Alexander Oparin
Alexander Oparin | |
|---|---|
| File:Alexander Oparin.jpg | |
| Born | March 2, 1894 |
| Died | April 21, 1980 (aged 86) |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Citizenship | Soviet Union |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University |
| Known for | Contributions to the theory of the origin of life coacervates |
| Awards | Hero of Socialist Labour (1969) Lenin Prize (1974) Lomonosov Gold Medal (1979) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biochemistry |
| Institutions | Moscow State University USSR Academy of Sciences |
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Опа́рин; in English, Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin[1]) (March 2 [O.S. February 18] 1894, Uglich, Russia – April 21, 1980, Moscow) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his contributions to the theory of the origin of life, and for his authorship of the book The Origin of Life. He also studied the biochemistry of material processing by plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He showed that many food-production processes are based on biocatalysis and developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR. [2]
Life
Oparin graduated from the Moscow State University in 1917 and became a professor of biochemistry there in 1927. Many of his early papers were on plant enzymes and their role in metabolism.[3] In 1924 he put forward a theory of life on Earth developing through gradual chemical evolution of carbon-based molecules in primordial soup. In 1935, he along with academician Aleksei Bakh, founded the Biochemistry Institute by the USSR Academy of Sciences.[2] In 1939 Oparin became a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1946 - a full member of the Academy. In 1940s and 1950s he supported pseudo-scientific theories of Trofim Lysenko and Olga Lepeshinskaya, who made claims about "the origin of cells from noncellular matter", and 'taking the party line' helped his career [4]. In 1970, he was elected President of the International Society for the Study of the Origins of Life. On his passing on April 21, 1980, he was interred in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
Oparin became Hero of Socialist Labour in 1969, received the Lenin Prize in 1974 and was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1979 "for outstanding achievements in biochemistry". He was also awarded five Orders of Lenin.
Theory of the origin of life
Oparin sometimes is called "Charles Darwin|Darwin" of the 20th century. Although he began by reviewing the various panspermia theories, including those of Hermann von Helmholtz and William Thomson Kelvin (ref Dick 1999), (pp. 339 ref), he was primarily interested in how life initially began. As early as 1922, he asserted the following tenets:
1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. The complex combination of manifestations and properties so characteristic of life must have arisen in the process of the evolution of matter.
2. Taking into account the recent discovery of methane in the Celestial body (atmosphere,atmospheres) of Jupiter and the other giant planets, Oparin postulated that the infant Earth had possessed a strongly (reducing environment|reducing atmosphere), containing methane, ammonia,hydrogen, and water (vapor). In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.
3. At first there were the simple solutions of (organic substances), the behavior of which was governed by the properties of their component atoms and the arrangement of those atoms in the molecular structure. But gradually, as the result of growth and increased complexity of the (molecules), new properties have come into being and a new colloidal-chemical order was imposed on the more simple organic chemical relations. These newer properties were determined by the spatial arrangement and mutual relationship of the molecules.
4. In this process biological orderliness already comes into prominence. Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest struggle for existence and, finally the natural selection determined such a form of material organization which is characteristic of living things of the present time.
Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems possible precursors of the Cell (biology cells) from which primitive living things could develop. He cited the work done by (de Jong) on coacervates and other experimental studies, including his own, into organic chemicals which, in solution, may spontaneously form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types of coacervates might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean and been subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.
While Oparin himself was unable to do extensive experiments to investigate any of these ideas, scientists were later able to. In 1953 Stanley Miller performed what is perhaps the first experiment to investigate whether chemical self-organization would have been possible on the early earth. Miller-Urey experiment showed that from a mixture of several simple components of a reducing atmosphere, with the input only of heat to provide reflux and electrical energy (sparks, to simulate lightning, a variety of familiar organic compounds such as amino acids were synthesised within a fairly short period of time. The compounds that formed were somewhat more complex than the molecules that were present at the beginning of the experiment.
As the molecular structure of DNA and RNA became understood, due to the work of James D. Watson and Francis Crick the,opinion became more widespread among molecular geneticists, that it would take very little time before life could be artificially created: even if it needed to be limited to very simple life forms. They agreed to Oparin's theory.
The influence of dialectic materialism on Oparin's theory
The influence of the Marxist theory concept of dialectic materialism, the official party-line of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on Oparin's theory has been the subject of much discussion among science historians. In 1938 The Origin of Life was first translated into English and Oparin's theory was presented to the international scientific community, the reception was partly skeptical, with some considering the theory more political than scientific in nature.[5] This notion was enforced by Oparin's association with Lysenko, and his theory's similarity with the one proposed by the British scientist J. D. Bernal, a noted Communist activist.[5]
Bibliography and references
- Oparin, A. I. The Origin of Life. Moscow: Moscow Worker publisher, 1924 (in Russian)
- English translation: Oparin, A. I. The Origin and Development of Life (NASA TTF-488). Washington: D.C.L GPO,1968
- Oparin, A. I. The Origin of Life, Moscow 1936
- English translation: Oparin, A. I. The Origin of Life. New York: Dover (1952) (first translation published in 1938).
- Oparin, A., Fesenkov, V. Life in the Universe. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences publisher, 3rd edition, 1956 (in Russian)
- English translation: Oparin, A., and V. Fesenkov. Life in the Universe. New York: Twayne Publishers (1961).
Major works
- "The External Factors in Enzyme Interactions Within a Plant Cell"
- "The Origin of Life on Earth"
- "Life, Its Nature, Origin and Evolution"
- "The History of the Theory of Genesis and Evolution of Life"
See also
- Oparin Medal
- List of independent discoveries ("Primordial soup" theory of the origin of life from carbon-based molecules, 1924)
Notes
- ^ Britannica Encyclopedia - Aleksandr Oparin
- ^ a b Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, entry on "Опарин", available online here
- ^ Dick, Steven J. (1999). The Biological Universe: The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 338. ISBN 9780521663618.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5
- ^ a b Schopf, J. William (2001). Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils. Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780691088648.
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