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Terry Nichols

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Terry Nichols
black and white photograph of a white male in his mid 30s, with thinning black hair, thick eyebrows, wearing very large, thick glasses with square frames
Nichols is one of three men convicted in the Oklahoma City Bombing
Born
Terry Lynn Nichols

(1955-04-01) April 1, 1955 (age 69)
Lapeer, Michigan, U.S.
Other namesTed Parker, Joe Rivers, Shawn Rivers, Joe Havens, Terry Havens, Mike Havens, Joe Kyle, Daryl Bridges[3]
Occupation(s)Various short term and temporary jobs including farmer, real estate salesman, carpenter, ranch hand. Ten months of service in the Army.
Criminal statusIncarcerated at ADX Florence supermax prison
Spouse(s)Lana Walsh (div.)
Marife Torres (div.)
ChildrenThree[4]
MotiveAnti federal government
Conviction(s)Federal court:
Conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction
involuntary manslaughter of 8 law enforcement officers[1]
State court: Guilty on 161 counts of first degree murder, first degree arson and conspiracy.[2]
Criminal penaltyLife imprisonment with no possibility of parole[2]

Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a convicted American bomber and mass murderer,[5] who prior to his incarceration, held a variety of short term jobs including farmer, grain elevator manager, real estate salesman, ranch hand, and house husband.[6] He met his future co-conspirator, Timothy McVeigh, during a brief stint in the U.S. Army, which ended in 1989 when he requested a hardship discharge after less than one year of service.[6] In 1994 and 1995, he conspired with McVeigh in the planning and preparation of the Oklahoma City bombing – the truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on April 19, 1995 which claimed the lives of 168 people including 19 children.[7]

After a federal trial in 1997, Nichols was convicted of conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction and eight counts of involuntary manslaughter for killing federal law enforcement personnel.[8][9] He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole because the jury deadlocked on the death penalty.[7] He was also tried in Oklahoma on state charges of murder in connection with the bombing, and was convicted in 2004 of 161 counts of first degree murder, which included one count of fetal homicide,[7] first degree arson, and conspiracy.[10] As in the federal trial, the state jury deadlocked on imposing the death penalty.[7][11] He was sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole,[2][7] and is incarcerated in ADX Florence, a super maximum security prison near Florence, Colorado. He shares a cellblock that is commonly referred to as "Bombers Row" with Ramzi Yousef and Ted Kaczynski. Only three people, McVeigh, Nichols and Michael Fortier were ever indicted for the bombing.

Early years

Nichols was born in Lapeer, Michigan. He was raised on a farm,[12] the third of four children of Joyce and Robert Nichols.[4][13] Growing up, he helped his parents on the farm,[6] learning to operate and maintain the equipment.[14] According to the Denver Post, he also cared for injured birds and animals.[14]

He attended Lapeer High School where he took elective classes in crafts and business law.[4] Though school friends characterized him as shy,[6][14] he played junior varsity football, wrestled, and was a member of the ski club.[14][15] His brother James has said that Terry was good at artwork and book smart.[12] Terry graduated from high school in 1973 with a 2.6 grade point average,[4][12] with ambitions of becoming a physician.[6]

Adulthood

He enrolled at Central Michigan University, had difficulty adjusting to college life, and dropped out after one term.[6][12] His parents divorced. In 1974, after his brother Leslie was badly burned in a fuel tank explosion on the farm, he offered to give him skin for grafts.[16] He tried farming with his brother James for a while, but they did not get along; he felt his brother was too bossy.[6] He moved to Colorado and obtained a license to sell real estate in 1976.[17] Soon after he closed on his first big sale, his mother told him she needed his help on the farm, so he returned to Michigan.[14][17]

In 1980, Nichols met real estate agent Lana Walsh, a twice-divorced mother of two who was five years his senior.[6][18] They married and had a son, Joshua, in 1982. During the marriage, Terry engaged in a succession of part time and short term jobs ranging from doing carpentry work, to managing a grain elevator, to selling life insurance and real estate.[4][12][18] According to Lana, she was the one with a career; Nichols was a house husband,[6] who spent most of his time at home with the children, baking bread, cooking, and gardening.[6][7]

