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Floyd Rose

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Floyd Rose Original

Floyd Rose is the organization that licenses, distributes and manufactures the Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo invented by Floyd D. Rose. Floyd Rose owns the patents on the design, and licenses these patents to several original equipment manufacturers.

The Floyd Rose system consists of:

  • A lock at the nut of the guitar, which prevents the tuning heads from being used and holds the strings taut
  • A "floating bridge", where the other ends of the strings are also vise-locked, hence, "double-locking"

The locking system helps to keep the strings in tune while the strings are slackened to a degree which was not achieved with older tremolo systems, such as those found on Fender Stratocaster, allowing dive bombs, a rapid lowering of the pitch of a note. Since the tuning heads are ineffectual with the lock in place, the Floyd Rose bridge has heads for fine tuning; the guitar is tuned before the lock is put on, then fine tuned afterwards. Each guitar incorporated with a Floyd Rose tremolo system has springs put in the back of the hardware which create balanced forces with the strings, thus keeping the tremolo in a "floating" state.

History

Floyd D. Rose, an accomplished machinist working on jewel inlays, moved from Durango, Colorado to Reno, Nevada in 1964. He was also an amateur guitarist, playing in local bands like Q5. Rose's influences included Ritchie Blackmore and Jimi Hendrix, so he favored an aggressive playing style with lots of use of the tremolo bar. In late 1970s, his dissatisfaction with regular Fender tremolo bridges led him to apply his engineering skills to design a new type of tremolo bridge. The first prototypes were installed on his own Gibson Les Paul guitar.[1]

Renting the necessary equipment, Rose made several other prototypes and showed one of them to Randy Hansen. Hansen was very impressed with the stability of guitar tuning made possible by this new bridge. Slowly, popularity of the new Floyd Rose tremolo started to grow. Rose received an increasing number of orders for his invention: soon he bought his own manufacturing equipment and started commercial production in his basement. Guitar Player magazine published a review of the new bridge and even more guitarists become interested. On January 3, 1977, Rose filed his first US patent application, which was issued almost 3 years later on October 23, 1979.

Around that time, Rose made the acquaintance of emerging guitar virtuoso Eddie Van Halen, who also liked the design of the new tremolo and was an early endorser and promoter for it. Between 1978 and 1980, the Floyd Rose became the tremolo of choice for such guitarists as Brad Gillis and Steve Vai.[2]

Around 1982, Rose cemented an agreement with Kramer Guitars, whereby Kramer became the exclusive distributor of Floyd Rose Locking Tremolos, even those that were not yet attached to guitars.[3] The agreement stipulated that Rose would be paid a royalty for every unit sold. Kramer saw great potential in the new double-locking tremolo, and following the endorsement of Eddie Van Halen, they dropped the earlier Rockinger Tremolo in favor of the new Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo between June 1982 and January 1983.[4]

In 1982, Rose and Kramer engineers came up with the first major improvement to the original bridge: a set of fine tuners that allowed tuning of the guitar without unlocking the top lock. The enhancement quickly became the standard for all Floyd Rose tremolos, and by late 1982 Kramer was using them on majority of its tremolo-enabled guitars.[2]

A rising popularity of heavy metal music gave birth to a guitar design called superstrat — a common name given to guitars that resemble Fender Stratocaster design with several important modifications. A floating point tremolo, such as Floyd Rose, has become an essential feature in superstrats. Kramer quickly became a major player on superstrat market — its share was rapidly growing due to huge demand for superstrats with Floyd Rose tremolos, and in late 1984, other tremolo options (such as ESP Flicker and Fender-like tremolo) were dropped from Kramer's list and Floyd Rose became a solitary tremolo of choice.[2]

Further development continued. After development by Gary Kahler of the world-famous Kalher tremolo following a law suit between Kahler and Rose/Kramer, Rose presented in 1989 a new low-profile version named "Floyd Rose Pro" that was developed for ProAxe guitars and a few of the Hundred Series models at Kramer.[2] However, heavy metal and superstrat popularity was rapidly declining, and Kramer eventually defaulted on the agreement, which resulted in a lawsuit between the two parties.

