The Shirelles
The Shirelles | |
|---|---|
| The Shirelles in 1961. Clockwise from the top right: Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie "Micki" Harris McPherson, Beverly Lee, and Doris Jackson The Shirelles in 1961. Clockwise from the top right: Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie "Micki" Harris McPherson, Beverly Lee, and Doris Jackson | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The Poquellos, Shirley & the Shirelles |
| Origin | New Jersey, USA |
| Genres | R&B, rock, doo-wop, pop, soul |
| Years active | 1957–82 |
| Labels | Tiara Records, Decca, Scepter Records, Bell Records, RCA |
| Past members | Shirley Alston Reeves Doris Jackson Beverly Lee Addie Harris McPherson |
The Shirelles were an African-American girl group that achieved popularity in the early 1960s and consisted of schoolmates Shirley Owens, Doris Coley, Addie "Micki" Harris, and Beverly Lee. They were the first African-American girl group to top the Billboard Hot 100, with the song "Will You Love Me Tomorrow".
Founded in 1957 for a talent show at their high school, they were signed by Florence Greenberg of Tiara Records. Their first single, "I Met Him on a Sunday", was released by Tiara and licensed by Decca Records in 1958. After a brief and unsuccessful period with Decca, they went with Greenberg to her newly-formed company, Scepter Records. Working with Luther Dixon, the group rose to fame with "Tonight's the Night". After a successful period of collaboration with Dixon and promotion by Scepter, with seven Hot 20 hits, The Shirelles left Scepter in 1966. Afterwards, they were unable to maintain their previous popularity.
The Shirelles had a "naive schoolgirl sound" that contrasted with the sexual themes of many of their songs and several of their hits used strings and baião-style music. They have been credited with launching the girl group genre, with much of their music reflecting the genre's essence. Their acceptance by both white and black audiences, predating that of the Motown acts, has been noted as reflecting the early success of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. They have received numerous honors, including the Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation, as well as being accepted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, and named one of the 100 best acts of all time by Rolling Stone in 2004. Two of their songs, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and "Tonight's the Night", were selected by Rolling Stone on its list of the greatest songs of all time.
History
Initial career and success
The Shirelles were formed in 1957 by four teenage friends from Passaic, New Jersey,[1] under the name The Poquellos[2] (or The Pequellos[3]). The founding members, Shirley Owens (later Shirley Alston Reeves), Doris Coley (later Doris Kenner-Jackson), Addie "Micki" Harris (later Addie McPherson), and Beverly Lee, entered a talent show at Passaic High School at the suggestion of a teacher. After hearing them sing "I Met Him on a Sunday", a song they had written for the show, their classmate Mary Jane Greenberg convinced the reluctant Poquellos to meet with her mother, Florence, the owner of Tiara Records;[2][4] After several months of avoiding Greenberg and telling her that they were not interested in singing professionally, they were booked to Tiara. By the end of the year they had changed their name to The Shirelles,[1] a combination of the first syllable of Owen's given name and -el, reminiscent of then-popular group The Chantels,[5] after briefly using the name The Honeytunes. That year, they released their first song, "I Met Him on a Sunday"; after local success, it was licensed to Decca Records for national broadcast and charted at #50. The song was influenced by doo-wop, but infused with pop melodies.[6]
Tiara Records, along with The Shirelles' contract, was sold to Decca Records in 1959 for $4000; Greenberg stayed as the manager, securing performances for the group, including one at the Howard Theatre in Washington D.C..[7] After two singles did poorly, including their first release of "Dedicated to the One I Love", a cover of The "5" Royales song of the same name with Coley as lead vocalist,[8] Decca returned them to Greenberg and gave up on them, considering them a one-hit act.[7] Greenberg formed a new label, Scepter Records, and brought them with her.[1] They re-released "Dedicated to the One I Love" as a single and it peaked at #89; Wayne Wadhams, David Nathan, and Susan Lindsay in Inside the Hits attribute the low rating to poor distribution.[9] In order to better promote the group, Greenberg asked songwriter Luther Dixon, who had previously worked with Perry Como, Nat King Cole, and Pat Boone and co-written the 1959 hit "16 Candles", to write for and produce songs for them. Dixon accepted.[10]
