Scarabaeidae

Scarabaeidae
Eupoecila australasiae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Superfamily:	Scarabaeoidea
Family:	Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802
subfamily
Acanthocerinae Aegialiinae Allidiostomatinae Aphodiinae Cetoniinae Dynastinae Dynamopodinae Euchirinae Melolonthinae Orphninae Pachypodinae Phaenomeridinae Phileurinae Rutelinae Scarabaeinae Trichiinae Valginae

The family Scarabaeidae as presently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. The species in this large family are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family is fairly unstable, with numerous competing theories, and new proposals appearing quite often. It is probable that many of the subfamilies listed here will no longer be recognized very much longer, as they will likely be reduced in status below subfamily rank, or elevated to family status (the latter is most likely, e.g., with the family "Melolonthidae" already appearing in some recent classifications). Other families have been removed recently, and are nearly universally accepted (e.g., Pleocomidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Ochodaeidae, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratidae)

Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colors, measuring between 2 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odors. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging.

The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are active during the day. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so are not exposed to sunlight. Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material. Others, such as the Japanese beetle are devastating agricultural pests.

In ancient Egypt, a dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer was revered as sacred. Some of the well-known beetles from the Scarabaeidae are Japanese beetles, dung beetles, June beetles, rose chafers (European and North American), rhinoceros beetles, Hercules beetles and Goliath beetles.

Several members of this family have shells which act as left-handed circular polarisers; this was the first-discovered example of circular polarization in nature.

Gallery

• 
  Liparetrus species; subfamily Melolonthinae
• 
  Onthophagus species; subfamily Scarabaeinae
• 
  Punctate Flower Chafers (Polystigma punctata) mating
• 
  Phyllotocus sp.
• 
  Melolonthinae sp.
• 
  Adult Japanese beetle, (Popillia japonica).
• 
  Male Hercules beetle, Dynastes hercules. (The green beetle in the background is a flower beetle, Eudicella gralli.)
• 
  Common June Beetle (Phyllophaga sp.) found in Michigan.
• 
  Used in 19th century amateur art (Bankfield Museum).
• 
  Ten-lined June beetle (Polyphylla decemlineata) found in the western United States.
• 
  Rear view of Pachnoda sinuata

See also

• Scarab artifact

External links

• Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons
• Flickr Images on Flickr
• Flickr Album Dedicared images.
• Taiwanese site Images Binomial Names
• Scarabidae breeding site Photos of various Cetonidae, Dynastidae, Euchiridae, Lucanidae and Trichinae]
• Rutelinae Image page.Click on a flag to return to the home page.
• Family SCARABAEIDAE
• Japanese Beetles Popillia japonica photos, description, natural history
• June Beetles, Family: Scarabaeidae - Diagnostic photographs
• Hairy Flower Chafer Beetle Trichiotinus piger reference photographs
• Brown Fruit Chafer Euphoria inda reference photographs
• Scarab Beetle Research, Databases, and Links from Scarab Central at University of Nebraska State Museum
• An electronic checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) (2005)
• Bibliography of literature published on scarab beetles since 1 January 2001 (worldwide coverage; through 2005)
• Checklist of the world Anoplognathini (2003)
• Dyscinetus morator, rice beetle on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Euphoria sepulcralis, a flower beetle on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Tomarus subtropicus, sugarcane grub on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• UNL Generic Guide to New World Scarabaeidae
• Heredity Scientific paper on scarab horns