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Ephod

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For the iPod manager, see ephPod.
File:Ephod-2.jpg
The Ephod of the Jewish High Priest.

An ephod (Template:Pron-en or /ˈɛfɒd/) was an object in ancient Israelite culture, and was closely connected with oracular practices. In the Books of Samuel, David is described as wearing one when dancing in the presence of the Ark of the Covenant,[1] and one is described as standing in the sanctuary at Nob, with a sword behind it;[2] in the book of Exodus and in Leviticus one is described as being created for the Kohen Gadol (Jewish High Priest) to wear as part of his official vestments;[3] in the Book of Judges, Gideon and Micah each cast one from a metal, and Gideon's was worshipped.[4][5]

Within the Bible, in the contexts where it is worn, the Ephod is usually described as being linen, but did not constitute complete clothing of any kind, as the Books of Samuel describe Michal as taunting David for indecently exposing himself by wearing one.[6] Specifically, David is described as girding himself with an Ephod, but since girding is a term used in Biblical Hebrew only to describe binding something around the loins, and since when Samuel is described as girding himself with an ephod, his tunic is mentioned separately, it would appear to have been something like a loincloth, girdle, or swordbelt.[7] There appears to have been a strong religious and ceremonial implication to wearing an ephod, since the eighty-five priests at Nob are specifically identified as being the type of people who wore an ephod;[8] though the Masoretic text here describes them as being linen ephods,[9] the word linen is not present in the Septuagint version of the passage, nor is it present when the Septuagint describes David and Samuel as girding themselves with an ephod. Therefore, some textual scholars regard its presence in the Masoretic text as a later editorial gloss.[10]

A passage in the Book of Exodus describes the Ephod as an elaborate garment worn by the high priest, and upon which the Hoshen (breastplate), containing Urim and Thummim, rested. According to this description, the Ephod was woven out of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet threads, was made of fine linen, and was embroidered "with skillful work" in gold thread;[11] the Talmud argues that each of the textures was combined in six threads with a seventh of gold leaf, making twenty-eight threads to the texture in total.[12] The Biblical description continues without describing the shape or length of the ephod, except by stating that it was held together by a girdle, and had two shoulder straps which were fastened to the front of the ephod by golden rings, to which the breastplate was attached by golden chains;[13] from this description it appears to have been something like a minimalist apron or a skirt with braces,[14] though Rashi argued that it was like a woman's riding girdle.[15] The biblical description also adds that there were two engraved gems over the shoulder straps (like epaulettes), made from shoham (thought by scholars to mean Malachite,[16] by Jewish tradition to mean Heliodor,[17] and in the King James Version is translated as Onyx), and with the names of the twelve tribes written upon them; the classical rabbinical sources differ as to the order in which the tribes were named on the jewels.[18] Textual scholars attribute the description of the Ephod in Exodus to the priestly source and to a date later than the other mentions of Ephod;[19] biblical scholars believe that the Ephod may have evolved over time into this highly ceremonial form from more primitive beginnings (the simple linen form described in the Books of Samuel), much like the manner in which the highly liturgical maniple evolved from an ordinary handkerchief.[20]

Besides use as a garment, an Ephod was also used for oracular purposes, in conjunction with Urim and Thummim;[21] the books of Samuel imply that whenever Saul or David wished to question God via oracular methods, they asked a priest for the Ephod.[22] Since the oracular process is considered by scholars to have been one of cleromancy, with the Urim and Thummim being the objects which were drawn as lots, the Ephod is considered by scholars to have been some form of container for the Urim and Thummim;[23][24] to harmonise this with the descriptions of the Ephod as a garment, it is necessary to conclude that the Ephod must have originally been some sort of pocket, which the priests girded to themselves.[25][26] However, the biblical text states the Urim and Thummim were placed in the breastplate, not the ephod (Leviticus 8:8).

The object at Nob, which must have been somewhat freestanding since another object is kept behind it, and the objects made by Gideon and by Micah, from molten gold, logically cannot have just been garments.[27][28] The object made by Gideon is plainly described as having been worshipped, and therefore the idol of some deity (possibly of Yahweh), while the object made by Micah is closely associated with a Teraphim, and the Ephod and Teraphim are described interchangeably with the Hebrew terms pesel and massekah, meaning graven image, and molten image, respectively.[29][30] Even the ephods used for oracular purposes were not necessarily just pieces of cloth, as they are not described as being worn, but carried (though some translations render 1 Samuel 2:28 as wear an ephod rather than carry an ephod[31]); the Hebrew term used in these passages for carry is nasa, which specifically implies that the Ephod was carried either in the hand or on the shoulder.[32] The conclusion thus is that Ephod, in these cases, referred to a portable idol, which the lots were cast in front of;[33][34] some scholars have suggested that the connection between the idol and the garment is that the idol was originally clothed in a linen garment, and the term Ephod gradually came to describe the idol as a whole.[35]

According to the Talmud, the wearing of the ephod atoned for the sin of idolatry on the part of the Children of Israel.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ 2 Samuel 6:14
  2. ^ 1 Samuel 21:9
  3. ^ Exodus 28:4+, 29:5, 39:2+; Leviticus 8:7
  4. ^ Judges 8:26-27
  5. ^ Judges 17:5
  6. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  7. ^ ibid
  8. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  9. ^ 1 Samuel 22:18
  10. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  11. ^ Exodus 28:6–14
  12. ^ Yoma 71b
  13. ^ Exodus 28:6–14
  14. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  15. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  16. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Gems
  17. ^ ibid.
  18. ^ Sotah 36a
  19. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
  20. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  21. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Ephod
  22. ^ ibid
  23. ^ ibid
  24. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  25. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  26. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  27. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  28. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  29. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  30. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  31. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
  32. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  33. ^ Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
  34. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
  35. ^ ibid
  36. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Zevachim 88:B
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