In January 1991, Fender announced that they would be the new exclusive distributor of Floyd Rose products. While Fender used Floyd Rose-licensed tremolo systems previously, this move allowed Fender to offer a few models with the original Floyd Rose tremolo, such as Richie Sambora Signature Strat in 1991, Floyd Rose Classic Stratocaster in 1992 and Set-Neck Floyd Rose Strat in 1993.[5] Floyd Rose collaborated with Fender to design a Fender Deluxe Locking Tremolo, introduced in 1991 on the Strat Plus Deluxe, the USA Contemporary Stratocaster and the Strat Ultra. Fender used the Floyd Rose-designed locking tremolo system on certain humbucker-equipped American Deluxe and Showmaster models until 2007.[6]

In 2005, distribution of the Floyd Rose Original reverted to Floyd Rose whereas the patented designs were licensed to other manufacturers to use.

Principles

The basic principles of the action of a double-locking floating bridge are shown. Its proportions are exaggerated to demonstrate the effect.

Position I illustrates the normal position of an ideally tuned Floyd Rose bridge. The bridge (green) balances on a pivot point, being pulled counter-clockwise by the strings' (red) tension and clockwise by one or several (usually up to five) springs (light blue). Controlled by special tuning screws (sky blue), these two forces are balanced such that the bridge's surface is parallel to the guitar body (olive). The strings are locked tightly with a special mechanism at the nut (also green, as it is a part of the Floyd Rose system) as well as at the bridge, hence "double-locking".

Position II illustrates the position of the bridge when the tremolo arm is pushed down towards the guitar body. The bridge rotates around a pivot point counter-clockwise and the tension in each string decreases, lowering the pitch of each string. The sound of any notes being played becomes flat.

Position III illustrates the position of the bridge when the tremolo arm is pulled up away from the guitar body. The bridge rotates clockwise, tension in the strings increases, the pitch of the sound increases and so notes sound sharper than normal.

Note that when using the tremolo string action is affected, and this can cause the strings to unintentionally touch the frets and create unwanted sounds on instruments set up with extremely low action and heavily recessed tremolo installations.

Advantages

  • You can achieve a very wide range of pitch changes, both up and down.
  • You can create many dramatic sound effects such as dive bombs and dime-squeels, wild artificial harmonics, flutter, engine's roar, etc.
  • Due to the double-locking design, tuning remains stable after even extensive playing, bending and use of the tremolo. Under normal circumstances, correction of tuning during a performance is not required. Floyd Rose's tuning stability is the primary factor for its worldwide popularity.
  • String breakage is reduced substantially because (1) the strings are fully locked inside the bridge saddles without the windings and ball ends; (2) the strings don't rub against any friction point; and (3) the strings are fully set on a straight line - without passing through any angle on the bridge.
  • If a string breaks, you can reuse it by unwinding some of it and reinserting/locking it inside the saddle (but see below).
  • Sustain is increased because the internal block - also called sustain block - resonates longer than a guitar's wood.

Disadvantages

  • A string breakage changes the tension on the floating bridge, causing the remaining strings to go out of tune. When performing live, and depending in the song, this requires great technical skill to correct while playing (by keeping the tremolo arm depressed) and usually limits the guitarist severely until he has the time to change to a replacement instrument or quickly reinsert the string. This generally makes having at least one reserve guitar necessary for playing live.
  • Tuning a Floyd Rose equipped instrument takes a bit longer than tuning a fixed bridge one, because the floating design makes fine-tuning of each string necessary after the normal pitch tuning is complete.
  • Because of the moving parts, wear and tear might make repair or replacement necessary after certain years of use, depending on playing style.
  • When bending a string, the rest of the strings go slightly out of tune. This is particularly a problem when doing double stop style two string bends.

The Floyd Rose SpeedLoader, released in 2003, addresses some disadvantages of the original design, at the expense of requiring specially-made strings. Other tremolo designs, such as the Kahler, attempt to correct some of the disadvantages while maintaining a similar sound range, yet has some disadvantages of its own.