Their first single produced with Dixon, "Tonight's the Night", was released in 1960 and peaked at #39. The success of "Tonight's the Night" led to the girls being booked to perform with several major artists[9], such as Etta James, and Little Richard,[11] and facilitated Scepter's move to a larger office. It was followed by "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", written by husband-wife songwriting team Gerry Goffin and Carole King;[10] the song went on to become either the first Billboard Number One Hit by an African-American girl group[12] or the first Number One Hit by any girl group.[2] "Tonight's the Night" was later used as the title song for the 1961 album Tonight's the Night, which also included "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and "Dedicated to the One I Love".[13]
After the success of their singles, The Shirelles became frequent guests of Murray the K, who hosted them on his "All Star Rock Shows" on the New York radio station WINS; they were also promoted by Dick Clark.[3] During this same period they reissued of "Dedicated to the One I Love", which peaked at #3. This was followed by "Mama Said", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, followed by "Baby It's You", "Soldier Boy"[14] and "Boys", with saxophonist King Curtis.[3]
In 1963 Dixon left Scepter, which preceded a large decrease in number of The Shirelles' songs to chart. However, they carried on performing and recording. Dionne Warwick replaced Owens and Coley, who took leave to be married, and the group continued to record material. That year, they had a cameo in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and their song "Foolish Little Girl" reached the pop/R&B Top 10.[5] However, later in 1963 they learned that the trust that they were supposed to receive on their 21st birthday did not exist.[14] In response, they left Scepter,[8] and later filed a breach of contract suit against the company which was met by a countersuit by Scepter; both suits were withdrawn in 1965.[15] The knowledge of Scepter's dealings disappointed The Shirelles, who felt deceived. In a 1981 interview with Bruce Pollock, Owens said that Greenberg has put on a "mother routine", which the girls had "fall[en] for ... completely".[16]
Later career
In later years, The Shirelles' songs became less popular owing to pressure from the British Invasion[5] and the heavy competition from other girl groups, including The Chiffons, The Dixie Cups, The Ronettes, The Supremes, and The Crystals.[14] During this period, Warwick often replaced Coley due to the latter's family commitments. The Shirelles were still bound to Scepter and thus unable to record for another company until the end of their contract[8] in 1966.[15] Their last single to chart was 1967's "Last Minute Miracle",[5] which peaked at #99.[17]
After the commercial failure of their most recent releases, in 1968 Coley left the group to attend to her family. The remaining three Shirelles recorded songs for several labels, including Bell Records, RCA, and United Artists until 1971. Afterwards, they toured singing their older songs, and participated in the filming of the 1973 documentary Let the Good Times Roll,[5] recording two songs for it.[3] Coley returned as lead singer in 1975,[8] replacing Owens, who left that year. In 1982 Harris died of a heart attack in the Hyatt Regency after two performances in Atlanta, Georgia with the group.[18][5][6] The following year, the remaining three original members performed "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" with Warwick on her album How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye.[5]
Afterwards the original members toured as different groups,[5] although the trademark was eventually acquired by Lee.[19] Coley died in Sacramento, California on February 4, 2000, of breast cancer.[12][8]
Style