Nichols had never liked farm life, and in 1988, at the age of 33, he tried to escape it by enlisting in the U.S. Army.[19] He was sent to Fort Benning in Georgia for basic training. As the oldest man in his platoon, he had difficulty with the physical aspect of the training,[20] and was sometimes called "grandpa" by the other men. However, he was soon made the platoon guide because of his age.[6] Timothy McVeigh was in his platoon, and they quickly became close friends. They had a common background. Both men grew up in white rural areas and disliked working with blacks. Both had tried college for a while and had parents who were divorced.[21] They shared political views,[4] and interests in gun collecting and the survivalist movement.[6] The two were later stationed together at Fort Riley in Kansas,[6] where they met and became friends with their future accomplice, Michael Fortier.[22]

Nichols' wife filed for divorce soon after he joined the Army. Due to a conflict over childcare,[7] he requested and was given a hardship discharge in May 1989 to return home to take care of his son, who was seven years old at the time.[6] As he departed, he told a fellow soldier that he would be starting his own military organization soon, and would have an unlimited supply of weapons.[22]

In 1990, Nichols married a 17 year old woman, Marife Torres, from the Philippines whom he met through a mail-order bride agency.[4][7] When she arrived in Michigan several months later, she was pregnant with another man's child.[4][6] The child died at age two when he suffocated in a plastic bag[14] while Nichols was babysitting him. Marife suspected foul play had occurred, but there were no bruises or signs of trauma to the child, and the death was ruled accidental.[6] Nichols and Marife had two more children during their marriage.[4][14]

Nichols and his wife frequently visited the Philippines, where she was working on a degree in physical therapy. He sometimes travelled to the Philippines alone, while she remained in Kansas.

Cebu City at the time was a reputed base for several militant organizations, including Liberation Army of the Philippines, the Communist Huk, and the Al-Qaida affiliate Abu Sayyaf.[23] Stephen Jones, the trial attorney who first represented Tim McVeigh, cited evidence of a meeting in Davao City, in Mindanao in 1992 or 1993, when 1993 World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef and Al Queda members Abdul Hakim Murad, Wali Khan Amin Shah and a "farmer" who fit the description of Nichols met to discuss the Oklahoma bombing. Jones said the FBI was aware of the meeting.[24]

Nichols had left a cryptic note for his wife during one of his many visits to the Philippines. Upon returning from one visit to learn that she had prematurely opened a letter instructing her what to do in the event of his death, he made a series of telephone calls to a Cebu City boarding house.[25] Witnesses, including Marife's brother said the boarding house is often used by residents from Mindanao. The western parts of Mindanao were, at the time, the site of an Abu Sayyaf stronghold. Other witnesses said Nichols may have been trying to reach his wife during the numerous repeated 30-second telephone calls.

The couple divorced after his arrest. Marife returned to the Philippines with the children.[26] and never returned.

Anti-government views

Nichols' anti-government views developed and grew over the years.[7] Nichols spent most of his adult life in the Lapeer and Sanilac County areas of Michigan where mistrust and resentment of the federal government was common especially after the bank repossessions of many farms in the 1980s.[27] Neighbors said he attended meetings of anti-government groups, experimented with explosives and got more radical as time went on.[14] In February 1992, he attempted to renounce his US citizenship by writing to the local county clerk in Michigan, stating that the political system was corrupt, and declaring himself a "non resident alien".[4][6] Several months later, he appeared in court and tried to avoid responsibility for some of his credit card bills (he owed approximately $40,000 altogether), refusing to come before the bench, and shouting at the judge that the government had no jurisdiction over him.[6][15] On October 19, 1992 he signed another document renouncing his US citizenship.[14] In May 1993 Nichols appeared before a county judge regarding an $8,421 unpaid credit card debt.[14] He also renounced his drivers license.[15]

McVeigh and Nichols grew closer after McVeigh's discharge from the Army.[4] In December 1991, Nichols invited McVeigh to join him in Michigan and help him out selling military surplus at gun shows.[28] For the next three years, McVeigh stayed with Nichols off and on.[29] On April 19, 1993, Terry was watching TV with McVeigh at the Nichols' farmhouse in Michigan when the ATF, army and the FBI attacked the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, by punching holes in the walls with tanks and shooting tear gas and pyrotechnic devices. When the compound went up in flames, McVeigh and Nichols were enraged, and began to plot revenge on the federal government.[30] In the fall of 1993, Nichols and McVeigh, who were living at the farm,[6] became business partners, selling weapons and military surplus at gun shows.[4] For a while, they lived an itinerant life, following the gun shows from town to town.[15]

