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Ányos Jedlik

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The native form of this personal name is Jedlik Ányos István. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Ányos Jedlik
File:Jedlik2.jpg
Ányos Jedlik
BornJanuary 11, 1800
Szímő, Kingdom of Hungary
DiedDecember 13, 1895
Győr, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
NationalityHungarian
CitizenshipHungarian
Known forElectric motor, Dynamo, Self-excitation, Impulse Generator
Scientific career
Fieldsinventor, engineer, physicist

Stephen Ányos Jedlik (Hungarian: Jedlik Ányos István, in older texts and publications: Latin: Stephanus Anianus Jedlik ) (January 11, 1800 – December 13, 1895) was a Hungarian[1] inventor, engineer, physicist, Benedictine priest. He was also member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. He is considered by Hungarians and Slovaks to be the unsung father of the dynamo and electric motor.

Life

Jedlik and his cousin Gergely Czuczor in Győr

Career

He was born in a Hungarian village Szimő, Kingdom of Hungary, (today Zemné, Slovakia). His mother was a member of a Hungarian noble family, while his father's family — based on the surname — was probably[2] of Slovak origin moving in 1720 from Liptó county (now Liptov) to Szímő.[2] Jedlik's education began at high schools in Nagyszombat (today Trnava) and Pozsony (today Bratislava). In 1817 he became a Benedictine and from that time continued his studies at the schools of that order. In the order Stephanus Jedlik was denominated as Stephanus "Anianus" (Hungarian: Ányos) Jedlik. He lectured at Benedictine schools up to 1839, then for 40 years at the Budapest University of Sciences department of physics-mechanics. Only few guessed at that time that his beneficial activities would play an important part in bringing up a new generation of physicists. He became the dean of the faculty of arts in 1848, and by 1863 he was rector of the University. From 1858 he was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and from 1873 an honorary member. After his retirement he continued working and spent his last years in complete seclusion at the priory in Győr, the Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary where he died.

Scientific Work

Jedlik's "lightning-magnetic self-rotor", 1827 (The world's first electric motor)
File:Jedlik's dynamo.jpg
The Jedlik Dynamo

In 1827, he started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called lightning-magnetic self-rotor and in 1828 demonstrated the first device which contained the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.[3][4][5][6][7][8] In the prototype both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. The first electromotor, built in 1828, and Jedlik's operating instructions are kept at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest. The motor still works perfectly today.[9]

In 1845 he began teaching his pupils in Hungarian instead of Latin. His cousin Gergely Czuczor (famous Hungarian linguist) asked him to create the first Hungarian vocabulary in physics. Through his textbook he is regarded as one of the establishers of Hungarian vocabulary in physics. He is author of many books.

In the 1850s he conducted optical and wave mechanical experiments, and at the beginning of the 1860s he constructed an excellent optical grate.


He preceded his contemporaries in his scientific work, but he did not speak about his most important invention, his prototype dynamo, until 1856; it was not until 1861 that he mentioned it in writing in a list of inventory of the university. Although that document might serve as a proof of Jedlik's status as the originator, the invention of the dynamo is linked to Siemens' name because Jedlik's invention did not rise to notice at that time.


In 1863 he discovered the possibility of voltage multiplication and demonstrated it with a "tubular voltage generator" (lighting conductor.) (1868), which was successfully displayed at the World's Fair in Vienna 1873.[10] It was an early form of the impulse generators now applied in nuclear research.[11][12]

Dynamo invention

Drawn plan of a "telephon" by Ányos Jedlik in Hungarian. Pannonhalma Archabbey, Kingdom of Hungary

Ányos Jedlik's best known invention is the principle of dynamo self-excitation.

In 1827, Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors.[13]

In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. In essence, the concept is that instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets opposite to each other induce the magnetic field around the rotor. He formulated the concept of the self-excited dynamo about 1861, six years prior to Siemens and Wheatstone.[14][15]

As one side of the coil passes in front of the north pole, crossing the line of force, current is thus induced. As the frame rotates further the current diminishes, then arriving at the front of the south pole it rises again but flows in the opposite direction. The frame is connected to a commutator, thus the current always flows in the same direction in the external circuit.

Books for university students

  • 1. Tentamen publicum e Physica … ex Institutine primi semestris Aniani Jedlik. Posonii, 1839. 14 p. Typis Haeredum Belnayarum.

Public examination on Physics - from the first semester education of Ányos Jedlik. Pozsony (now Bratislava), 1839.

  • 2. Tentamen publicum e Physica quod in regia univers. Hung. e praelectionibus … Pestini, 1845. 16 p. Trattner–Károlyi ny.

Public examination on Physics for election to the Royal Hungarian University. Pest, 1845. Published by Trattner–Károlyi.

  • 3. Mathesis adplicata … Pestini, é. n. 68 p. Kőnyomat.

Applied science. Pest. Published by Kőnyomat.

  • 4. Compendium Hydrostaticae et Hydrodinamicae usibus Auditorum Suorum adaptatum per Anianum Jedlik. Pestini, 1847. 80 p. Kőnyomat.

Compendium of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. Lecture notes adapted by Ányos Jedlik. Pest, 1847. Published by Kőnyomat.