Wadhams, Nathan, and Lindsay describe The Shirelles style in their early work as "tight, almost doo-wop harmony".[20] Owens' vocals, described by Alwyn W. Turner as being "wonderfully expressive", were capable of sounding "almost, but not quite" out of tune, which led to Owens' sounding innocent in her songs,[21] as well as being able to intone desire and vulnerability.[10] The other members, singing backup, also convey what Michael Campbell calls a "naive schoolgirl sound".[4] The lyrics sung by The Shirelles tended to be fairly simple and "barely" concealed the subtexts of the songs. The songs were implicitly directed at female listeners, with the male subjects of songs being referred to as "he" instead of "you";[21] this was change from previous female-written songs, which tended to be more gender neutral, and helped pave the way for the "confessional" songs of 70s singers like Joni Mitchell and Carole King.[4][22]
Musically, their works with Dixon were influenced by Brazilian baião and featured numerous instances of syncopation.[10]
Influences
Steve Huey of Allmusic notes that The Shirelles defined "the so-called girl group sound with their soft, sweet harmonies and yearning innocence", with their songs predating Motown in their widespread crossing of racial demographics, both in the US and in Britain. He also notes that they spawned "legions of imitators", and laid a blueprint for future female pop stars to follow.[5] Alwyn Turner writes that The Shirelles "launched [the girl group] genre", noting that their early work already included "the essence" of the genre;[21] Alwyn Zak expands on the statement, noting that the influx of female groups started after the success of "Will You Love Me Tomorrow".[23]
Michael Campbell notes that The Shirelles' success reflected the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He indicates that works such as "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", written by a white couple, produced by an African-American man, with vocals by young African-American women and strings sounding like they were targeted at a white audience, conveyed a "color-blind" message on top of its more obvious sexual one.[4]
Accolades
In 1994, The Shirelles were honored by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation with the Pioneer Award for their contributions to music.[24] The award was accepted by Owens, Lee, and Kenner. As Coley was accepting her award, she said "This is dedicated to the one I love", and sang an impromptu rendition of "Soldier Boy" together with Owens and Lee.[6] Two years later they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, together with Gladys Knight and The Pips. At the ceremony in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, the three surviving members sang a medley of songs after being presented the awards by Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull, and Darlene Love.[25] In 2002, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Lee and Reeves accepted the award.[26]
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked them #76 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Paul Shaffer, who did the write-up, wrote that the girl-group sound, originated by them, was "everything to [him]"; he also described their impromptu performance of "Soldier Boy" as inspiring.[6] They also included two of The Shirelles' songs, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and "Tonight's the Night", on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In the 2010 edition, "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" was ranked 126th, while "Tonight's the Night" was ranked 409th.[27]
In September 2008, the Shirelles' hometown of Passaic honored the group by renaming a section of Paulison Avenue between Passaic and Pennington Avenues (the section where Passaic High School is located) "Shirelles Boulevard". The dedication ceremony was attended by both surviving Shirelles. Owens said that it was different than when they were inducted into the Hall of Fame, as it was their home town. She noted that "the people who loves [sic] us and we loved are right here."[28]
Stage musical
The Shirelles' story was shown in Baby It's You!, a musical revue written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, which follows the story of Greenberg and Scepter Records.[29] The show opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre, directed by Sheldon Epps and starring Beth Leavel as Florence.[30] Christina Sajous played Owens, Erica Ash played Harris, Kyra DaCosta played Lee, and Crystal Starr Knighton played Coley.[31] The use of their likenesses without permission led to Lee, as well as the estates of Coley and Harris, to sue Warner Bros.[19] The revue had a run of 148 performances, opening at the Broadhurst Theatre on April 27, 2011 and closing on September 4 of the same year.[31]
