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Charles R. Drew

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Charles Richard Drew
Charles Richard Drew
Born(1904-06-03)June 3, 1904
Washington, D.C., USA
DiedApril 1, 1950(1950-04-01) (aged 45)
Burlington, North Carolina, USA
NationalityUnited States
Alma materMcGill University, Columbia University
Known forBlood banking; blood transfusions
AwardsSpingarn Medal
Scientific career
FieldsGeneral Surgery
InstitutionsFreedman's Hospital
Morgan State University
Montreal General Hospital
Howard University
Doctoral advisorJohn Beattie

Charles Richard Drew (3 June 1904 – 1 April 1950) was an African American physician and medical researcher. He researched in the field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge in developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II, saving thousands of lives of the Allied forces.[1] Howerver, the research and developement aspect of his accomplishments are disputed. Charles E. Wynes, author of a biography about Drew, states "The fact is, Drew did not develop blood plasma in any of its forms, nor did he perfect blood transfusion with blood plasma, as is sometimes claimed in the greater media." Wynes goes on to say that Drew's role was purely an organizational one, "which in no way detracts from Drew's actual accomplishments."[2] He protested against the practice of racial segregation in the donation of blood as it lacked scientific foundation, which got him fired. In 1943, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the first black surgeon to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery.

Early years

Drew was born to Richard Y. Drew and Nora Burrell in Washington, DC. He attended Meads Mill Elementary School, and began working as a paperboy selling copies of the Washington Times-Herald while attending school. In 1918, he enrolled at Dunbar High School, a racially segregated high school with a reputation for being one of the strongest Black public schools in the country. He also was an athlete, which won him a partial scholarship to Amherst College, Massachusetts. Drew’s sister, Elsie, who was ailing with tuberculosis, died of pandemic influenza in 1920, and is said to have influenced him to study medicine. Drew was also a member of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Incorporated.

Blood Plasma for Great Britain Project

In late 1940, just after earning his doctoral thesis, Drew was called upon by John Scudder to help set up and administer an early prototype program for collecting, testing, and distributing blood plasma in Britain.[3] Drew went to New York to direct the US' Blood for Britain project. The Blood for Britain project was a project to aid British soldiers and civilians by giving blood to Britain. He provided a central location for the blood collection process where donors could go to give blood. He also made sure all blood plasma was tested before it was shipped out. He also oversaw that only skilled personnel would be able to handle blood plasma to avoid the possibility of contamination. The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months, with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma.[3] As a result, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association applauded Drew for his fine work.

Death

Drew, being the chief surgeon, represented Freedmen [clarification needed] at a number of medical conferences. Drew attended the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama, since 1939. A change of plans occurred before the 1950 Tuskegee clinic. To save money, Drew decided to drive with three other physicians rather than fly. The four men took turns driving in shifts, with Drew taking second shift around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the night before in the operating theater, Drew lost control of the vehicle and after careening into a field, the car somersaulted three times. The three other physicians suffered minor injuries. However, Drew was trapped — his foot had become wedged beneath the brake pedal. When reached by emergency technicians, Drew was in shock and barely alive due to severe leg injuries. Drew was taken to Alamance General Hospital in Burlington, NC. He was pronounced dead a half hour after he first received medical attention. Contrary to legend, Drew was well treated by the hospital. Claims that he was not treated because of his skin color are unfounded.[4] His funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, DC.

Legacy

A persistent urban legend holds that Drew was denied care by a nearby hospital because of his race, and bled to death. This is denied by one of the other black doctors with whom he was travelling, who stated: "We all received the very best of care. The doctors started treating us immediately. [...] He had a superior vena caval syndrome—blood was blocked getting back to his heart from his brain and upper extremities. To give him a transfusion would have killed him sooner. Even the most heroic efforts couldn't have saved him. I can truthfully say that no efforts were spared in the treatment of Drew, and, contrary to popular myth, the fact that he was a Negro did not in any way limit the care that was given to him."[5] The apocryphal story of his death was repeated in an episode of the television series M*A*S*H episode, "Dear Dad... Three", and in the Philip Roth novel, The Human Stain.

References

  1. ^ "Patent For Preserving Blood Issued November 10, 1942; Washingtonian's invention made blood bank possible" (Press release). Brigid Quinn, United States Patent and Trademark Office. 9 November 2001. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  2. ^ Charles E. Wynes, Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 58.
  3. ^ a b Starr, Douglas P. (2000). Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. New York: Quill. ISBN 0688176496.
  4. ^ Spencie Love, One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew, The University of North Carolina Press (October 29, 1997), p4 ISBN 0807846821 retrieved 19-06-2009
  5. ^ Cecil Adams (10 November 1989). "Did the black doctor who invented blood plasma die because white doctors wouldn't treat him?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  6. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 157392968.
  7. ^ Charles Drew Health Center
  8. ^ About Dr. Charles R. Drew, Charles Drew Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan State University
  9. ^ Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Broward County Public Schools
  10. ^ Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Montgomery County Public Schools
  11. ^ Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Miami-Dade County Public Schools
  12. ^ http://blogs.ajc.com/clayton-talk/2009/03/30/charles-r-drew-high-school-will-set-the-bar-high/?cxntfid=blogs_clayton_talk
  13. ^ Charles R. Drew Hall, Howard University
  14. ^ http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=6262
  15. ^ http://www.drewwellnesscenter.com/index.asp

Further reading

  • Schraff, Anne E. (2003) Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator Enslow, ISBN 0766021173
  • Love, Spencie (1996) One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821
  • Wynes, Charles E. (1988) Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252015517
  • Organ, Claude H. ( 1987 ) "A Century of Black Surgeons The USA Experience" Transcript Press, ISBN 0961738006 Volume I Chapter 2 The Life Of Charles R. Drew, MD by Asa Yancey, Sr. , MD; p 63
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