  • 5. Sulyos testek természettana. Pesten, 1850. XVI, 543 p. Estate of Emich Gusztáv. Nyom. Eisenfels könyv-nyomda. /Sorozatcím: Természettan elemei. Első könyv. A sulyos testek természettana./ (388 illusztrációval)

The nature of heavy objects. Pest, 1850. Volume 16, p. 543. Publisher: Eisinfels. / Elements of natural science. Book 1: The nature of heavy objects./ (388 illustrations)

  • 6. Viznyugtanhoz tartozó Pótlékok. Pest, 1850. 75 p. Kőnyomat. (39 ábrával)

Science of still/calm water and ?Pótlékok. Pest, 1850. p. 75. Publisher: Kőnyomat. (39 illustrations).

  • 7. Fénytan. Kiadta Jedlik Ányos. Pesti egyetemben természettan tanára 1851-ben. Irta Goldsmit(!) Vilmos bölcsész. (Pest, 1851.) 135 p. Kőnyomat. (105 ábrával)

Science of light. Published Ányos Jedlik. Lecturer in natural sciences at the University of Pest in 1851. Writer Vilmos Goldsmit(!), Faculty of Arts. p 135. Pest, 1851. Publisher Kőnyomat. (105 illustrations)

  • 8. Hőtan. Kiadta Jedlik Ányos. Pesti egyetemben természettan tanára 1851-ben. Irta Goldsmidt Vilmos bölcsész. (Pest, 1851.) 76 p. Kőnyomat. (11 ábrával) (Új bőv. kiad.: Bp., 1990. Műszaki Könyvkiadó.)

Science of heat. Published Ányos Jedlik. Lecturer in natural sciences at the University of Pest in 1851. Writer Vilmos Goldsmit(!), Faculty of Arts. p 76. Pest, 1851. Publisher Kőnyomat. (11 illustrations). (Revised edition: Budapest, 1990. Publisher: Műszaki). Jedlik Ányos által írt könyvrészletek Contributions by Ányos Jedlik in other works

  • 9. A hévmérő s kellékei. In: Vagács Caesar: Olvasmány a főgymnasiumi középosztályok

számára. Pest, 1854. Hartleben. pp. 259–261. Properties of ?Hévméro. In: Caesar Vagács: Reading material for grammar school students. Pest, 1854. Publisher: Hartleben. pp. 259-261.

  • 10. A léggolyó. In: uo. pp. 256–258.

? In: ibid. pp. 256-258.

  • 11. Német – magyar tudományos műszótár a csász. kir. gymnasiumok és reáliskolák számára. Pest, 1858. VIII, 361 p. Heckenast. /Társszerzőkkel./

German - Hungarian Scientific Dictionary for Tsar and Royal grammar schools and primary schools. Pest, 1858. Volume 8, p. 361. Publisher: Hekenast. /Various contributors/

  • 12 Ueber die Anwendung des Elektro-Magnetes bei elektro-dynamischen Rotationen. In: Aemtlicher Bericht über die XXXII. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Wien im Sept. 1856. Wien, 1858. pp. 170–175. + Modification der Grove’schen und Bunsen’schen Batterie. Uo. pp. 176–178.

On the application of electromagnets in electrodynamic rotations. In Report of the 32nd Conference of German Naturalists and Physicists at Vienna, September 1856. Published Vienna, 1858. pp 170–175. Also, modification of the Grove and Bunsen batteries, pp. 176–178.

  • 13. Egyetemes Magyar Encyclopaedia. 1–13. köt. Pest, 1859–1876. Szent István Társulat. /Társszerzőkkel./

Universal Hungarian Encyclopaesdia. Volumes 1–13. Pest,1859–1876. Publisher: Szent István Társulat. /Various contributors/

References

  1. ^ *"Hungarian Cultural Contributions". Lél F. Somogyi at the Cleveland State University. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ a b Mayer, Farkas (1995). JEDLIK ÁNYOS (1800–1895) CSALÁDFÁJA (PDF) (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudománytörténeti Intézet munkatársai, Király Árpád vezetésével. p. 1. A Jedlik-ágról, a név alapján, csak azt lehet sejteni, hogy a Vágon tutajjal érkező, Szimőn megtelepedő, itt elmagyarosodott szlovák család lehetett...A Jedlik család ősei 1720-ban Liptóból jöttek tutajon Szimőre. {{cite book}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |authorlink= (help); line feed character in |publisher= at position 46 (help)
  3. ^ Electricity and magnetism, translated from the French of Amédée Guillemin. Rev. and ed. by Silvanus P. Thompson. London, MacMillan, 1891
  4. ^ Nature 53. (printed in 1896) page: 516
  5. ^ http://www.mpoweruk.com/timeline.htm
  6. ^ http://www.fh-zwickau.de/mbk/kfz_ee/praesentationen/Elma-Gndl-Generator%20-%20Druckversion.pdf
  7. ^ http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/phil_Fak_I/Philosophie/Wissenschaftsgeschichte/Termine/E-Maschinen-Lexikon/Chronologie.htm
  8. ^ http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm
  9. ^ http://www.traveltohungary.com/english/articles/article.php?id=135
  10. ^ http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no162/020.html
  11. ^ Sisa, Stephen (1995). THE SPIRIT OF HUNGARY A PANORAMA OF HUNGARIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE; The Hungarian Genius. Ontario - Canada: Vista Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-9628422-0-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ http://www.clevelandmemory.org/hungarians/supplement3.htm
  13. ^ Augustus Heller (April 2, 1896), "Anianus Jedlik", Nature, 53 (1379), Norman Lockyer: 516
  14. ^ Charles Joseph Singer and Trevor Illtyd Williams (1954). A history of technology. Clarendon Press. p. 187.
  15. ^ William T. O'Dea (1933). Handbook of the collections illustrating electrical engineering. H.M. Stationery off. p. 8.
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