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Twelve members of a baseball team are posing for a photograph, consisting of three rows; five men standing, four sitting in a chair or bench, and three sitting on the floor
1879 National League Champion Providence Grays

The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball franchise based in Providence, Rhode Island from 1878 to 1885.[1] During the team's eight seasons in the National League (NL), which then comprised eight teams, they finished third place or higher in the final standings seven times, and won the league championship in both 1879 and 1884.[1] Providence played their home games at the Messer Street Grounds, which was located in the Olneyville neighborhood of Providence.[2][3] The Grays were officially organized on January 16, 1878 by Benjamin Douglas, who became the team's general manager. Henry Root was hired as the team president‚ and Tom Carey was initially hired to be the on-field captain, whose duties were similar to the modern-day manager.[4] On January 21, 1878, Providence applied for membership in the NL, and was officially approved on February 6.[4] On April 10, Root took over ownership of the team, fired Douglas for incompetence and insubordination, and hired Tom York to replace Carey as captain.[4][5]

Providence was successful in signing several star players for their inaugural season: Paul Hines had played the previous four seasons with the Chicago White Stockings; Tom Carey was signed after the Hartford Dark Blues folded; Doug Allison was the catcher for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, who had an 84-game winning streak from 1869 to 1870; and John Montgomery Ward, who was playing his first season in the major leagues.[6][7][8][9][10] Ward had a win–loss record of 22–13 and Hines led the league in home runs, runs batted in (RBIs), and batting average as the Grays finished in third place among the six teams in the NL for the 1878 season, with a record of 33 wins, 27 losses, and 2 ties.[6][11] The Grays won the NL championship in 1879, placing first among the league's eight teams with Ward winning 47 games as their starting pitcher, and the leadership of George Wright, who played second base and also managed.[6][12] The team had a strong hitting line-up with Hines' league leading .357 batting average, as well as new additions Jim O'Rourke and Joe Start, who both had batting averages over .300.[6] William Edward White, a Brown University player who played one game for the Grays on June 21, 1879, may have been the first African-American to play at the major league level;[13] according to Peter Morris of the Society for American Baseball Research, the evidence for White is strong, but not conclusive. If this claim is true, then White pre-dated both Moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother Welday Walker, who both played for the 1884 Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association (AA).[13][14] In 1880, the Grays finished in second place among the eight NL teams, with Ward winning 39 games.[15][16] On June 17 of that year, Ward pitched the second perfect game in major league history.[17]

For the 1881 season, the Grays signed pitcher Charles Radbourn, who split the starting duties with Ward over the next two seasons. Radbourn won 25 games in 1881 and 33 more in 1882, while Ward won 18 and 19 respectively.[18][19] In 1882, the Grays hired Harry Wright to be their manager, who brought back his brother George to play shortstop.[19][20] They placed second in the NL standings, behind the White Stockings, for the third straight season.[21][22] In 1883, the team dropped to third place, though Radbourn was credited with 48 victories and on July 25, he threw a no-hitter.[17][23][24] Harry Wright left the team before the 1884 season, and was replaced by Frank Bancroft. On June 7, 1884, pitcher Charlie Sweeney struck out 19 batters in a nine-inning game, the unofficial record that stood until Roger Clemens surpassed that total with 20 in a game on April 29, 1986.[25][26] On July 22, manager Brancroft wanted to replace Sweeney in the line-up with right fielder and alternate pitcher Cyclone Miller, but Sweeney refused the move and left the game.[4] He was suspended without pay, but quit the team instead and signed to play for the St. Louis Maroons of the Union Association (UA).[4] Without any other viable long-term pitching options, this result forced Radbourn to pitch nearly every game for the remainder of the season.[4] Not only did Radbourn finish with 59 victories, an all-time record, but he also led the league in many pitching categories including strikeouts and earned run average, winning the triple crown.[27][28] His leadership on the field led the team to their second and last NL championship; later besting the New York Metropolitans 3 games to zero in the 1884 World Series.[29][30] The Grays' final season was in 1885, a season in which they finished at their lowest position in the standings in their history, as well as having their worst winning percentage.[1] Following the 1885 season, the owner of the Boston Beaneaters, Arthur Soden bought the team and its players for $6000.[31]

Keys

Players

A baseball player standing facing the camera with his hands resting on his knees
Player-manager Mike Dorgan
A picture depicting a baseball player who is holding a ball that tagging out another baseball player who attempting to reach base
Player-manager Jack Farrell
A baseball player with a bat in his hands, as if he is ready for a pitch to be delivered
Shortstop Arthur Irwin
A baseball player is standing, facing the camera, with the top of a baseball bat in his right hand, and the bottom resting on the ground
First baseman Tim Murnane later became an award-winning baseball writer for The Boston Globe.
