal

File:Northgate Arial Photo.jpg
Aerial photograph showing the Northgate building (centre) and the Fujifilm building (upper centre). Some of the oil tanks are visible at the right of the photograph, tank 912 being the middle of the vertical column of three large tanks.
Main article: Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal

The Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal (HOSL – Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd), generally known as the Buncefield complex, was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the UK, with a capacity of about 60,000,000 imperial gallons (272,765,400 L) of fuel, although it was not always full.[3][4] This was about 8% of UK oil storage capacity.[5][6]

The HOSL is a major hub on the UK's oil pipeline network (UKOP) with pipelines to Humberside and Merseyside and is an important fuel source to the British aviation industry, providing aircraft fuel for local airports including London Gatwick, London Heathrow and Luton airports.[5] About half of the complex is dedicated to the storage of aviation fuel. The remainder of the complex stores oil, kerosene, petrol and diesel fuel for petrol stations across much of the South-East of England.[2][4] The terminal is owned by TOTAL UK Limited (60%) and Texaco 40%.[5][6][7][8]

The seat of the fire, and the worst damaged section, was "HOSL West", used by Total and Texaco to store a variety of fuels, and the neighbouring British Pipeline Agency area.[5][7][8]

Initial speculation on causes

The police issued a statement saying that they were treating the incident as an accident as opposed to a terrorist attack.[3][6] Italian television stations early on the morning of the fire described the event as a possible terrorist attack and went to the extent of showing features on the July 2005 terrorist bombings. Speculation about the possible terrorist nature of the blasts was prompted by the fact that a videotape allegedly released by al-Qaeda four days previously had called for attacks on fuel depots and refineries containing oil "stolen" from Muslim countries.[37] However, the cause of the blasts will likely not be known until a full investigation is completed.[38]

An oil industry specialist speculated on BBC News that a vapour leak could have built up to explosive concentrations because of the ground frost in the area keeping vapour concentration at ground level.[11] This would have resulted in a fuel-air explosion. It is industry practice for detection systems to be in place to reveal leakages. In order for this scenario to be fulfilled, there must have been a leakage that was not picked up by the leak detection system.[11]

Clear view skies on Monday, 12 December 2005, except for the fire in Hemel Hempstead

A BBC News 24 interview with a petrol tanker driver, who was about to load his tanker at 06:00, reported a cloud of mist rolling in from the tank farm area behind the loading bay.[3] All electric lights were turned off and they were ordered to leave the site on foot. As he was doing so, the blast blew him off his feet. In another interview, a security guard in a nearby office building reported an unusual smell of petrol inside his building before the explosion. Hertfordshire police reported speaking to a tanker driver concerned that switching the engine cut-off on his tanker might have triggered the explosion.[3]

Other safety experts spoke of a known "weekend effect" in industry, in which weekend maintenance creates an unsafe condition.[39] A retired military explosives safety officer submitted a published paper on the explosion to the HSE inquiry.[40] The paper was intended to help those who lived close to petrol storage depots and who were worried about the risks they faced. It contained different views from those of other experts whose opinions had been voiced publicly, and was critical of the HSE's general safety culture.[11]

Aftermath

Lessons learned

The Health Protection Agency and the Major Incident Investigation Board (MIIB) provided the needed advice for risk assessments to create guidelines to prevent incidents such as these from happening again.[14] The most important lesson learned from the incident was the need for an increased environmental measurement capability.[14]

Buncefield was clearly a major emergency, but luckily the public health impact was rather small. The situation could have been very different if the initial explosion had happened at a different time, or if the weather conditions had been less favourable for dispersing the plume. So we need to analyse our response carefully and make sure any lessons are learnt.

— Professor Pat Troop, Chief Executive of the Agency.[14]

The MIIB focused on three main work streams subsuming the lessons to be learned from the incident:[41]

  1. Design and operation of storage sites
  2. Emergency response to incidents
  3. Advice to planning authorities

The primary need identified was for additional safety measures to prevent fuel escaping from its storage tanks,[15] and to deal adequately with fuel when it does escape, preventing it from forming a flammable vapour and pollutants from poisoning the environment.[15] This report demand that the fuel industry should extensively strengthen safety measures at storage sites handling large quantities of fuel.[42]

Remembrance

An anniversary service was held in Holy Trinity Church Leverstock Green on Sunday, 10 December 2006, at which the Bishop of St Albans spoke, calling again for a full public inquiry, for assurances that the local hospital would maintain its accident and emergency department, and for the community to continue to build on good relationships formed because of the blast.[43]

