Autonomous Region of Bougainville
6°00′S 155°00′E / 6.000°S 155.000°E
Autonomous Region of Bougainville | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country |  Papua New Guinea |
| Districts | Central Bougainville District North Bougainville District South Bougainville District |
| Capital | Buka (interim) |
| Government | |
| • President | John Momis |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3,600 sq mi (9,300 km2) |
| Population (2000) | |
| • Total | 175,160 |
| • Density | 49/sq mi (19/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (AEST) |
The Autonomous Region of Bougainville, also known as North Solomons, is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. The largest island is Bougainville Island (also the largest of the Solomon Islands group), and the province also includes the island of Buka and assorted outlying islands including the Carterets. The capital is temporarily Buka, though it is expected that Arawa will once again become the provincial capital. The population of the province is 175,160 (2000 census).
Bougainville Island is ecologically and geographically, although not politically, part of the Solomon Islands. Buka, Bougainville, and most of the Solomons are part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion.
History
The island was named after the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville (whose name has also been lent to the creeping tropical flowering vines of the genus Bougainvillea ). In 1885 it came under German administration as part of German New Guinea. Australia occupied it in 1914 and, as a League of Nations mandatory power, administered it from 1918 until the Japanese invaded in 1942 and then again from 1945 until PNG independence in 1975, as a United Nations mandatory power.
The island was occupied by Australian, American and Japanese forces in World War II. It was an important base for the RAAF, RNZAF and USAAF. On 8 March 1944 during World War II, American forces were attacked by Japanese troops on Hill 700 on this island. The battle lasted five days, ending with a Japanese retreat.
The island is rich in copper and gold. A large mine was established at Panguna in the early 1970s by Bougainville Copper Limited, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto.
Disputes over the environmental impact, financial benefits, and social change brought by the mine renewed a secessionist movement that had been dormant since the 1970s. The independence of Bougainville (Republic of North Solomons) was unsuccessfully proclaimed in 1975 and in 1990.
In 1988 the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) increased their activity significantly. Prime Minister Sir Rabbie Namaliu ordered the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) to put down the rebellion, and the conflict escalated into a civil war. The PNGDF retreated from permanent positions on Bougainville in 1990, but continued military action. The conflict involved pro-independence and loyalist Bougainvillean groups as well as the PNGDF. The war claimed an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 lives.[1][2] In 1996 Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan requested the help of Sandline International, a private military company previously involved in supplying mercenaries in the civil war in Sierra Leone, to put down the rebellion. This resulted in the Sandline affair.
Peace agreement and autonomy
The conflict ended in 1997, after negotiations brokered by New Zealand. A peace agreement finalised in 2000 provided for the establishment of an Autonomous Bougainville Government, and for a referendum in the future on whether the island should become politically independent.
Elections for the first Autonomous Government were held in May and June 2005, Joseph Kabui was elected President. He died on 6 June 2008.
On 25 July 2005 rebel leader Francis Ona died after a short illness. A former surveyor with Bougainville Copper Limited, Ona was a key figure in the secessionist conflict and had refused to formally join the island's peace process. He is succeeded by King David Peii II Noah Musingku, who continues to control a quarter of the island, and has established a sovereign governmental system at his ancestral village of Tonu.
Districts and LLGs
Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.[3]
See also
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|---|
- Bougainville campaign (1943–45)
- Empress Augusta Bay
- Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
- North Solomon Islands
- Francis Ona
References
- ^ Saovana-Spriggs, Ruth (2000). "Christianity and women in Bougainville" (PDF). Development Bulletin (51): 58–60. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ^ "EU Relations with Papua New Guinea". European Commission. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ^ National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea
Further reading
- Oliver, Douglas (1973). Bougainville: A Personal History. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
- Oliver, Douglas (1991). Black Islanders: A Personal Perspective of Bougainville, 1937–1991. Melbourne: Hyland House.Repeats text from previous 1973 reference and updates with summaries of Papua New Guinea press reports on the Bougainville Crisis
- Quodling, Paul. Bougainville: The Mine And The People.
- Regan, Anthony and Griffin, Helga (eds.), ed. (2005). Bougainville Before the Crisis. Canberra: Pandanus Books.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Pelton, Robert Young (2002). Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-416-6.
External links
- Autonomous Bougainville Government
- Constitution of Bougainville
- UN Map #4089 — United Nations map of the vicinity of Bougainville Island, PDF format
- Conciliation Resources - Bougainville Project
- The Coconut Revolution, a documentary film about the Bougainville Revolutionary Army.
- Bougainville - Our Island, Our Fight(1998) by the multi-award winning director Wayne Coles-Janess. The first footage fo the war from behind the blockade. The critically acclaimed and internationally award-winning documentary is shown around the world. Produced and directed by Wayne Coles-Janess. Production company: ipso-facto Productions
- ABC Foreign Correspondent- World in Focus - Lead Story (1997) Exclusive interview with Francis Ona. Interviewed by Wayne Coles-Janess.