A baseball player is shown in uniform from the chest up, with the player looking slightly to his right
Right fielder and first baseman Jim O'Rourke
A picture depicting a baseball player who is holding a ball that tagging out another baseball player who attempting to reach base
Starting pitcher Charles Radbourn
A picture depicting a baseball player who is holding a ball with his right hand, and is crouched as if he is ready to throw it
Right fielder Paul Radford
A gentleman posing for a photo in a suit and tie, seen from the chest up.
First baseman Joe Start
A baseball player standing, facing slightly to his right, with his right arm relaxed and holding a baseball cap, and his left arm raised so that his left hand his resting on his hip
Starting pitcher John Montgomery Ward
A gentleman posing for a photo in a suit and tie, facing to his right, seen from the chest up
Player-manager George Wright
Player Position Seasons Notes Ref
Doug Allison C 1878–1879 In 1878, he was the back-up catcher to Lew Brown, and played in one game for the 1879 team. [6][7]
Wiman Andrus 3B 1885 His major league career consisted of a single game for the 1885 team. [32]
Harry Arundel SP 1884 He pitched one game for the Grays, an 11–2 win over the Cleveland Blues. [33][34]
Charley Bassett IF 1884–1885 Bassett was used as a back-up infielder during his two seasons in Providence. [35][36]
George Bradley 3B / SP / RP 1880 During his lone season with the Grays, he was the starting third baseman, and was used as the alternate pitcher when John Montgomery Ward needed a rest. [15][37]
Lew Brown C 1878–1879, 1881 He was the starting catcher for the 1878 Grays, as well as 1879, until Emil Gross took over as the starter. Brown was sent to the Chicago White Stockings late into the 1879 season, and returned to the team as a reserve catcher in 1881. [6][38]
Tom Carey SS 1878 He was the starting shortstop for the 1878 Grays, batted .237, and scored 30 runs. [6][8]
Cliff Carroll LF 1882–1885 He began his career for the 1882 Grays, and became the starting left fielder for the 1884 Grays. He stayed in that position through the 1885 season. [39][40]
John Cassidy RF 1883 In 1883, he played his only season in Providence, and was the starting right fielder. [24][41]
John Cattanach SP 1884 He pitched in one game for Providence, and two for the St. Louis Browns during his only season in the majors. [39][42]
Ed Conley SP 1884 He pitched in eight games for the 1884 Grays, and had a 4–4 win–loss record, with a 2.12 earned run average. It was his only season in the majors. [39][43]
Fred Corey SP 1878 In his first major league season, Corey pitched in five games for the 1878 Grays, and played two other games at second base. [6][44]
Ed Crane LF 1885 Although he was known as a pitcher, he played left field in the only game he played for the Grays. [45]
Con Daily C 1885 Daily, in his only season for the Grays, was the back-up catcher to Barney Gilligan. [35][46]
Jerry Denny 3B 1881–1885 During his five seasons for the Grays, he led all NL third basemen in several fielding categories; in games played twice, putouts twice, and fielding percentage once. [47]
Mike Dorgan§ RF 1880 Dorgan started in right field, and finished the season as their manager, with the team winning 26 of the final 39 games under his leadership. [15][48]
Jack Farrell§ 2B 1879–1885 Farrell was the starting second baseman for the Grays from 1880 to 1885. In 1883, he led the league in fielding percentage among second basemen. [49]
Cherokee Fisher SP 1878 In his only game with the Grays, he pitched a complete game loss against the Cincinnati Reds on July 9. This was the last game he played at the major league level. [50][51]
John Foley SP 1885 Foley pitched a complete game loss against the St. Louis Maroons on September 18, his only major league appearance. [52][53]
Barney Gilligan C 1881–1885 After splitting time at catcher with Emil Gross in 1881, he became the starter in 1882 and held the position through the 1885 season. [18][54]
Emil Gross C 1879–1881 After splitting time at catcher with Lew Brown in 1879, he became the starter in 1880 and led the league in games played. He played another season in Providence, splitting time with Barney Gilligan. [6][18][55]
Bill Hague 3B 1878–1879 In 1878, he was a starter while leading the league in assists and fielding percentage as a third baseman. [6][56]
Charlie Hallstrom SP 1885 Hallstrom pitched a complete game loss, on September 23 against the Chicago White Stockings. He is credited as the first person born in Sweden to play in the major leagues. [57][58][59]
Tom Healey SP 1878 He pitched in three games for Grays before finishing the season for the Indianapolis Blues. It was his only season in the major leagues. [6][60]
Dick Higham RF 1878 In his last full season as a player, Higham was the starting right fielder, and led the league in doubles and runs scored. [6][61]
Mike Hines C 1885 In a four-season career, he played mainly for the Boston Beaneaters, but during the 1885 season, he played in one game for the Grays. [35][62]
Paul Hines CF 1878–1885 Hines played in each season the Providence Grays franchise was in the league. He is the Grays' all-time leader in games played with 705, and nearly all offensive categories. In 1878, he led the league in home runs, RBIs, and batting average, known later as baseball's triple crown. [9][63][64]
Sadie Houck LF 1880 Houck played in 49 games with the Grays, and had a batting average of .201, while playing mostly in left field. [15][65]
