Football (ball)
A football is a ball used to play one of the various sports known as football. In the past, crude balls made of materials such as inflated pigs' bladders were used. Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications. Various leagues and games use different balls, though they all have one of the following basic shapes:
- a sphere: used in Association football (also called soccer in some countries) and Gaelic football
- a prolate spheroid ('egg-shaped')
- either with rounded ends: used in rugby league football, rugby union football and Australian football
- or with more pointed ends: used in American football and Canadian football
The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules and regulations.
Association football
Dimensions
Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of 68–70 cm (27–28 in), a weight 410–450 g (14–16 oz), inflated to a pressure of 0.6–1.1 at (59–108 kPa 8.5–15.6 psi) "at sea level", and covered in leather or "other suitable material".[1] The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight, as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. The standard ball is a Size 5, although smaller sizes exist: Size 3 is standard for team handball and Size 4 in futsal and other small-field variants. Other sizes are used in underage games or as novelty items.
- Size 1
- These mini-balls are only used for promotional purposes. They are normally made of synthetic material, built up in 32 panels, and they do not exceed 17 inches in circumference.
- Size 2
- This size ball is sometimes used in promotional tournaments and during trainings for children. It is the same size ball used for playing by children under 4. The size 2 soccer ball is made of synthetic material, plastic or PVC and it is not bigger than 22 inches or heavier than 10 oz. It is the perfect size ball for practicing drills and for improving one's handling skills.
- Size 3
- The size 3 soccer balls are used by players under 8 because the balls are light (they do not weigh more than 12 ounces) and fairly small (24 inches in circumference). They are usually made of 32 stitched or glued panels of synthetic materials or PVC. This is also the official size of balls used in handball.
- Size 4
- The size 4 balls are the standard balls for futsal but they may also be used in practices by players between 8 and 12 years old. They are spherical, weighing no more than 13 oz and with a maximum circumference of 26 inches. They are normally made of leather or suitable materials.
- Size 5
- This is the standard ball size used in official FIFA championships all over the world. It is also the most widely used size of ball by players 12 years old or older. A size 5 soccer ball could also be made from polyurethane. It is a less soft material that still retains a good feel and is much more durable. This material is a type of plastic, so it can increase the life of the ball dramatically. [2]
Association football ball size history
The modern history of the official soccer ball begins in the mid 1800s when Charles Goodyear designed and built the first vulcanized rubber soccer balls. [3] Soon after that, in 1863, the first rules of soccer were established by the English Football Association but there was no description on the ball size until 1872 when it was decided that the ball "must be spherical with a circumference of 27 to 28 inches" (68.6 cm to 71.1 cm). This rule still applies for the football official matches played today all over the world. The early rules specified a weight of 13 to 15 oz which was however changed in 1937 to the current accepted weight, 14-16 oz. At the same time, the association agreed that the official soccer ball must be covered in leather or any approved material.
A direct consequence of establishing the laws of the game by the English Football Association was the mass production of soccer balls. The first two companies that started producing football balls in larger quantities were Mitre and Thomlinson from Glasgow. They produced balls made of leather because they wanted to produce good quality soccer balls that will retain their form after use. On the other hand, they preferred stitching the panels since that means better quality and better and longer resistance in what the ball concerns. The best covers which resulted in very expensive soccer balls were the ones made from the rump of a cow. By the 1900s, the official balls were produced with rubber bladders which were able to withstand heavier pressure. [4]
Until the 1950s the official balls used during football matches had dark colors due to the color of the leather. In 1951 a white ball was first permitted to help spectators see the ball easier with the advent of floodlights. Even if they were used earlier in unofficial games, the official soccer balls were permitted only in the mid 1900s.
Construction
Most modern footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic: 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons. The 32-panel configuration is the spherical polyhedron corresponding to the truncated icosahedron; it is spherical because the faces bulge due to the pressure of the air inside. The first 32-panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark. This configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s, and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar, the official ball of the 1970 World Cup.
The familiar 32-panel soccer ball design is sometimes referenced to describe the truncated icosahedron Archimedean solid, carbon buckyballs or the root structure of geodesic domes.
Balls are usually stitched from non-waterproof plastic, similar to the design of the modern volleyballs and Gaelic footballs, and laced to allow access to the internal air bladder.
The official FIFA World Cup football for Germany 2006 matches was the 14-panel Adidas +Teamgeist. It was made in Thailand by Adidas, who have provided the official match balls for the tournament since 1970, and is a "thermally bonded" machine-pressed ball, rather than a traditionally stitched one. Adidas will continue to supply the official football for the 2010 and 2014 World Cups.[5] In 2010, the ball's design received criticism, with former Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson describing it as a "beach ball" responsible for a rise in errors by goalkeepers.[6]
Another ball with an innovative pattern is the 26-panel Mitre PRO 100T.
