Jose Calugas
Jose Calugas, Sr. | |
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File:Jose Calugas.jpg ![]() | |
Place of burial | |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Service/ | United States Army |
Years of service | 1930[2][3]-1957[4] |
Rank | Captain |
Unit | 88th Field Artillery Regiment (Philippine Scouts)[5] |
Battles/wars | World War II *Philippine Islands *Luzon |
Awards | Medal of Honor Distinguished Unit Citation Prisoner of War Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with two service stars) World War II Victory Medal Philippine Defense Medal Philippine Liberation Medal |
Jose Calugas (December 29, 1907 - January 18, 1998) was a member of the Philippine Scouts during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan.
At the age of 23, Calugas joined the Philippine Scouts of the United States Army and completed training as an artilleryman and served with different artillery batteries of the Philippine Scouts until his unit was mobilized to fight in World War II. After noticing one of his unit's gun batteries had been destroyed and its crew killed, he gathered several members of his unit together, dug in and attempted to defend the line. He was captured along with other members of his unit and forced to march to a distant enemy prison camp, where he was held as a prisoner of war. When he was released in 1943, he was secretly assigned to a guerilla unit the Philippines were he fought for the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese.
After retiring from the Army he settled in Tacoma, Washington and became a United States citizen.
Early life and military training
Calugas was born in Barrio Tagsing, Leon, Iloilo, Philippines, December 29, 1907.[5][6] In 1930, he enlisted in the United States Army and had received his basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Upon completion, he received additional training as an artilleryman,[4] and then assigned to the 24th Artillery Regiment of the Philippine Scouts at Fort Stotsenburg, Pampanga. While stationed at Fort Stotsenburg, he married and began to raise a family. His next unit was the 88th Field Artillery Regiment of the Philippine Scouts. He was a Sergeant with Battery B when the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth, declared war with Japan in 1941. His unit was mobilized for duty and sent to Bataan in December 1941.[6]
Action in World War II
Medal of Honor action at Bataan
On January 6, 1942, his unit was covering the withdrawal of a portion of the U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFE), with the 26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts and the 31st Infantry Regiment. Calugas was working as a mess sergeant in charge of a group of soldiers who were preparing the day's meals, known as KP duty. He noticed that one of his unit's guns had been silenced, and its crew killed. Without orders, he ran the 1,000 yards (914 m) across the shell-swept area to the inactive gun position. Once there, he organized a squad of volunteers who returned Japanese artillery fire. The position remained under constant and heavy fire for the rest of the afternoon. While Calugas and his squad maintained a steady fire on the enemy positions, other soldiers had time to dig in and defend the line. As the day ended and combat subsided, he returned to KP.[7] For his actions on that day, his superiors recommended Calugas for the United States military's highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. Before he could receive it, however, all American forces on Bataan surrendered to Japanese forces.[8][9]
Surrender of Bataan and the death march
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Arguably, the Battle of Bataan represented the most intense phase of Imperial Japan's invasion of the Philippines during World War II. During the final stage of the Battle of Bataan and after repeated assaults and artillery fire by Japanese forces, the communications and defenses of the allies on Bataan peninsula had been almost completely destroyed. On the last two days, the entire Allied defense collapsed, clogging all roads with refugees and fleeing troops. By April 8, the senior U.S. commander on Bataan, Major General Edward "Ned" P. King, Jr., recognized the futility of further resistance, and explored proposals for capitulation. On April 9, 1942, approximately 76,000 Filipino and American troops surrendered to a Japanese army of 54,000 men under Lt. General Masaharu Homma. This was the single largest surrender of one of its military forces in American history.[10]
After the surrender, Calugas and the other prisoners marched from Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell, a prison camp in the province of Tarlac. The Japanese, having expected the fighting to continue, anticipated about 25,000 prisoners of war and were inadequately prepared or unwilling to transport a group of prisoners three times the size. The majority of the prisoners of war were immediately relieved of their belongings and endured a 61-mile (98 km) march in deep dust, over vehicle-broken macadam roads, and crammed into rail cars for the portion of the journey from San Fernando to Capas. En route, over 21,000 men and women died from disease, starvation, dehydration, heat prostration, untreated wounds, and wanton execution. The deaths of Filipinos to Americans was disproportionately high: approximately 5,000–10,000 Filipino and 600–650 American prisoners of war died on the so-called Bataan Death March. Calugas remained a prisoner at Camp O'Donnell until January 1943, when he was released to work for the Japanese.[8]
Post POW release
His release placed him as a laborer in a Japanese rice mill, and while assigned there he secretly joined a guerrilla unit, #227 Old Bronco.[6] As an officer of the guerrilla unit, he participated in the attack on the Japanese garrison at Karangalan.[6] His unit fought in the continued campaign against the Japanese, which eventually led to the liberation of the Philippines.[7]
After the liberation of the Philippines in 1945, he finally received the Medal of Honor for which he had been approved the beginning of the war. The Medal was presented to him by General of the Army General George Marshall.[7][8] Calugas subsequently accepted a direct commission in the United States Army,[7] and was later assigned to the 44th Infantry Regiment, which was assigned with the occupation of Okinawa.[6] After the unit was disbanded in 1947, he was assigned to the Ryuku Command, on the Ryukyu Islands in the South China Sea, where he remained until 1953.[6]
Citizenship
Although he had been born in a U.S. territory, and had fought in the United States' Army, Calugas technically was not a citizen. Following the Spanish American War in 1898, Philippine residents were classified as U.S. nationals. The 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year to the United States, with the exception of those who joined the U.S. Navy, but not the U.S. Army.[11] While serving in Okinawa, Calugas completed the process of becoming a naturalized United States citizen.[6][7]
Retirement and post military life
Calugas eventually retired from the army with the rank of Captain and in 1957 he moved to in Tacoma, Washington with his family. After retiring from the army he earned a degree in Business Administration from the University of Puget Sound in 1961 and worked for the Boeing Corporation.[4] In addition to furthering his education and starting a new career, he was involved in several veterans groups within the Seattle and Tacoma area. He died in Tacoma on January 18, 1998 at age 90[4] and is buried at Mountain View Memorial Park in Tacoma, Washington.[1]
Honors and awards
Calugas earned seven military decorations before he died, including the Medal of Honor.