Arthur Irwin SS 1883–1885 Irwin played three seasons for the Grays as their starting shortstop. In 1883, he collected 116 hits and had a batting average of .286; both were his career highs. He broke a finger during the 1885 season, which he protected with a padded fielding glove. It is believed to be the first glove used in league play, other than ones used by catchers and first basemen. [66][67]
Rudy Kemmler C 1879 Kemmler played in two games with the 1879 Grays, and collected one hit in seven at bats. [6][68]
Sam Kimber SP 1885 In his only game for the Grays, he pitched a complete game loss against the Detroit Wolverines on September 29. It was his last game in major league play. [69][70]
Denny Lyons 3B 1885 In the first of his 13-season career he played four games at third base, and collected two hits in 16 at bats. [71]
Tim Manning SS 1882, 1885 Manning had two different stints in Providence. He played in 21 games in 1882, and 17 in 1885. Combined, he collected 10 hits in 111 at bats for a .090 batting average for the Grays. [72]
Bobby Mathews SP 1879, 1881 Mathews played a full season for the Grays in 1879 and had a win–loss record of 12–6. He then returned for a partial season in 1881, winning four games against eight losses. [73]
Bill McClellan SS / RF 1881 He was the starting shortstop during his only season with the Grays. [74]
Jim McCormick SP 1885 McCormick collected one of his 265 career wins while playing for the Grays. He was sold to the Chicago White Stockings by early July. [75]
Mike McGeary§ 2B / 3B 1879–1880 He played two seasons with the Grays. In 1879, he led the National League in games played, then was named player-manager for the 1880 season. Soon after the season began, McGeary was replaced as manager and released from the team. Later in the season, the Cleveland Blues hired him as both player and manager. [76]
Cyclone Miller SP / RP 1884 In 1884, Miller was a well-travelled pitcher, with Providence being the second of three major league teams he played for that season. During his time with the Grays, he pitched in six games, had a win–loss record of 3–2, and a 2.08 earned run average. [77]
Joe Mulvey SS 1883 In the first of Mulvey's 12 major league seasons, he appeared in four games, and had a .125 batting average. [78]
Tim Murnane 1B 1878 In his only season with the Grays, Murnane was their starting first baseman. This was his last major league season before reappearing with the Boston Reds of the Union Association in 1884. He later became a long-time sportswriter for The Boston Globe and was enshrined into the Honor Rolls of Baseball by the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946. [79][80]
Miah Murray C 1884 He played in eight games, and had a .185 batting average. [81]
Henry Myers SS 1881 He played in one game for the Grays, and had no hits in four at bats. [82]
Sandy Nava SS 1882–1884 He played three seasons for the Grays as their back-up catcher. Nava is the first known Mexican American and second Hispanic baseball player to play at the major league level. [83][84]
Tricky Nichols SP 1878 In his only season playing for Providence, Nichols had a 4–7 win–loss record and a 4.22 earned run average. [85]
Dan O'Leary RF 1879 O'Leary played in two games for the Grays, and collected three hits in seven at bats. [86]
Jim O'Rourke† RF / 1B 1879 Baseball Hall of Famer O'Rourke had a batting average of .348, and led the National League with a .371 on-base percentage during his only season with the Grays. [87]
John Peters SS 1880 During his only season with the Grays, Peters led all National League shortstops in games played, putouts, and fielding percentage. [88]
Lip Pike 2B 1878 He played in five games for the Grays, and had a batting average of .227 in 22 at bats. [89]
Charles Radbourn† SP / RF 1881–1885 Baseball Hall of Famer Radbourn is the Grays' all-time leader in nearly all major pitching categories. He played 5 seasons for the Grays, during which he led the NL in several seasonal pitching categories, including an all-time leading 59 wins in 1884. [63][90][91]
Paul Radford RF 1884–1885 He was the Grays' starting right fielder for two seasons. [92]
Charlie Reilley C 1882 He played in three games for the Grays, and had a batting average of .182 in 11 at bats. [93]
Lee Richmond LF / SP 1883 A starting pitcher during the bulk of his career, he played mainly in left field for the Grays. [94]
Ed Seward RP 1885 Seward pitched six innings in relief on September 30, his only game for the Grays. [95]
Dupee Shaw SP 1885 Shaw pitched in 49 games during his only season with the Grays. He completed 47 of his 49 starts, had an earned run average of 2.47, struck out 194 batters in 399.2 innings, and a 23–26 win–loss record. [96]
Edgar Smith SP / LF 1883, 1885 During Smith's two seasons with the Grays, he played in a total of three games. [97]
Joe Start 1B 1879–1885 Start was the starting first baseman for the Grays for the final seven seasons of the franchise. He twice led NL first basemen in putouts and fielding percentage. [98]
Bill Stellberger SP 1885 Stellberger pitched a complete game loss on October 1, against the Detroit Wolverines, his only game with the Grays. [52][99]
Denny Sullivan 3B 1879 He played his first of two major league seasons for the Grays. In five games played, he batted .263 in 19 at bats. [100]
Charlie Sweasy 2B 1878 He played his final season in the major leagues for the Grays. In 55 games played, he had a .175 batting average. [101]
Charlie Sweeney SP 1882–1884 Sweeney had a 17–8 win–loss record when he left the field and later quit the team for being relieved from the game as the pitcher. His absence from the team for the remainder of the season left Charles Radbourn as the only viable starting pitcher on the team. Radbourn finished the season with all-time record for wins in a season with 59. [102][103]