Models and varieties

Floyd Rose Pro
Licensed Ibanez Floyd Rose variant
Floyd Rose SpeedLoader
  • Floyd Rose Original is the oldest model still in production. Since 1977, production models bearing this name are mostly the same as the first model, with only minor changes. Note that the name "Floyd Rose Original" is used to differentiate this system from "Floyd Rose Licensed". The first Original Floyds were double locking but did not have fine tuners, requiring the nut to be unclamped any time minute string tuning changes needed to be made.
  • Floyd Rose II is a lower end version of the Original Floyd used mostly on import and mid-range instruments. Originally, Floyd IIs were single locking, locking only at the nut. Later versions were made double locking, but used weaker materials than the Original Floyd Rose, making them less dependable.
  • Floyd Rose Licensed are made by other manufacturers that have purchased a license from Floyd Rose. These model generally follow the designs of the Floyd Rose Original, but tend to deviate slightly from the original for the manufacturing process to be more cost-efficient. Most licensed companies use the same design that makes their parts inter-changeable between any two licensed tremolos, but not the Floyd Rose Original. The bridges of such systems are clearly engraved "Licensed under Floyd Rose Patents" and Floyd Rose does not offer any customer support for them. Construction quality of Floyd Rose Licensed tremolos range from being sub-par to excellent generally reflected by the price of the product purchased after market or the guitar it is constructed into. Two well-known manufacturers of Floyd Rose Licensed tremolos are Schaller and Gotoh.
    • Yamaha Finger Clamp is a variety of Floyd Rose that have built in levers, and thus when tuning, no allen keys are needed.
  • Floyd Rose Derived In order to reduce licensing cost from Floyd Rose, some manufacturers further improve their double locking trems that, despite being double locking, are no longer considered a licensed product, but are distinct relatives derived from it.
    • Ibanez Edge is Ibanez's Floyd Rose variant. There are 6 versions: Edge, LoPro Edge, EdgePro, EdgePro-II, Edge-III, EdgeZero.
    • Ibanez Zero Resistance is another of Ibanez's Floyd Rose variant. It uses a ball-bearing mechanic instead of knife-edge as the joint, which gives the tremolo more consistency after use, and a stop-bar to help the guitar stay in tune, even with heavy abuse of the tremolo or string break.
    • Ibanez Fixed Edge. While it still uses the locking nut and locking bridge, it was mounted on top of the body, and was used not as a tremolo system, but to provide even more tuning stability on a hardtailed guitar (they can go out of tune during bending, with fingers)
  • Fender Deluxe Locking Tremolo. A specially designed system that was made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation in 1991 in conjunction with Floyd Rose himself, utilizing locking tuners, a modified Fender 2-point synchronized tremolo with locking bridge saddles and a special low-friction LSR Roller Nut which allows strings to slide during tremolo use. This is a double locking system, except the other locking point is at the tuner instead of nut. Its main advantage is the unneeded requirement to perform any major alteration on a solid-body electric guitar, due notably to its similarity (in size and feel) to a normal Fender 2-point tremolo system. Fender discontinued this product in 2007.
  • Floyd Rose 7-String is a redesign of Floyd Rose Original for 7-string guitars. The design and working principles are otherwise the same.
  • Floyd Rose Pro is a low-profile version of Floyd Rose Original. The bridge and arm design is changed in such a way that the guitarist's hand will be generally closer to the strings while holding the tremolo arm. The bridge has a narrower string spacing (0.400 inches or 10.16 mm in this design versus 0.420 inches or 10.66 mm of the Floyd Rose Original). Fine tuners are slightly angled for more comfortable play.
  • Floyd Rose SpeedLoader Tremolo (see pic) is a redesign introduced around 2003 that combines Floyd Rose Original with the SpeedLoader system to produce a new design that overcame many disadvantages of the original Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo design, but required special strings.