Nichols then went to Las Vegas to try working in construction, but failed. Next, he went to central Kansas and was hired in March 1994 as a ranch hand in Marion, Kansas.[14] In March 1994 he sent a letter to the Marion County Kansas clerk saying he was not subject to the laws of the US government, and asked his employer not to withhold any federal taxes from his check.[15] His employer said Nichols was hard-working but had unusual political views.[6] In the fall of 1994 Nichols quit his job, telling his employer he was going into business with McVeigh.[6]

The bombing

Main article: Oklahoma City bombing
The bombing site on April 21, 1995

On September 22, 1994 Terry Nichols and McVeigh rented a storage shed, and began gathering supplies for the truck bomb.[15][30] In late September or early October, Nichols and McVeigh stole dynamite and blasting caps from a nearby quarry.[15][30] Nichols began purchasing large quantities of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and storing it in three rental storage units.[30] McVeigh and Nichols also robbed an Arkansas gun dealer who had befriended them at various gun shows.[30]

In February 1995 Nichols bought a small house in Herington, Kansas with a cash downpayment. In March 1995, he bought diesel fuel. On April 14, Nichols gave McVeigh some cash, according to McVeigh.[30] On April 16 (Easter Sunday), Nichols and McVeigh drove to Oklahoma City to drop off the getaway car.[30] On April 18, 1995, the day before the bombing, Nichols helped McVeigh prepare the truck bomb at a lake near Herington.[6] McVeigh remarked about Nichols' and Fortiers' partial withdrawal from the plot, saying they: "were men who liked to talk tough, but in the end their bitches and kids ruled."[30] Nichols was at home in Kansas with his family when the bomb went off.[4] His neighbors reported he was spreading fertilizer on his lawn, the morning of the explosion.

On April 21, Nichols learned he was wanted for questioning, turned himself in,[4] and consented to a search of his home.[6] The search turned up blasting caps, detonating cords, ground ammonium nitrate, barrels made of plastic similar to fragments found at the bombing site, 33 firearms, tax protester, anti-government warfare literature,[6] a receipt for ammonium nitrate fertilizer with McVeigh's fingerprints on it,[15] a telephone credit card that McVeigh had used when he was shopping for bomb making equipment, and a hand-drawn map of downtown Oklahoma City.[30] Nichols was held as a material witness to the bombing until he was charged on May 10, 1995.[6] Nichols' family said the federal government was framing him.[14]

Investigators also combed the Decker, Michigan farm of James Nichols where Terry Nichols and McVeigh had stayed intermittently in the months preceding the bombing. James was held in custody on charges that he made small bombs on the farm, but was released without charges on May 24, 1995, with the judge saying there was no evidence he was a danger to others.[31]

Prosecutions

Federal case

File:ADX Florence.jpg
Florence ADMAX USP the supermax security prison where Nichols resides

McVeigh was tried before Nichols and sentenced to death.[7]

Former army buddy Michael Fortier testified against both McVeigh and Nichols. (Fortier had entered into a federal plea agreement for reduced charges in return for his agreement to testify. He was charged with failing to notify authorities in advance of the crime, and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.)[32] Fortier testified that Nichols and McVeigh had anti-government feelings, and that they conspired to blow up the Murrah federal building. He said he helped McVeigh survey the building before the attack. He also testified that Nichols had robbed an Arkansas gun dealer to finance the cost of the bombing. Fortier provided "solid bricks of evidence" for the cases against McVeigh and Nichols, according to the prosecutor.[32] Nichols' wife, Marife, testified as a defense witness, but the story she told may have helped the prosecution's case.[33] She said her husband had been living a double life prior to the bombing, using aliases, renting storage lockers and lying that he had broken off his relationship with McVeigh. She also testified that Nichols traveled to Oklahoma City three days before the bombing, thus supporting the prosecution's contention that Nichols helped McVeigh station a getaway car near the Murrah building. Marife also failed to give Nichols an alibi for April 18, 1995, the day the prosecution said Nichols helped McVeigh assemble the truck bomb.[33]

The trial lasted nine weeks with the prosecution calling 100 witnesses tying Nichols to McVeigh and the bombing plot. The prosecution argued that Nichols helped McVeigh purchase and steal bomb ingredients, park the getaway car near the Murrah building and assemble the bomb. The defense attempted to cast doubt on the case against Nichols by calling witnesses who said they saw other men with McVeigh before the bombing, and by claiming the government had manipulated the evidence against Nichols.[34]