The show received mixed to negative reviews. Entertainment Weekly's Clark Collis gave the musical a "B-" rating,[32]. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times called it "dismal".[33] and Steven Suskin of Variety wrote that it had "a tunestack only one quarter as imperishable" as Jersey Boys.[34] Leavel was nominated for a both a Tony[35] and Drama Desk Award for best leading actress.[36]
Discography
Studio albums
(Based on Billboard information[37])
- 1961: Tonight's the Night
- 1961: The Shirelles Sing to Trumpets and Strings
- 1962: Baby It's You (US #59)
- 1962: The Shirelles and King Curtis Give a Twist Party (duets album with King Curtis)
- 1963: Foolish Little Girl (US #68)
- 1963: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
- 1965: The Shirelles Swing the Most
- 1965: Hear and Now
- 1967: Spontaneous Combustion (Live album)
- 1968: Eternally, Soul (duets album with King Curtis)
- 1972: Happy and in Love (RCA)
- 1973: The Shirelles (RCA)
- 1975: Shirley Alston: With a Little Help From My Friends (Prodigal)
- 1976: The Shirelles: Let's Give Each Other Love (RCA)
- 1977; Lady Rose (Shirley Alston) (Strawberry)
- 1977; Lady Rose Sings the Shirelles' Greatest Hits (Shirley Alston) (Strawberry)
Compilations
- 1963: Greatest Hits (US #19)
- 1964: The Shirelles Sing the Golden Oldies
- 1967: Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
- 1972: Remember When
Singles
| Year | Single | Chart positions[17] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US R&B |
UK | ||
| 1958 | "I Met Him On a Sunday (Ronde-Ronde)" | 49 | ||
| 1959 | "Dedicated to the One I Love" | 83 | ||
| 1960 | "Tonight's the Night" | 39 | 14 | |
| "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
| 1961 | "Dedicated to the One I Love" (reissue) | 3 | 2 | |
| "Mama Said" | 4 | 2 | ||
| "A Thing of the Past" / | 41 | 26 | ||
| "What a Sweet Thing That Was" (B-side) | 54 | |||
| "Big John" | 21 | 2 | ||
| "Baby It's You" / | 8 | 3 | ||
| "The Things I Want To Hear (Pretty Words)" (B-side) | 107 | |||
| 1962 | "Soldier Boy" / | 1 | 3 | 23 |
| "Love Is a Swingin' Thing" (B-side) | 109 | |||
| "Welcome Home, Baby" / | 22 | 20 | ||
| "Mama, Here Comes the Bride" (B-side) | 104 | |||
| "Stop the Music" / | 36 | |||
| "It's Love That Really Counts (In the Long Run)" (B-side) | 102 | |||
| "Everybody Loves a Lover" | 19 | 15 | ||
| 1963 | "Foolish Little Girl" / | 4 | 9 | 38 |
| "Not For All the Money In the World" (B-side) | 100 | |||
| "Don't Say Goodnight and Mean Goodbye" | 26 | |||
| "What Does a Girl Do?" | 53 | * | ||
| "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" / | 92 | * | ||
| "31 Flavors" (B-side) | 97 | * | ||
| 1964 | "Tonight You're Gonna Fall In Love With Me" | 57 | * | |
| "Sha-la-la" | 69 | * | ||
| "Thank You Baby" | 63 | * | ||
| "Maybe Tonight" / | 88 | * | ||
| "Lost Love" (B-side) | 125 | * | ||
| "Are You Still My Baby" | 91 | * | ||
| 1965 | "March (You'll Be Sorry)" | 108 | ||
| "My Heart Belongs To You" | 125 | |||
| 1966 | "Shades of Blue" | 122 | ||
| 1967 | "Don't Go Home (My Little Darlin')" | 110 | ||
| "Last Minute Miracle" | 99 | 41 | ||
| * no RnB Charts printed by Billboard during these chart runs
References
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c Marcus 1994 - 1995, Legends: The Shirelles.
- ^ a b c Wadhams, Nathan & Lindsay 2001, p. 59.
- ^ a b c d Hall of Fame, The Shirelles.
- ^ a b c d Campbell 2005, p. 179.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Huey, The Shirelles.
- ^ a b c d Shaffer 2005, The Shirelles.
- ^ a b Callahan, Edwards, 2009: The Scepter/Wand Story.
- ^ a b c d e Talevski 2006, pp. 334–335.
- ^ a b Wadhams, Nathan & Lindsay 2001, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d Zak 2010, p. 224.
- ^ James & Ritz 1995, p. 76.
- ^ a b Jet 2000, Dorris Kenner-Jackson.
- ^ Unterberger, Tonight's the Night.
- ^ a b c Wadhams, Nathan & Lindsay 2001, p. 62.
- ^ a b Billboard 1965, Shirelles Drop.
- ^ Wadhams, Nathan & Lindsay 2001, p. 63.
- ^ a b Billboard.com, The Shirelles Chart.
- ^ Talevski 2006, p. 410.
- ^ a b Perpetua 2011, Dionne Warwick.
- ^ Wadhams, Nathan & Lindsay 2001, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Turner 2010, p. 426.
- ^ Elias, How Many Times.
- ^ Zak 2010, p. 225.