Reconstruction

To rebuild the damaged parts of the site, the relevant approval from Dacorum Borough Council would be needed. The BP section of the site—a good way from the explosion, survived with very little damage, but is inoperative as of 2009.[44] BP is exploring plans for the future use of this part of the site, and have indicated a number of priorities, including the reopening the fuel pipelines to Heathrow. They consider using their section to store aviation fuel and as a distribution centre for motor fuel, but at a much-reduced level.[44] In late 2009, Total UK submitted plans for the reconstruction of the oil depot.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Buncefield tank 'was overflowing'". BBC News. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d "Can sound really travel 200 miles?". BBC News. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Massive blaze rages at fuel depot". BBC News. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Total liable for Buncefield blast". BBC News. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u White, David. "Buncefield: One Year Later". 21 (6). Industrial Fire World. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Fire Rages After Blasts At Oil Depot". Sky News. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Trial starts for Buncefield compensation claims". Watford Observer. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  8. ^ a b c "Buncefield Fire". Total. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "HEMEL HEMPSTEAD AREA". British Geological Survey. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "How Buncefield fire unfolded". BBC News. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "Buncefield parallels drawn abroad". BBC News. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Five firms charged over oil blast". BBC News. 8 May 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Buncefield report". Hertsdirect.org. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d "Lessons from the Buncefield Fire". HPA Press Office. 11 September 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d "Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board Publish Recommendations on the Design and Operation of Fuel Storage Sites". MIIB. 29/03/2007. Retrieved 11 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Hemeltoday reports on the Buncefield Investigation reports of May 06". Hemelhempstead Today. May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Buncefield victims in court move". BBC News. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Total negligent over blast at Buncefield". Times Online. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c d "Smoke of British Oil Depot Fire Reaches France". Todays Zaman. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Buncefield oil depot fires extinguished". RTÉ News. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d Bond, Sam (22 February 2006). "Questions still unanswered in Buncefield probe". Edie Daily. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  22. ^ a b c d "Fire at Hertfordshire oil depot is contained". RTÉ News. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  23. ^ a b "Smoke cloud spreading over South". BBC News. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  24. ^ Natural Environment Research Council. "Oil depot explosion". Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  25. ^ Natural Environment Research Council. "Oil depot explosion — update". {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help) Oil depot explosion — update. Accessed 2005-12-14.
  26. ^ a b Hertfordshire County Council. "Buncefield Depot Explosion – services affected". Retrieved 13 December 2005.
  27. ^ "Luton schools re-open". Luton Borough Council. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  28. ^ a b c "Oil fire leads to plane pitstops". BBC News. 16 December 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  29. ^ a b "Oil blaze hits hospital systems". BBC News. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  30. ^ a b Ullah, Aziz (October 2006). "The Fluorochemical Dilemma: What the PFOS/PFOA fuss is all about" (PDF). Cleaning & Restoration.
  31. ^ a b "Buncefield Victims Criticise Cover Up". WATFORD, England.: PR Newswire Europe Ltd. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  32. ^ a b c "Delayed Buncefield findings due". BBC News. 21 February 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  33. ^ a b c d Taylor, Matthew (13 November 2009). "Oil company Total admits Buncefield fire failings". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  34. ^ "Total found liable for Buncefield explosion". Hemel Hempstead Gazette. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  35. ^ a b "Oil giant guilty over Buncefield". BBC News. 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  36. ^ "Buncefield firms appear in court". 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  37. ^ "UK Police Say Fuel Blasts an Accident". Forbes. Retrieved 11 December 2005.
  38. ^ Letters: A black cloud over Buncefield | UK news | The Guardian
  39. ^ "Oil Fire Inquiry". UKwatch. Retrieved 08 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  40. ^ Robert Willcox. "Vapour Explosions" (PDF). Retrieved 20 June 2006.
  41. ^ "The Buncefield Investigation Board Focuses on Recommendations for the Future". MIIB. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  42. ^ "Recommendations on the design and operation of fuel storage sites" (PDF). MIID. 29/03/2007. Retrieved 11 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "Buncefield Anniversary Service, Sunday 10 December 2006". St Albans Diocese. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
  44. ^ a b "Buncefield investigation — Frequently Asked Questions". BIIM. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  45. ^ "Plans for Buncefield". forecourttrader.co.uk. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-15.

Further reading

  • "Buncefield in Pictures". BBC News. 14 December 2006.
  • Great Britain: Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service (2006). Buncefield: Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service's review of the fire response. The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-1170371-6-8.
  • "Initial Report" (PDF). Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. 13 July 2006.
  • Sceptre Fundraising Team (2006). The Buncefield Explosion. Sceptre Education. ISBN 0-9552759-0-3.
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51°45′49″N 0°25′26″W / 51.76361°N 0.42389°W / 51.76361; -0.42389

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