There are also indoor footballs, which are made of one or two pieces of plastic. Often these have designs printed on them to resemble a stitched leather ball.
Oldest
The oldest discovered football, thought to date back to 1540, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle in 1981 [7] and is made of leather (possibly deer [8])and pig's bladder. It has a diameter of between 14-16cm, weighs 125 grams and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum [9] in Stirling, Scotland.
Chip-enabled ball
The Chip-enabled football is a football which was invented by Adidas, the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated circuits in Erlangen and the company Cairos Technologies. The ball contains an integrated ASIC-Chip and a transmitter for the transfer of data.[10] The chip is suspended in the middle of the soccer ball and sends a signal to a receiver at the referees wrist once the ball passed the outer goal-line.
The first tests were performed in Nürnberg. The stadium is equipped with twelve antennas in light masts and other locations distributed around the arena which collect data that is transmitted from the chip. The antennas are connected to a fiber optic cable which routes the data to servers in order to analyze them. The system was first used during the FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru.
Child labour
About 80% of association footballs are made in Pakistan. 75% of these (60% of all world production)[11] are made in the city of Sialkot. Child labour was commonly used in the production of the balls. In 1996, during the European championship, activists lobbied to end the use of child labour. This eventually led to the Atlanta Agreement, which seeks to reform the industry to eliminate the use of child labour in the production of balls.[12] This also led to a centralisation of production, which on the one hand would make it easier for the Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labour (IMAC[13]) - an organization created to watch over the Atlanta Agreement - to make sure no child labour occurred, on the other hand often forced workers to commute further to get to work. According to the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the problem of eliminating the use of child labour is extremely complex, and that FIFA itself has neither "the experience nor the means to eradicate this wide-reaching problem on its own.".[14]
American and Canadian football
In North America, the term football refers to a ball used to play American football or Canadian football (both of which developed from Rugby football). It is also referred to as a "pigskin", because of their early use of pig's bladder to cover the ball (see Medieval football).
Nearly a prolate spheroid, the ball is slightly pointed at the ends, unlike the more elliptical rugby ball. The purpose of this design is to make the ball the most efficient shape to facilitate the forward pass. The Canadian football is slightly less prolate than the American ball and has a closer resemblance to a rugby ball.
The ball is about 11 inches (28 centimetres) long and about 22 inches (56 centimetres) in circumference at the center. American and Canadian footballs have different size standards, but those standards do overlap, making it possible for one ball to be used in either sport. The exterior of the ball is made of leather, which is required in professional and collegiate football. Footballs used in recreation, and in organized youth football, may be made of rubber or plastic materials (the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather).
Leather panels are usually tanned to a natural brown color, which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play. At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a "tacky" grip in dry or wet conditions. Historically, white footballs have been used in football games played at night so that the ball can be seen easier; however, this practice is no longer commonplace, as artificial lighting conditions have improved to the point where they are no longer necessary. At most levels of play (but not, notably, the NFL), white stripes are painted on each end of the ball, halfway around the circumference, to improve nighttime visibility. (The UFL uses a ball with lime-green stripes.) The XFL used a novel color pattern, a black ball with red curved lines in lieu of stripes, for its footballs; this design was redone in a brown color scheme for the Arena Football League in 2003.
The leather is usually stamped with a pebble-grain texture to help players grip the ball. Some or all of the panels may be stamped with the manufacturer's name, league or conference logos, signatures, and other markings.
Four panels or pieces of leather or plastic are required for each football. After a series of quality control inspections for weight and blemishes, workers begin the actual manufacturing process.
Two of the panels are perforated along adjoining edges, so that they can be laced together. One of these lacing panels receives an additional perforation and reinforcements in its center, to hold the inflation valve.
Each panel is attached to an interior lining. The four panels are then stitched together in an "inside-out" manner. The edges with the lacing holes, however, are not stitched together. The ball is then turned right side out by pushing the panels through the lacing hole.
A polyurethane or rubber lining called a bladder is then inserted through the lacing hole.
Polyvinyl chloride or leather laces are inserted through the perforations, to provide a grip for holding, hiking and passing the football.
Before play, the ball is inflated to an air pressure of 12.5–13.5 psi (86–93 kPa). The ball weighs 14–15 ounces (397–425 g).
According to NFL.com:[16] The home club shall have 36 balls for outdoor games and 24 for indoor games available for testing with a pressure gauge by the referee two hours prior to the starting time of the game to meet with League requirements. Twelve (12) new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the manufacturer, will be opened in the officials’ locker room two hours prior to the starting time of the game. These balls are to be specially marked with the letter "K" and used exclusively for the kicking game.