The jury deliberated for 41 hours over a period of six days, acquitting Nichols on December 24, 1997 of actually detonating the bomb, but convicting him of conspiring with McVeigh to use a weapon of mass destruction, a capital offense.[35] They acquitted Nichols on the charges of first degree (premeditated) murder, but convicted him on the lesser charge of involuntary (unintentional) manslaughter in the deaths of the federal law enforcement officers.[35]

In assessing why Nichols was not convicted of first degree murder, the Washington Post noted:

"There was no evidence that Nichols had rented the Ryder truck used to carry the bomb to Oklahoma City, and there was no one who could positively identify him as the purchaser of the two tons of ammonium nitrate, the major component in the bomb. Most problematic for the government was the compelling fact that Nichols was at home in Kansas when McVeigh detonated the truck."

— Lois Romano and Tom Kenworthy (December 24, 1997), [35]

Another theory is that some members of the jury believed Nichols' attorneys' arguments that he had withdrawn from the conspiracy before the bombing.[30] Nichols' apparent remorse as shown by his crying several times during the testimony could also have swayed the jury.[30]

After the penalty hearing concluded, the jury deliberated for 13 hours over two days on whether to give Nichols the death penalty but was deadlocked.[11] US District Court Judge Richard P. Matsch then had the option of giving Nichols life in prison with or without the possibility of parole. He sentenced Nichols to life in prison without parole, calling Nichols "an enemy of the Constitution" who had conspired to destroy everything the Constitution protects. Nichols showed no emotion.[8] He was sent to the supermax prison near Florence, Colorado.[36] On February 26, 1999 the federal appeals court affirmed Nichols' conviction and sentence.[4]

Oklahoma state case

After the federal jury deadlocked on the death penalty, which resulted in a life sentence only, citizens of Oklahoma petitioned to impanel a state court grand jury to investigate the bombing. State representative Charles Key led a citizens group that circulated the petitions. It was hoped that evidence would be uncovered implicating other conspirators. A grand jury was impaneled and heard testimony for 18 months about allegations of other accomplices,[37] but returned only the indictments against Nichols in March 1999. Oklahoma County District Attorney Wes Lane denied the state prosecution was conducted solely for the purpose of having Nichols executed, saying it was important Nichols be convicted of killing all 168 victims. "This case has always been about 161 men, women and children and an unborn baby having the same rights to their day in court as eight federal law enforcement officers," Lane said.[38]

Nichols was brought from the super maximum security prison in Colorado to Oklahoma in January 2000 to face the state trial on 160 capital counts of first-degree murder, one count of fetal homicide, first degree arson and conspiracy in the bombing.[10] The prosecutor's goal was to get the death penalty.[10][11]

During the two month trial, the prosecution presented a "mountain of circumstantial evidence", calling 151 witnesses.[10] Their star witness was Michael Fortier who said Nichols was intimately involved in the conspiracy and had helped obtain bomb ingredients including fertilizer that was mixed with high octane fuel.[10] Fortier also testified that McVeigh and Nichols stole cord and blasting caps from a rock quarry, and that Nichols robbed a gun collector to obtain money for the plot.[10] Nichols' defense lawyers said he was the "fall guy" and that others had conspired with McVeigh. They wanted to introduce evidence that a group of white supremacists had been McVeigh's accomplices. However, the judge would not allow this saying that defense had not shown that any of these people committed acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. In their concluding argument, the defense said that "People who are still unknown assisted Timothy McVeigh."[10] On May 26, 2004 the six-man, six-woman jury took five hours to reach the guilty verdict on all charges.[10] When the verdict was read, Nichols showed no emotion, staring straight ahead.[10]

The penalty phase of the trial started on June 1, 2004 with the same jury which determined guilt also determining whether Nichols would be put to death.[10] During the five day hearing, 87 witnesses were called including victims and family members of Nichols.[11] Nichols' relatives testified that he was a loving family man.[16] During the closing arguments, the prosecutor argued for the death penalty, stating that 161 people had died so that Nichols and McVeigh "could make a political statement".[11] The defense argued that Nichols had been controlled by a "dominant, manipulative" McVeigh and urged jurors not to be persuaded by the "flood of tears" of the victims who testified.[11] The defense also said that Nichols had "sincerely" converted to Christianity.[39] After 19½ hours of deliberation over a three day period, the jury could not reach a unanimous decision on the death penalty.[11] With the death penalty no longer an option, Nichols spoke publicly for the first time in the proceedings, making a lengthy statement to Judge Steven W. Taylor, laced with religious references. Nichols also apologized for the murders and offered to write to survivors to "assist in their healing process"[39] Judge Taylor called Nichols a terrorist and said "No American citizen has ever brought this kind of devastation; you are in U.S. history the No. 1 mass murderer in all of U.S. history" and sentenced Nichols to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.[2] Nichols was returned to the federal prison in Colorado.