- ^ Rhythm and Blues Foundation, Pioneer Awards.
- ^ Jet 1996, Gladys Knight.
- ^ Unterberger, The Shirelles.
- ^ Rolling Stone 2010, 500 Songs, p. 121.
- ^ Nutt 2008, Passaic dedicates.
- ^ Jones 2010, Shirelles Musical.
- ^ Jones 2011, Producers of Baby.
- ^ a b IBDB, Baby It's You!.
- ^ Collins 2011, Baby It's You.
- ^ Isherwood 2011, Girl Group Tale.
- ^ Suskin 2011, Baby It's You!.
- ^ Kenneth and Gans 2011, Tony Nominations Announced.
- ^ Gans 2011, 56th Annual Drama.
- ^ Billboard.com, The Shirelles Albums.
- Bibliography
- "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Rollling Stone. 2010.
- "Baby It's You!". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David (April 8, 2009). "The Scepter / Wand Story". Both Sides Now Publications. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- Campbell, Michael (2005). Popular Music in America : The Beat Goes On. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-55534-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Collis, Clark (April 26, 2011). "Baby It's You". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
- "Dorris Kenner-Jackson, 58, Member of The Shirelles". Jet: 16. February 28, 2000.
- Elias, Jason. "How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye". AllMusic.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Gans, Andrew (April 29, 2011). "56th Annual Drama Desk Nominations Announced; Book of Mormon Scores 12 Nominations". playbill.com. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
- "Gladys Knight & The Pips, The Shirelles Inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Jet: 59–60. February 5, 1996.
- Hetrick, Adam (January 24, 2011). "Shirelles Musical Baby It's You!, With Beth Leavel, Will Play the Broadhurst; Complete Cast Announced". Playbill.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Huey, Steve. "The Shirelles". AllMusic.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Isherwood, Charles (April 27, 2011). "Girl Group Tale Is Reharmonized". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
- James, Etta; Ritz, David (1995). Rage to Survive : The Etta James Story. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-679-42328-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Jones, Kenneth (October 20, 2010). "Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway". Playbill.com. Playbill. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- Jones, Kenneth (January 14, 2011). "Producers of Baby It's You! Eyeing Broadhurst Theatre and Beth Leavel"". Playbill.com. Playbill. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Jones, Kenneth (February 4, 2011). "Baby It's You! Box Office Will Open Feb. 5 ". Playbill.com. Playbill. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|rev=ignored (help) - Jones, Kenneth; Gans, Andrew (May 3, 2011). 2011 "Tony Nominations Announced; 'Book of Mormon' Earns 14 Nominations". playbill.com. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - Marcus, Greil (1994 - 1995). "Legends: The Shirelles". Vibe: 124.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help) - Nutt, Amy Ellis (September 22, 2008). "Passaic dedicates street to the ones it loves: the Shirelles". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Perpetua, Matthew (April 28, 2011). "Dionne Warwick and the Shirelles Sue 'Baby It's You' Producers". Rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- "Pioneer Awards: 1994". Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- Shaffer, Paul (April 21, 2005). "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007.
- "Shirelles Drop Suit Against Scepter-Wand". Billboard: 4. June 12, 1965.
- Suskin, Steven (April 27, 2011). "Baby It's You!". Variety Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
- Talevski, Nick (2006). Knocking on Heaven's Door : Rock Obituaries. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84609-091-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "The Shirelles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- "The Shirelles: Albums". Billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- "The Shirelles: Chart History". Billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- Turner, Alwyn W. (2003). "Classic Girl Groups". In Peter Buckley (ed.). The Rough Guide to Rock (3rd ed.). London: Rough Guides. pp. 426–428. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Unterberger, Richie. "The Shirelles". Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- Unterberger, Richie. "Tonight's the Night". AllMusic.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- Wadhams, Wayne; Nathan, David; Lindsay, Susan Gedutis (2001). Inside the Hits. Boston: Berklee. ISBN 978-0-634-01430-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Zak, Albin (2010). I Don't Sound Like Nobody: Remaking Music in 1950s America. Tracking Pop. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11637-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)