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Tier 1 network

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A Tier 1 network is an IP network that participates in the Internet solely via Settlement Free Interconnection, also known as settlement free peering.

Definition

Although there is no authority which has defined the "tiers" of Internet networks, the most common definition is:

A network that can reach every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit or paying settlements.[1]

By this definition, a Tier 1 network is a transit-free network that does not pay settlements to any other network to reach any other portion of the Internet. Therefore, in order to be a Tier 1 network, a network must peer with every other Tier 1 network. But not all transit-free networks are Tier 1 networks. It is possible to become transit free by paying for peering or agreeing to settlements.

It is trivial[citation needed] to objectively prove (or disprove) a network is transit free[when defined as?]. The fourteen (14) networks listed below are thought to be the only transit free (as of July 2008).[original research?] The most widely quoted source is Renesys Corporation, but the base information to prove the claim is publicly accessible from many locations, such as the RIPE RIS database, the Oregon Route Views servers, the Packet Clearing House, and others.

It is impossible for an outside authority to confirm that a network is not paying settlements of any type because such business agreements are frequently not public information, or even covered under a Non-Disclosure Agreement. The information presented here is the best collective knowledge of the Internet peering community. There is little disagreement amongst the community itself, even though there is no quotable source for the information. For clarity, here we will define the "peering community" as the set of peering coordinators for networks which are present at Internet exchanges on at least two continents.

It is commonly believed[by whom?] that observing this definition strictly would result in every network being disqualified. For instance, many large telephone companies who are also Tier 1 networks buy, sell, or swap fiber amongst themselves. Even if it were possible to list every transaction, it is not possible to know if some of those transactions were required for or in payment of a peering connection.

As a result, the term Tier 1 network is used in the industry to mean a network with no overt settlements. An overt settlement would be a monetary charge for the amount, direction, or type of traffic sent between networks.

Common definitions of Tier 2 and Tier 3 networks:

  • Tier 2: A network that peers with some networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays settlements to reach at least some portion of the Internet.
  • Tier 3: A network that solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet.

History

The original Internet backbone was the ARPANET when it provided the routing between most participating networks. It was replaced in 1989 by the NSFNet backbone. The Internet could be defined as any network connected and able to interchange Internet Protocol datagrams with this backbone.

When the Internet was opened to the commercial markets and for-profit Internet backbone and access providers emerged, the network routing architecture was decentralized with new exterior routing protocols, in particular the Border Gateway Protocol. New Tier 1 ISPs and their peering agreements surplanted the government-sponsored NSFNet, a program that was officially terminated on April 30, 1995.

Currently, the Internet is best defined by the interconnections among the Tier 1 Internet service providers.[citation needed]

Routing issues

Because a Tier 1 does not have any alternate transit paths, Internet traffic between any two Tier 1 networks is critically dependent on the peering relationship. If two Tier 1 networks arrive at an impasse and discontinue peering with each other (usually in a unilateral decision by one side), single-homed customers of each network will not be able to reach the customers of other networks. This effectively partitions the Internet, so that traffic between certain parts of the Internet is interrupted, which has happened several times during the history of the Internet[citation needed]. Those portions of the Internet typically remain partitioned until one side purchases transit, or until the collective pain of the outage and/or threat of litigation motivates the two networks to resume voluntary peering.

Tier-2 (and lower) ISPs and their customers may be unaffected by these partitions because they can have redundant interconnections with more than one Tier-1 provider.

Marketing issues

Because there is no formal definition or authoritative body which determines who is and is not a Tier 1, the term is often misused as a marketing slogan rather than an accurate technical description of a network. Frequent misconceptions of the "tier hierarchy" include:

  • Tier 1 networks are closer to the "center" of the Internet.
    • In reality, Tier 1 networks usually have only a small number of peers (typically only other Tier 1s and very large Tier 2s), while Tier 2 networks are motivated to peer with many other Tier 2 and end-user networks. Thus a Tier 2 network with good peering is frequently much "closer" to most end users or content than a Tier 1.
  • Tier 1 networks by definition offer "better" quality Internet connectivity.
    • By definition, there are networks which Tier 1 networks have only one path to, and if they lose that path, they have no "backup transit" which would preserve their full connectivity.
    • Some Tier 2 networks are significantly larger than some Tier 1 networks, and are often able to provide more or better connectivity.
  • Tier 2 networks are "resellers" of Tier 1 networks.
    • Only Tier 3 networks (who provide Internet access) are true "resellers", while many large Tier 2 networks peer with the majority or even vast majority of the Internet directly except for a small portion of the Internet which is reached via a transit provider.