Darlene Welch, whose niece was killed in the explosion, said she "didn't appreciate being preached to" by Nichols and that she regretted that "he won't stand before God sooner."[39]

Post-conviction

Additional explosives

Acting on a tip from a fellow inmate of Nichols, reputed mobster Greg Scarpa Jr,[40][41] the FBI searched the crawl space of Nichols' former home in Kansas, 10 years after the bombing. They found explosives in boxes, wrapped in plastic, buried under a foot of rock. The tipster had indicated that the explosives were buried before the attack.[42]

Allegations by Nichols

McVeigh, Nichols and Fortier were the only defendants indicted in the bombing. Nichols denied his involvement in the plot until 2004.

In a May 2005 letter that he wrote to a relative of two of the victims, Nichols claimed that an Arkansas gun dealer also conspired in the 1995 bombing plot by donating some of the explosives that were used.[43]

In a 2006 letter requesting that a judge give his son a light sentence for assault with a deadly weapon, battery of a police officer, and possession of a stolen vehicle, Nichols admitted his participation in the Oklahoma City bombing but said that McVeigh had forced and intimidated him into cooperating.[44]

In a 2007 affidavit,[45] Nichols claimed that in 1992 McVeigh told him McVeigh had been recruited for undercover missions while serving in the military.[46] Nichols also said that in 1995 McVeigh told him that FBI official Larry Potts (who had supervised the Ruby Ridge and Waco operations) had directed McVeigh to blow up a government building.[46] Nichols claimed that he and McVeigh had learned how to make the bomb from individuals they met while attending gun shows.[46] In the same affidavit, Nichols admitted that he and McVeigh stole eight cases of the gel type explosive Tovex from a Marion, Kansas quarry, some of which was later used in the Oklahoma City truck bomb.[46] He admitted that he had helped McVeigh mix the bomb ingredients in the truck the day before the attack, but he denied that he knew the exact target of the bomb.[46] Nichols wanted to testify in more detail in a videotaped deposition,[47][48] but a federal appeals court ruled against it in 2009.[49]