Dasher Troy SS 1882 He played in four games during his lone season with the Grays, and batted .235 in 17 at bats. [104]
John Montgomery Ward†§ SP / IF / RF 1878–1882 The first five seasons of Ward's Hall of Fame career were spent with the Grays. He led the NL in earned run average in 1878, and in 1879, he led the league in pitching wins. [10][63]
Johnny Ward SP 1885 He pitched in one game for the Grays, a complete game loss on September 19 to the St. Louis Browns. [105]
Harry Wheeler SP 1878 During his lone season with the Grays, he pitched in seven games, completed all six of his starts and had a 6–1 win–loss record. [52][106]
William Edward White 1B 1879 He played in one game for the Grays, and had one hit in four at bats. Evidence suggests that White was the first African-American to have played in the major leagues, pre-dating the Walker brothers, who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings in 1884. [13][14]
Art Whitney SS 1882 During his lone season with the Grays, he collected three hits in 40 at bats, and was released from the team in June. [107]
George Wright†§ SS 1879, 1882 The first of Hall of Famer George Wright's two, one-year, stints with the Grays was in 1879, when he was the team's player-manager for its first NL championship season. He then left the team, but returned in June 1882, the final season of his career. [12][108]
Tom York§ LF 1878–1882 York was the Grays' left fielder for the first five seasons of their existence, and had two different stints as their player-manager. [109]

References

General
Specific
  1. ^ a b c "Providence Grays (1878-1885)". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  2. ^ "Messer Street Grounds in Providence, RI". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  3. ^ "Messer St. Grounds". providencegrays.org. Rick Stattler. 2002. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Charlton's Baseball Chronology - 1878". baseballlibrary.com. The Idea Logical Company, Inc. 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  5. ^ Seymour, p. 157
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The 1878 Providence Grays Regular Season Roster". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "1879graysteam" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b "Doug Allison". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  8. ^ a b "Tom Carey". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  9. ^ a b "Paul Hines". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  10. ^ a b "Monte Ward". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  11. ^ "1878 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  12. ^ a b "1879 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "1879standings" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c "Was William Edward White really first?". espn.go.com. Associated Press. 01-30-2004. Retrieved November 26, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b "William Edward White". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d "The 1880 Providence Grays Regular Season Roster". Retrieved November 26, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "1880graysteam" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ "1880 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  17. ^ a b "No Hitters Chronologically". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  18. ^ a b c "The 1881 Providence Grays Regular Season Roster". Retrieved November 26, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "1881graysteam" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ a b "The 1882 Providence Grays Regular Season Roster". Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  20. ^ "Harry Wright". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  21. ^ "1881 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  22. ^ "1882 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  23. ^ "1883 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  24. ^ a b "The 1883 Providence Grays Regular Season Roster". Retrieved November 26, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "1883graysteam" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ "Charlton's Baseball Chronology - 1884". baseballlibrary.com. The Idea Logical Company, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  26. ^ Carter, Bob. "Clemens' 20 Ks in 1986 set MLB record". espn.go.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  27. ^ "Triple Crown Winners". baseball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  28. ^ "1884 National League Pitching Leaders". baseball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  29. ^ "1884 Final Standings". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  30. ^ "1884 World Series (3-0): Providence Grays (84-28) over New York Metropolitans (75-32)". baseball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  31. ^ "Charlton's Baseball Chronology - 1885". baseballlibrary.com. The Idea Logical Company, Inc. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  32. ^ "Wiman Andrus". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  33. ^ "1884 Providence Grays game log". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  34. ^ "Harry Arundel". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  35. ^ a b c "1885 Providence Grays team roster". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  36. ^ "Charlie Bassett". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  37. ^ "George Bradley". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  38. ^ "Lew Brown". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  39. ^ a b c "1884 Providence Grays team roster". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  40. ^ "Cliff Carroll". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  41. ^ "John Cassidy". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  42. ^ "John Cattanach". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  43. ^ "Ed Conley". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  44. ^ "Fred Corey". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  45. ^ "Ed Crane". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  46. ^ "Con Daily". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  47. ^ "Jerry Denny". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  48. ^ "Mike Dorgan". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  49. ^ "Jack Farell". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  50. ^ "1878 Providence Grays game log". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  51. ^ "Cherokee Fisher". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  52. ^ a b c "1885 Providence Grays game log". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  53. ^ "John Foley". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  54. ^ "Barney Gilligan". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  55. ^ "Emil Gross". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  56. ^ "Bill Hague". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  57. ^ "Charlie Hallstrom". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  58. ^ "The 1885 Providence Grays Regular Season Game Log". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  59. ^ "Players by birthplace: Sweden". baseball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  60. ^ "Tom Healey". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  61. ^ "Dick Higham". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  62. ^ "Mike Hines". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  63. ^ a b c "Providence Grays Career Leaders". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  64. ^ "Triple Crown Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  65. ^ "Sadie Houck". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  66. ^ "Arthur Irwin". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  67. ^ "Arthur Irwin, Shortstop". providencegrays.org. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  68. ^ "Rudy Kemmler". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  69. ^ "The 1885 Providence Grays Regular Season Game Log". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  70. ^ "Sam Kimber". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  71. ^ "Denny Lyons". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  72. ^ "Tim Manning". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  73. ^ "Bobby Mathews". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  74. ^ "Bill McClellan". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  75. ^ "Jim McCormick". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  76. ^ "Mike McGeary". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  77. ^ "Cyclone Miller". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  78. ^ "Joe Mulvey". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  79. ^ "Tim Murnane". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  80. ^ "The Forgotten Honor Rolls of the National Baseball Hall of Fame". sabr.org. Society For American Baseball Research. 01-09-2006. Retrieved November 12, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ "Miah Murray". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  82. ^ "Henry Myers". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  83. ^ "Sandy Nava". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  84. ^ Burgos, p. 38
  85. ^ "Tricky Nichols". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  86. ^ "Dan O'Leary". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  87. ^ "Jim O'Rourke". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  88. ^ "John Peters". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  89. ^ "Lip Pike". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  90. ^ "Charles Radbourn". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  91. ^ "Major League Single Season Leaders". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  92. ^ "Paul Radford". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  93. ^ "Charlie Reilley". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  94. ^ "Lee Richmond". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  95. ^ "Ed Seward". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  96. ^ "Dupee Shaw". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  97. ^ "Edgar Smith". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  98. ^ "Joe Start". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  99. ^ "Bill Stellberger". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  100. ^ "Denny Sullivan". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  101. ^ "Charlie Sweasy". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  102. ^ "Charlie Sweeney". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  103. ^ Nemec, Rules, p. 37
  104. ^ "Dasher Troy". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  105. ^ "Johnny Ward". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
  106. ^ "Harry Wheeler". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
  107. ^ "Art Whitney". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
  108. ^ "George Wright". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
  109. ^ "Tom York". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
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