Because the "tier" ranking system is used in marketing and sales, a long-held though generally misguided view among customers is that they should "only purchase from a Tier 1". Because of this, many networks claim to be Tier 1 even though they are not, while honest networks may lose business to those who only wish to purchase from a Tier 1. The frequent misuse of the term has led to a corruption of the meaning, whereby almost every network claims to be a Tier 1 even though it is not. The issue is further complicated by the almost universal use of non-disclosure agreements among Tier 1 networks, which prevent the disclosure of details regarding their settlement-free interconnections.

Some of the incorrect measurements which are commonly cited include numbers of routers, route miles of fiber optic cable, or number of customers using a particular network. These are all valid ways to measure the size, scope, capacity, and importance of a network, but they have no direct relationship to Tier 1 status.

Another common area of debate is whether it is possible to become a Tier 1 through the purchase of "paid peering", or settlement-based interconnections, whereby a network "buys" the status of Tier 1 rather than achieving it through settlement-free means. While this may simulate the routing behaviors of a Tier 1 network, it does not simulate the financial or political peering motivations, and is thus considered by most Peering Coordinators to not be a true Tier 1 for most discussions.

Global issues

See also: Internet Exchange Point

A common point of contention among people discussing Tier 1 networks is the concept of a "regional Tier 1". A regional Tier 1 network is a network which is not transit free globally, but which maintains many of the classic behaviors and motivations of a Tier 1 network within a specific region.

A typical scenario for this behavior involves a network that was the incumbent telecommunications company in a specific country or region, usually tied to some level of government-supported monopoly. Within their specific countries or regions of origin, these networks maintain peering policies which mimic those of Tier 1 networks (such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network in that region). However, this network may then extend to another country, region, or continent outside of its core region of operations, where it may purchase transit or peer openly like a Tier 2 network.

A commonly cited example of these behaviors involves the incumbent carriers within Australia, who will not peer with new networks in Australia under any circumstances, but who will extend their networks to the United States and peer openly with many networks. Less extreme examples of much less restrictive peering requirements being set for regions in which a network peers, but does not sell services or have a significant market share, are relatively common among many networks, not just "regional Tier 1"s.

While the classification of "regional Tier 1" does hold some merit for understanding the peering motivations of such a network within different regions, these networks do not meet the requirements of a true global Tier 1 because they are not transit free globally.

List of Tier 1 networks

The following 10 networks are believed to be Tier 1 networks; they do not have overt settlements with any other network:

Name AS number September, 2007 degree[2][3] Peering policy
AT&T 7018 1382 AT&T Peering policy
Global Crossing (GBLX) 3549 499 Global Crossing Peering policy (2003)
Level 3 Communications (L3) 3356
TeliaSonera International Carrier 1299
NTT Communications (Verio) (as2914 was originally TLGnet ; merged in 1999 after assets were bought) 2914 254 NTT Communications Routing Policy and Procedures
Qwest 209 828 North America; International
Sprint 1239 880
Tata Communications (formerly Teleglobe) 6453 Netnod Peering policy requirements[dead link‍]
Verizon Business (formerly UUNET) 701 1452 Verizon UUNET Peering policy 701, 702, 703
Savvis 3561


Most Tier 1 networks are headquartered in the United States, except for Global Crossing, which is headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda, NTT which purchased the US network Verio to become a Tier 1 network and is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, and Tata Communications which is headquartered in Mumbai, India. NTT is partially owned by the Japanese government.

The following networks were Tier 1 networks and may still be, but there is some question in the community as to whether they are now paying settlements to one or more of their peers[citation needed]:

Name AS number September, 2007 degree[2][3] Peering policy
AOL Transit Data Network (ATDN) 1668 ATDN Peering Policy

Other major networks

The following networks are transit-free networks, even though they have settlement based or paid peering[citation needed] with one or more other networks:

Name AS Number September, 2007 degree[2][3] Settlement Peer
Cogent Communications 174 Sprint/as1239 and possibly Level 3 Communications (L3)/as3356
XO Communications 2828 Level 3 Communications (L3)/as3356
AboveNet 6461 Level 3 Communications (L3)/as3356

Due to the marketing considerations mentioned above, many people mistakenly believe that other networks are Tier 1 when they are not. Because of this, many online resources and forums incorrectly list several non-qualifying networks as Tier 1. Below is a list of some of these Tier 2 networks which are often listed as Tier 1, along with their upstream providers:

See also

References

  1. ^ "How the 'Net works: an introduction to peering and transit: Page 4". Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  2. ^ a b c CAIDA AS ranking
  3. ^ a b c Visualizing Internet Topology at a Macroscopic Scale April 2005
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