References

  1. ^ Time Daily (December 23, 1997). "Charges Against Terry Nichols". Time. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d "Terry Nichols gets life without parole: State murder counts tacked on to earlier life sentence". MSNBC. Associated Press. August 9, 2004. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  3. ^ "Amended Information, The State of Oklahoma vs. Terry Lynn Nichols" (PDF). Find Law. Retrieved April 12, 2010. {{cite web}}: Text "date-March 1, 2001" ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Key Players: The Accused: Terry Nichols". News Archives. Fox News. June 11, 2001. Retrieved April 10, 2010. [dead link]
  5. ^ "Timothy McVeigh is apprehended" (VIDEO, 3 minutes). NBC News Report. April 22, 1995. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Rimer, Sara (May 28, 1995). "The Second Suspect -- A special report.; With Extremism and Explosives, A Drifting Life Found a Purpose". New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Terry Nichols Biography (1955-)". Biography.com. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Kenworthy, Tom (June 5, 1998). "Nichols Gets Life Term for Oklahoma Bombing Role". Washington Post. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
  9. ^ "Nichols Guilty of Conspiracy and Involuntary Manslaughter". NPR. December 23, 1997. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Terry Nichols guilty on 161 murder counts in state trial". Crime & Courts. MSNBC. Associated Press. May 26, 2004. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "Jury deadlocks, sparing Nichols from death penalty". CNN. June 11, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e Shore, Sandy (September 21, 1997). "Nichols Called Drifter, Devoted Dad". Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved April 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  13. ^ Pankratz, Howard (August 30, 1997). "Nichols' family speaks out". The Denver Post. Retrieved April 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "What brought Nichols to the dock?". The Denver Post. September 21, 1997. Retrieved April 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Jackson, David (May 11, 1995). "Portrait of a Federal Foe: Authorities Stitch Together Evidence Of Bombing Suspect Terry Nichols' Life That Shows A Failed Farmer And Soldier Who Was Left With Little Except His Hatred For The Government" (fee required). The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 28, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b Talley, Tim (June 8, 2004). "Nichols' siblings testify in penalty phase". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  17. ^ a b Denver Post Staff and Wire Reports. "Two Images of Nichols Emerged". The Denver Post. Retrieved April 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  18. ^ a b "Letter to Judge Joseph Bonaventure from Terry Nichols". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  19. ^ Stickney, Brandon M. (1996). All-American Monster: The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-1573920889.
  20. ^ Stickney, p. 95.
  21. ^ Stickney, pp. 93-94.
  22. ^ a b Stickney, p. 101.
  23. ^ [1] Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
  24. ^ Encyclopedia of terrorism By Harvey W. Kushner p. 416
  25. ^ The Oklahoma City Bombing: Was There A Foreign Connection? Representative Dana Rohrabacher (R - CA)
  26. ^ Conner, Chance (June 29, 1997). "Nichols' wife tells of FBI interrogation". Denver Post. Retrieved April 13, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Stickney, p. 91.
  28. ^ Stickney, p. 129.
  29. ^ Stickney, p. 144.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Linder, Douglas O. (2006). "The Oklahoma City Bombing & The Trial of Timothy McVeigh". Famous Trials Oklahoma City Bombing Trial. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law website. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  31. ^ Stickney, p. 234.
  32. ^ a b Romano, Lois (May 28, 1998). "Fortier Gets 12 Years in Bombing Case". Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  33. ^ a b Romano, Lois (December 12, 1997). "Nichols Defense Rests Its Case After Jury Hears More From Wife". Washington Post. p. A02. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  34. ^ Romano, Lois (January 8, 1998). "Nichols Spared Death Penalty". Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved April 15, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ a b c Romano, Lois (December 24, 1997). "Nichols Guilty of Conspiracy, Manslaughter". Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved April 15, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Inmate finder". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  37. ^ A writer who mailed copies of his book which advanced conspiracy theories to members of a grand jury investigating the possibility of a larger conspiracy or government coverup was charged with jury tampering in 1999. From, ' (January 20, 1999). "Accused of Interference in Bombing, Writer Surrenders". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2010. {{cite news}}: |first= has numeric name (help); More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  38. ^ "Deadlock: Terry Nichols saved from death by indecisive jury". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. June 8, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  39. ^ a b c Bell, Rachel. "Saved by religion". Timothy McVeigh & Terry Nichols: Oklahoma Bombing. TruTv. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  40. ^ http://news.intelwire.com/2011/02/new-okbomb-documents-show-threats-to.html
  41. ^ "FBI at first dismissed tip on Nichols explosives". Crime & courts. MSNBC. Associated Press. April 14, 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  42. ^ "FBI: Explosives Found in Nichols' Old Home". News archive. Fox News. Associated Press. April 2, 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2010. [dead link]
  43. ^ Serrano, Richard (May 4, 2005). "Oklahoma City Bomber Nichols Says 3rd Man Took Part In Bombing Plot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 14, 2010. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  44. ^ Puit, Glenn (May 18, 2006). "Bomber's Letter: 'Clearly Josh is a victim', Oklahoma City bomber sought leniency for son". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  45. ^ The 2007 statement by Nichols was filed in a wrongful death suit by the brother of a man who died in 1995 while in federal custody. The suit alleged that Kenneth Trentadue was killed while being interrogated by FBI agents in connection with the Oklahoma City bombing, although his death had officially been ruled a suicide. Jesse Trentadue, the plaintiff, wanted to conduct a videotaped deposition of Nichols and one other prisoner to support his contentions that his brother was killed by the FBI and that the FBI was withholding documents related to his brother's death. He was ultimately unable to obtain a court order allowing this.
  46. ^ a b c d e Fattah, Geoffrey (February 22, 2007). "Nichols says bombing was FBI op". Deseret News. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  47. ^ "Salt Lake Attorney Can Question Terry Nichols on Videotape". KSL.com. Associated Press. September 22, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  48. ^ Berger, J.M. (September 21, 2007). "Terry Nichols Will Testify On OKC Bombing". INTELWIRE Terrorism Blog. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  49. ^ Manson, Pamela (July 2, 2009). "Appeals court overturns order allowing deposition of Terry Nichols". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved July 5, 2009.

Further reading

  • Jones, Stephen. Peter Israel. Others Unknown: The Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. ISBN 978-1-58648-098-1.
  • Michel, Lou (2001). American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh & The Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-039407-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)


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