Rubbing alcohol
Rubbing alcohol, USP / B.P. is a liquid prepared and used primarily for topical application. It is prepared from a special denatured alcohol solution and contains 97.5-100% by volume of pure, concentrated ethanol (ethyl alcohol)[1]. Individual manufacturers can use their own "formulation standards" in which the ethanol content usually ranges from 70-99% v/v.[2] In the UK the equivalent skin preparation is surgical spirit which is always based on an ethyl alcohol-methyl alcohol mixture.
The term "rubbing alcohol" has become a general non-specific term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) rubbing-alcohol products. The confusion comes from the greater popularity of isopropyl rubbing alcohol, and as a result, individuals requesting "rubbing alcohol" generally expect and get an isopropyl alcohol product.
Physical properties
Rubbing alcohol is a cellular, volatile, and flammable liquid. It is transparent, though it can be colored as desired. It has an extremely bitter taste from its additives and (in the absence of added odorous substances) a characteristic odor. The specific gravity of Formula 23-H is between 0.8691 and 0.8771 at 15.56°.[citation needed]
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, USP / B.P. contains 68-99% of isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) by volume, the remainder consisting of water, with or without color additives, suitable stabilizers, and perfume oils. Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized by the liver into acetone.[3] Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, and coma.[3]
Uses
Rubbing alcohol can be applied as a cooling, soothing application for bedridden patients and athletes. It is also widely used for cleansing surgeons' hands and instruments and for the disinfection of skin prior to penetration by a hypodermic needle. As an antiseptic it is good against vegetative bacteria and fair against fungi and viruses, but is ineffective against spores. Welders also use rubbing alcohol to clean welding surfaces before welding. This removes all oils and impurities on the surface. They use rubbing alcohol to replace brake cleaner, which causes phosgene gas to form when vaporized.[4] It is widely believed that 99% ethanol provides the greatest reduction in bacterial count; however, this is incorrect as there does not appear to be significant differences beyond a 60% concentration[2] Rubbing alcohol is also a feeble anesthetic and a mild counterirritant. It is not drinkable, although people have been known to attempt ingestion.[3]
Rubbing alcohol is recognized as a rubefacient because it evaporates quickly and is used to cool and soothe skin. It is, however, more widely used as an antiseptic for sterilizing surfaces or cleaning minor cuts or abrasions.[2]
Isopropyl rubbing alcohol can also be supplied in a 99% concentration. This product can also be used to harden skin, such as in the case of the feet of novice hikers, or the fingertips of guitarists. Care should always be taken, and the label should be read carefully.[5]
- It is unsuited as a fuel in alcohol stoves because of the relatively low vapor pressure of isopropyl alcohol, and because the water content will vaporize to steam creating excessive pressure in the stove.[6]
- In the UK the equivalent skin preparation is surgical spirit which is always based on an ethyl alcohol-methyl alcohol mixture, and which often has the addition of small quantities of iodoform as a topical bactericide. [citation needed]
- A typical modern composition for Surgical Spirit BP is: ethanol, methanol, water, castor oil, methyl salicylate, diethyl phthalate. It has a strong smell of wintergreen due to the presence of the methyl salicylate.[citation needed]
- Rubbing alcohol can also be used as a remedy for fluid spills over laptop keyboards.[citation needed] The keyboard is submerged in an isopropyl alcohol bath, which shifts any water trapped in the keyboard, then it is left to dry — the isopropanol should evaporate relatively quickly. However, as rubbing alcohol can leave a residue behind that can affect keystrokes, contact cleaner is preferable if available.[citation needed]
- Also in computing, Isopropyl rubbing alcohol can be used to remove thermal grease from heatsinks and computer components. [citation needed]
- Rubbing alcohol also is effective at removing hot glue from non-porous surfaces. [citation needed]
- Marijuana tar residue ("resin") dissolves in alcohol, and rubbing alcohol is commonly used to clean smoking paraphernalia.
- It can be used to press eyeshadow pigments such as MAC pigments into solid pan form, this makes them easier to use and transport.
Legislation
In the United States, rubbing alcohol, USP and all preparations coming under the classification of Rubbing Alcohols must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the US Treasury Department, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, using Formula 23-H (8 parts by volume of acetone, 1.5 parts by volume of methyl isobutyl ketone, and 100 parts by volume of ethyl alcohol). It contains 97.5-100% by volume of absolute ethyl alcohol, the rest consists of water and the denaturants, with or without color additives, and perfume oils. Rubbing Alcohol contains in each 100 mL not less than 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate or not less than 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate. The preparation may be colored with one or more color additives. A suitable stabilizer may also be added.[7]
Warnings
Product labels for rubbing alcohol include a number of warnings about the chemical, including the flammability hazards and its intended use only as a topical antiseptic and not for internal wounds or consumption. It should be used in a well-ventilated area due to inhalation hazards. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or consumption of rubbing alcohol.[8][9]
References
- ^ See Industrial Alcohol In Washington State, "Rubbing Alcohol is a cooling and soothing liquid for external application that contains approximately 99 percent denatured ethyl alcohol or isopropanol."
- ^ a b c Wilson, Charles. "8". Wilson and Gisvold's textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (11 ed.). p. 219.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Levine, Michael D (August 27, 2008). "Toxicity, Alcohols". Retrieved 2009-08-20.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Common Cleaners Can Turn Into Poison Gas". August 2009.
{{cite web}}: Text "American Iron Magazine" ignored (help) - ^ "Painful Guitar Calluses — Solutions and Information". January 6, 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- ^ Jurey, Mark. "Stove Instructions". Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- ^ Expert Committee:(PA2)Pharmaceutical Analysis 2, USP28–NF23 Page 62, Pharmacopeial Forum:Volume No.27(3)Page 2507 [1]
- ^ DeBellonia RR, Marcus S, Shih R, Kashani J, Rella JG, Ruck B (2008). "Curanderismo: consequences of folk medicine". Pediatr Emerg Care. 24 (4): 228–9. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31816b7a92. PMID 18418260.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Trullas JC, Aguilo S, Castro P, Nogue S (2004). "Life-threatening isopropyl alcohol intoxication: is hemodialysis really necessary?". Vet Hum Toxicol. 46 (5): 282–4. PMID 15487656.
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