Rugby football
Richard Lindon and William Gilbert started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs’ bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig’s bladder though early balls were more plum shaped than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig’s bladder was.[17]
Until 1870, rugby was played with a spherical ball with an inner-tube made of a pig's bladder. In 1870 Richard Lindon introduced rubber inner-tubes and because of the pliability of rubber the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg. In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape. The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years.[18]
The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls, in both rugby codes, was originally governed by weather conditions. If the playing surface was heavy, the synthetic ball was used, as it didn't absorb water and become heavy. Eventually, the leather balls were phased out completely.
Rugby league
Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air.[19] A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape.[19] Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. Senior competitions should use light coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily.[19] The football used in rugby league is known as "international size" or "size 5" and is approximately 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference at its widest point. Smaller-sized balls are used for junior versions of the game, such as "Mini" and "Mod". A full size ball weighs between 383 and 440 grams. Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs.
The Australasian National Rugby League and European Super League use balls made by Steeden. Steeden is also sometimes used as a noun to describe the ball itself.
Rugby union
The ball used in rugby union, usually referred to as a rugby ball, is a prolate spheroid essentially elliptical in profile. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are manufactured in a variety of colors and patterns. A regulation football is 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long and 58–62 cm (23–24 in) in circumference at its widest point. It weighs 410–460 grams (14.5–16.2 ounces) and is inflated to 65.71–68.75 kPa (or 9.5–10 psi).[20]
In 1980, leather-encased balls, which were prone to water-logging, were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials.[18] The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
Australian rules football
The football used in Australian football is similar to a rugby ball but generally slightly smaller and more rounded. A regulation football is 720–730 mm (28–29 in) in circumference, and 545–555 mm (21.5–21.9 in) transverse circumference, and inflated to a pressure of 62–76 kPa (9.0–11.0 psi). In the AFL, the balls are red for day matches and yellow for night matches
Brands of AFL footballs include Burley, Ross Faulkner, and Sherrin, the brand used mainly by The Australian Football League.
The Australian rules ball was invented by T.W. Sherrin in 1880, after he was given a misshapen rugby ball to fix. Sherrin designed the ball with indented rather than pointy ends to give the ball a better bounce. Before this time,a round ball was used from the 1850s to 1870s and later rugby balls were used to play the game.
Gaelic football
Gaelic football is played with a spherical leather ball, roughly 10 in (25 cm) in diameter and 27 to 29 in (69 to 74 cm) in circumference.[21] A dry ball weighs between 370 and 425 grams (13 to 15 oz). The pattern of panels is identical to the volleyball, consisting of six groups perpendicular to each other, each group being composed of two trapezoidal panels and one rectangular panel; 18 panels in all.
Gaelic footballs are also the standard balls used in International rules football.
Although Gaelic football has been played with a round ball since first organised in 1887, balls made by the Irish sports company O'Neills have been used sometime since the company was founded in 1918 and are recognised as the official ball to be played with, although it is now permitted to use the Gaelic ball manufactured by the Irish sports company Gaelic Gear.[22]
Footnotes
- ^ FIFA: Laws of the Game
- ^ Soccer ball sizes: Size 5 soccer ball Retrieved on February 22, 2010
- ^ The History of the Soccer Ball: Early Ball History Soccer Ball World. Retrieved on 2010-02-22
- ^ Soccer ball history Epic sports soccer. 2010-02-22
- ^ "Personalized Match Ball for every game of FIFA World Cup". Adidas. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
- ^ Allen, Andrew (23 June 2010). "Sport.co.uk meets...Bob Wilson". sport.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ http://www.homecomingscotland2009.com/whats-on/oldest_football.html
- ^ "Oldest football to take cup trip". BBC News. 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ http://www.smithartgallery.demon.co.uk/collections.html
- ^ FIFA boots chip ball from 2006 soccer World Cup
- ^ Balls and Chains by Uwe Buse
- ^ Atlanta Agreement
- ^ official website of IMAC
- ^ FIFA page on Child Labour
- ^ Cochems, Eddie, "The Forward Pass and On-Side Kick", Spalding's How to Play Foot Ball, American Sports Publishing, Walter Camp, Editor, Revised 1907 edition
- ^ Official Site of the National Football League
- ^ Simon Hawkesley. Official Richard Lindon Site. Retrieved 7 August 2008
- ^ a b Blood, mud and aftershave in The Observer Sunday February 5, 2006, Section B is for Ball by Oliver Price
- ^ a b c RLIF (2004). "Section 3: The ball" (PDF). The International Laws of the Game and Notes on the Laws. Rugby League International Federation. p. 8. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ Rugby Union: Law 2 - The ball
- ^ http://www.iafc.com.au/intlrule.html
- ^ http://www.salthillknocknacarragaa.ie/football.html
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Bibliography
- Angela Royston, 2005. How Is a Soccer Ball Made? Heinemann. ISBN 1-4034-6642-4.