Tonne

This article is about the metric unit of mass. For other tons, see Ton. For the World War II fighter pilot, see Wolfgang Tonne.

A tonne (unit symbol t) or metric ton (U.S.), also referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kg or 2,204.62262 lb, or approximately the mass of one cubic metre of water at four degrees Celsius. It is not a unit in the International System of Units (SI), but is accepted for use with the SI. In SI units and prefixes, the tonne is a megagram (Mg). The spelling tonne pre-dates the introduction of the SI system in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, and is now used as the standard spelling for the metric mass measurement in most English-speaking countries. In the U.S., the units were originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau, but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass.

Derived units

Multiple	Name	Symbol		Multiple (SI)	Name	Symbol
100	tonne	t		106	megagram	Mg
103	kilotonne	kt		109	gigagram	Gg
106	megatonne	Mt		1012	teragram	Tg
109	gigatonne	Gt		1015	petagram	Pg
1012	teratonne	Tt		1018	exagram	Eg
1015	petatonne	Pt		1021	zettagram	Zg
1018	exatonne	Et		1024	yottagram	Yg
1021	zettatonne	Zt		1027	(none)	(none)
1024	yottatonne	Yt		1030	(none)	(none)

Multipliers are never used to denote fractions of a tonne. Hence a mass of 10,000 g would normally be referred to as 10 kilograms (kg), and not 10 millitonnes.

Origin

The spelling tonne has its origin in French. The term applied to the barrel of the largest size. In Old English the spelling was tunne, "cask" — a full cask about a metre high could easily weigh a tonne. The antiquated British wine cask volume measurement tun is close to a metric tonne in weight as it defines about 954 litres which for many commonly used liquids (aqueous solutions) approximates to as many kilograms.

Conversions

One tonne is equivalent to:

• One megagram (exactly);
  • This is the official SI term, but not generally used in industry, in shipping nor colloquially
• 1000⁄0.45359237 pounds (exactly by definition), giving approximately
  • 2205 lb (to four significant digits)
• 98.42% of a long ton
  • One long ton (2,240 lb) is 101.605% of a tonne
• 110.23% of a short ton
  • One short ton (2,000 lb) is 90.72% of a tonne

Explanation

The unit symbol for the tonne is t. T and mT and mt (especially in the combination mmt for million metric tons compare to Mt for megatonne) are also occasionally used, but all of these are deprecated since they conflict with internationally agreed SI symbols. (T is the SI symbol for the tesla and m is SI prefix 'milli', meaning 0.001.) Te is also sometimes used, particularly in the nuclear industry.

In France and the English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric, the spelling tonne is widespread. This is generally true in Britain; however, the ton used prior to metrication was the long ton of 2,240 pounds (1,016.0469 kg) and this is so close to the tonne that some people draw little distinction and continue to use the old spelling. For example, even the Guinness Book of World Records accepts metrication without marking this by changing the spelling. For the United States, metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST. In the U.S. an unqualified mention of a ton almost invariably refers to a short ton of 2,000 pounds (907.1847 kg).

Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons: a unit also often called simply "tonne" or "metric ton" without identifying it as a unit of force. Note that it is only the tonne as a unit of mass (an exact decimal multiple of the SI unit of mass, the kilogram) which is accepted for use with SI: the tonne-force or metric ton-force is not acceptable for use with SI, partly because it is not an exact multiple of the SI unit of force, the newton.

Use of mass as proxy for energy

Main article: TNT equivalent

The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a proxy for energy. Prefixes are also used e.g. kilotonne, megatonne, gigatonne; especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield, based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of 4.184 MJ/kg (or one calorie—specifically a thermochemical calorie—per milligram). Hence, 1 kt TNT = 4.184 TJ, 1 Mt TNT = 4.184 PJ.

The SI unit of energy is the joule. Assuming that TNT contains 1,000 small (thermochemical) calories per gram (4.184 kJ/g), one tonne TNT is more correctly referred to as 4.184 gigajoules. It is usually used to describe the energy of explosions.

Alternate usage

A metric ton unit (MTU) can mean 10 kg (22.046226 pounds) within metal (e.g. tungsten, manganese) trading, particularly within the USA. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal.

In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to be metric ton of uranium, meaning 1,000 kg.

See also

• Ton
  • Short ton
  • Long ton
  • Tonnage
  • Ton (volume)

• Metre-tonne-second system of units
• Tonne of oil equivalent
• Orders of magnitude (mass)

References

• NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)