Parts

Floyd Rose Pro: disassembled, parts numbered

Floyd Rose tremolos are known for their excellent serviceability: the mechanism is well-documented and spare parts can be purchased directly from manufacturer or via dealers. Usually, Floyd Rose device (as Floyd Rose Pro Tremolo on the image) consists of these parts:

  1. Saddle — A metal box the string is locked into. There is one saddle for each string, hence six for the standard 6-string guitars, and seven for 7-string guitars. Each saddle contains a long screw that fixes the string holder block inside it. An Allen wrench is required to loosen or tighten these.
  2. String Holder Block or Saddle Block — A cube-shaped metal block that presses the string end into the saddle wall thus locking it tight.
  3. Intonation Screws — Screws that hold saddles on the base plate; when loose, the saddles can be moved forward and backward, effectively changing intonation of a string. An Allen wrench is required to loosen or tighten these.
  4. Fine Tuners — Screws that are used to fine-tune strings instead of the machine heads which cannot be used after the nut has locked the strings at the neck. It can be rotated with bare hands.
  5. Tremolo Arm — The most visible part of mechanism, a handle that can be used to change played notes pitch up and down during play.
  6. Nut — A string clamp, installed as the "zero fret" at the neck. It has screws and braces called "locks" to clamp on the strings that run through it. An Allen wrench is required to loosen or tighten the nut.
  7. String Retainer — A metal bar installed at headstock to retain strings that go to the machine heads.
  8. Springs — Springs that pull the bridge downward around the pivot point, balancing the string tension. They are installed into a cavity that is usually accessible from behind the guitar body and is hidden under plastic cover. There are usually 3 springs. However, to change the resistance of arm to more comfortable one, some guitarists may use anything from 1 to 5 springs.
  9. Spring Claw Hook — A connector between the guitar body and springs. It has special "claws" to attach the springs to. This part is usually mounted to the guitar body using long screws that can be adjusted to change the tension of springs and thus re-balance the whole tremolo system.
  10. Allen wrenches — Three sizes are usually supplied with the tremolo. The smallest is used for intonation screws; the mid-sized wrench is used for fixing screws on saddle blocks and the largest is for nut screws. Floyd Rose Licensed systems usually supplies and uses only two sizes of wrenches as their variation uses the same size for the screws on the saddle blocks and nut. However, on some models only need the first two, as the bridge and nut screws are the same size.

Setting up

To remove a string, one must first unlock it at the nut with an allen wrench, loosen the string, unlock it at the bridge with an allen wrench, and then remove the string. To install a new string, you must cut the ball end off, then reverse the process of removing a string, or you must insert the string backwards with the ball end against the tuning peg.

If the locking nut isn't loosened first, the string will break if the tuning peg is tightened just slightly. A break such as this would occur between the locking nut and the tuning peg. However, the string will still be unbroken between the locking nut and the bridge, as the locking nut will hold it in place. Guitarists who are used to non-Floyd Rose guitars have a habit of breaking strings this way when they forget to loosen the locking nuts first to retune their instrument.

Some models, such as Yamaha's Floyd Rose license, include build-in cranks that operate the clamps, and thus need fewer allen keys, while others, such as Fender's Deluxe Locking Tremolo, is basically "normal" floating tremolo and tuners, but each with locking mechanism, and incorporate friction free (roller base) nuts.

With the newer Edge Pros on certain Ibanez guitars, such as the JEM and JS and RG series, it is not necessary to cut the ball ends. They are equipped with a top sliding string block that you loosen with an allen key to allow insertion of the string from the top. This improves string life and tuning and speed of string change. However, to attain high pull-ups, you must solder the string windings to prevent strings from breaking at the ball end.