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Medal of Honor citation
The action for which the award was made took place near Culis, Bataan Province, Philippine Islands, on 16 January 1942. A battery gun position was bombed and shelled by the enemy until 1 gun was put out of commission and all the cannoneers were killed or wounded. Sgt. Calugas, a mess sergeant of another battery, voluntarily and without orders ran 1,000 yards across the shell-swept area to the gun position. There he organized a volunteer squad which placed the gun back in commission and fired effectively against the enemy, although the position remained under constant and heavy Japanese artillery fire.[13][14][15]
Other honors
Within the family housing area of Fort Sam Houston, Texas, a street known as Calugas Circle was dedicated in his honor, with his family present, in 1999. His Medal of Honor was given to the Fort's museum for safekeeping and display by Calugas and his family before his death.[16] In 2006, a 36-unit apartment building, designed for low-income and disabled residents was dedicated as the "Sgt. Jose Calugas, Sr. Apartments" in High Point, Seattle, Washington.[17] On Memorial Day in 2009, his memory was honored at the Living War Memorial Park on a memorial that had previously been established there.[18]
See also
{{{inline}}}
- List of Medal of Honor recipients
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
References
- ^ a b Jose Calugas at Find a Grave Retrieved on May 22, 2009}}
- ^ a b "Congressional Record - Extension of Remarks" (PDF). gpo.gov. resources.org. February 3, 1998. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ a b "Congressional Record - Extension of Remarks". 1998 Congressional Record, Vol. 144. Government Publishing Office. February 3, 1998. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Mooney, Joe (January 22, 1998). "JOSE CALUGAS, A HERO OF BATAAN, DIES". Seattle Post Intellegencer. Hearst Seattle Media. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
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(help) - ^ a b Rudi Williams (May 5, 1999). "Medals of Honor Bestowed on 10 Asian Pacific Americans". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jose Calugas Jr. "My Father". Children speak about their POW fathers. US-Japan Dialogue on POWs. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Beers, Carole (January 24, 1998). "Jose Calugas, Medal Of Honor Winner, Death March' Survivor". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
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(help) - ^ a b c Sterner, C. Douglas (2007). Go For Broke. American Legacy Media. p. 135. ISBN 9780979689611. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
{{cite book}}
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and|page=
specified (help) - ^ "American Artillery and the Medal of Honor" (PDF). Field Artillery. 1987. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
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ignored (help) - ^ Young, Donald J. (1992). The Battle of Bataan: A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War II. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0899507573.
- ^ "THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUKBALAHAP MOVEMENT". United States Army Center of Military History. February 14, 2002. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ Headquarters, Department of the Army (1961). Unit Citation and Campaign Credit Register (PDF). Department of the Army. p. 146. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "MOH Citation for Jose Calugas". HomeOfHeroes.com. 1999. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- ^ "WWII Medal of Honor Recipients". Asian-Pacific American Heritage Month. Department of Defense. 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- ^ "Jose Calugas". Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Army. United States Army. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- ^ John A. Patterson (May 11, 2007). "Philippine Scout Heroes of WWII". History. Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ "Calugas Apartments at High Point dedicated". News releases. Seattle Housing Authority. April 12, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ Erkkinen, Meghan. "Memorial honors local Medal of Honor recipients". Tacoma Weekly. Pierce County Community Newspaper Group. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
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External links
- KCTS9 Jose Calugas
- "World War II Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient: Army Sgt. Jose Calugas, Philippine Scouts", MedalofHonor.com. (URL accessed May 10, 2006)
- Pierce County, Washington obituaries
Further reading
- Whitman, John W. (1990). Bataan: Our Last Ditch : The Bataan Campaign, 1942. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0870528777.
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- 1907 births
- 1998 deaths
- Army Medal of Honor recipients
- United States Army officers
- American military personnel of World War II
- Filipino immigrants to the United States
- American prisoners of war
- Recipients of the Prisoner of War Medal
- Naturalized citizens of the United States
- University of Puget Sound alumni
- Foreign born Medal of Honor recipients
- Filipino Americans in the United States Military
- Boeing people
- Filipino Americans