1938 Yellow River flood
The 1938 Yellow River flood was a flood created by the Nationalist Government in central China during the early stage of the Second Sino-Japanese War in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of the Japanese forces.
Origin
Following the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army marched rapidly into the heart of Chinese territory. By June 1938, the Japanese had control of the entire North China. On June 6, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take over Zhengzhou. Zhengzhou was the junction of the arterial Pinghan and Longhai Railways, and it would directly endanger the major cities of Wuhan and Xi'an if the Japanese takeover succeeded.
To stop further Japanese advance into western and southern part China and to gain some time for the preparation of the decisive Battle of Wuhan, Chiang Kai-shek and his advisors decided to open up the dike of the Yellow River near Zhengzhou to halt Japanese advance with flood water.[1] The exact location to destroy the dike was originally planned to be Zhaokou, but due to difficulties it was finalized to be at Huayuankou.
The flood
The floodwaters began pouring out from Huayuankou in the early morning on June 9, 1938. As a result, the course of the Yellow River was diverted southwards for nine years afterward, inundating 54,000 km² (21,000 square miles) of land in Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces.
After the war, the Institute of Social Sciences of the Academia Sinica and the China National Rehabitation and Relief Agency together investigated the damages wrought by the flood. The study concluded that 3.9 million civilians (20.1 percent of the population of Honan, Anhwei, and Kiangsu) were displaced, and 893,303 civilians died. It was estimated that 90 to 100 percent of the three provinces' summer crops were lost, while 50 to 90 percent of their winter crops were lost. [2] Fearing public outrage, the Chinese government blamed the Japanese military for causing the flooding.
Controversy
To achieve full surprise on the invading Japanese force, the Chinese Nationalist government decided not to inform the mass public before destroying the dyke. The flood submerged millions of homes, and since they were not informed beforehand, the majority of people did not have time to flee.[3]
It is still debated whether it was necessary to destroy the dike in Huayuankou to cause the flood. Militarily, it is claimed that the strategy could be considered partly successful, as by 1940, the Japanese were essentially in a stalemate with the Chinese forces, because the flood had created "problems for the mobility of the Japanese Army". Politically, not much is known of Japan's government's stance towards the Chinese Nationalist government's decision regarding both the attack and lack of evacuation of the mass public in China.[4]
Aftermath
The dikes were rebuilt in 1946 and 1947 and Yellow River returned to its pre-1938 course.
Notes
- ^ Telegram from Chiang Kai-shek to Cheng Chien, 1938
- ^ Rummel, R.J., China's Bloody Century pp. 117
- ^ Template:Zh icon http://www.cnread.net/cnread1/jszl/y/yiming/000/001.htm
- ^ Template:Ja icon Invasion of China: History, page 440.