Alex Lifeson of Rush playing a Gibson Les Paul with a Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo

The Floyd Rose tremolo rose to popularity in the early 1980s. Many popular artists quickly adopted the device, making it difficult to measure how much each individual artist contributed to that popularity. Most sources consider Eddie Van Halen to be a pioneer of Floyd Rose usage[7]. Other players frequently cited to be influential in the area of Floyd Rose usage are Steve Vai[8][7][9][10], Joe Satriani[8][10], Kirk Hammett[8], Brad Gillis[7], Tom Morello[11], Allan Holdsworth[9], Nuno Bettencourt and Frank Zappa.[12]

Many guitarists use this system to create new sounds that were not practical to achieve with traditional tremolo systems:

  • Joe Satriani uses his whammy bar to raise the pitch of a pinch harmonic, usually on the open G string, in order to do his signature "Satch Scream".[13]
  • "Dimebag" Darrel Abbott of heavy metal legends Pantera was known for using the whammy bar to release the tension on the strings and flick the g string and catch the string in a spot that creates a natural harmonic and play with the bar to raise and lower the pitch ex. in the end of "Cemetery Gates" This has become known as the 'Dimesqueal'[citation needed]
  • Karl Logan of Manowar is known for simulating sounds of motorcycle engine burn-in — this "guitar versus bike" duelling effect is particularly used on Return of the Warlord track of 1996, although the effect is probably better known from Todd Rundgren's playing on the 1977 Meat Loaf song "Bat out of Hell"or even Mick Mars of Motley Crue's intro into "Kickstart My Heart"
  • Herman Li and Sam Totman of DragonForce use the system to create video game-esque noises.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Floyd Rose Tremolo - History & Tribute".
  2. ^ a b c d The Floyd Pages by Terry "Kramer Krazy" Boling
  3. ^ The Floyd Rose Tremolo at VintageKramer.com
  4. ^ Christe, Ian (2007). Everybody Wants Some: The Van Halen Saga. John Wiley & Sons. p. 82. ISBN 9780470039106.
  5. ^ A. R. Duchossoir (1994). The Fender Stratocaster: A Complete Guide to the History and Evolution of the World's Most Famous Guitar. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 40. ISBN 9780793547357.
  6. ^ Gruhn, George (1999). Gruhn's Guide to Vintage Guitars: An Identification Guide for American Fretted Instruments. Backbeat Books. p. 91. ISBN 9780879304225. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c Carruthers, John (2005). Alfred's Teach Yourself Guitar Repair & Maintenance: Everything You Need to Know to Start Working on Your Guitar. Alfred Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 9780739036013.
  8. ^ a b c "History of Floyd Rose, the inventor of Floyd Rose Tremolo system".
  9. ^ a b Schonbrun, Marc (2003). The Everything Rock & Blues Guitar Book: From Chords to Scales and Licks to Tricks, All You Need to Play Like the Greats (2nd ed. ed.). Everything Books. p. 48. ISBN 9781580628839. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ a b Phillips, Mark (2005). Guitar For Dummies (2nd ed. ed.). For Dummies. p. 306. ISBN 9780764599040. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Marshall, Wolf (2008). Stuff! Good Guitar Players Should Know. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 63. ISBN 9781423430087.
  12. ^ http://wiki.killuglyradio.com/wiki/Frank_Zappa,_88-9
  13. ^ Whammy Bar Tricks 101: A guide to some dramatic whammy bar effects
  14. ^ Template:Cite article Video is also available as YouTube video.

Patents

Floyd Rose holds a number of patents on floating bridge design:

  • US patent 4171661, Floyd D. Rose, "Guitar tremolo method and apparatus", issued 1979-10-23  — bridge mechanism patent;
  • US patent 4497236, Floyd D. Rose, "Apparatus for restraining and fine tuning the strings of a musical instrument, particularly guitars", issued 1985-02-05  — first fine tuners and saddle patent;
  • US patent 4549461, Floyd D. Rose, "Apparatus for restraining and fine tuning the strings of a musical instrument, particularly guitars", issued 1985-10-29  — second fine tuners and saddle patent;
  • US patent 4555970, Floyd D. Rose, "Tremolo apparatus capable of increasing tension on the strings of a musical instrument", issued 1985-12-03  — spring and claw mechanism;
  • US patent 4882967, Floyd D. Rose, "Tremolo apparatus having broken string compensation feature", issued 1989-11-28  — early patent for a tremstopper device;
  • US patent 4967631, Floyd D. Rose, "Tremolo and tuning apparatus", issued 1990-11-06  — patent for Floyd Rose Pro, low-profile version;
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