List of baryons

This list is of all known and predicted baryons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.

Baryons are the family of composite particle made of three quarks, as opposed to the mesons which are the family of composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Both baryons and mesons are part of the larger particle family comprising all particles made of quarks – the hadron. The term baryon is derived from the Greek βαρύς (barys), meaning "heavy", because at the time of their naming it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.

Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquarks – "exotic" baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark. The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006, and in 2008, considered evidence to be overwhelmingly against the existence of the reported pentaquarks.

Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The most famous baryons are the protons and neutrons which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons (the other major component of atoms) are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle (antibaryon) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

Lists of baryons

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1⁄2 and J = 3⁄2 configurations with positive parity.

• Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = 3⁄2 configuration, but J = 1⁄2 is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
• Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = 1⁄2 and J = 3⁄2 configurations
• Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = 1⁄2 and J = 3⁄2 configurations. Two J = 1⁄2 configurations are possible for these baryons.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See the baryon article for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)

Antiparticles are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks (and antiquarks changed to quarks), and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with ^† next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

j^p = 1⁄2⁺ baryons

J^P = 1⁄2⁺ baryons

Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass (MeV/c2)	I	JP	Q (e)	S	C	B'	Mean lifetime (s)	Commonly decays to
nucleon/proton	p / p+ / N+	u u d	938.272013±0.000023[a]	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+1	0	0	0	Stable[b]	Unobserved
nucleon/neutron	n / n0 / N0	u d d	939.565346±0.000023[a]	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	0	0	0	(8.857±0.008)×10+2[c]	p+ + e− + ν e
Lambda	Λ0	u d s	1115.683±0.006	0	1⁄2+	0	−1	0	0	(2.631±0.020)×10−10	p+ + π− or n0 + π0
charmed Lambda	Λ+ c	u d c	2286.46±0.14	0	1⁄2+	+1	0	+1	0	(2.00±0.06)×10−13	See Λ+ c decay modes
bottom Lambda	Λ0 b	u d b	5620.2±1.6	0	1⁄2+	0	0	0	−1	1.391+0.038 −0.037×10−12	See Λ0 b decay modes
Sigma	Σ+	u u s	1189.37±0.07	1	1⁄2+	+1	−1	0	0	(8.018±0.026)×10−11	p+ + π0 or n0 + π+
Sigma	Σ0	u d s	1192.642±0.024	1	1⁄2+	0	−1	0	0	(7.4±0.7)×10−20	Λ0 + γ
Sigma	Σ−	d d s	1197.449±0.030	1	1⁄2+	−1	−1	0	0	(1.479±0.011)×10−10	n0 + π−
charmed Sigma	Σ++ c	u u c	2454.02±0.18	1	1⁄2+	+2	0	+1	0	(2.95±0.40)×10−22[d]	Λ+ c + π+
charmed Sigma	Σ+ c	u d c	2452.9±0.4	1	1⁄2+	+1	0	+1	0	>1.4×10−22[d]	Λ+ c + π0
charmed Sigma	Σ0 c	d d c	2453.76±0.18	1	1⁄2+	0	0	+1	0	(3.0±0.5)×10−22[d]	Λ+ c + π−
bottom Sigma	Σ+ b	u u b	5807.8±2.7	1	1⁄2+	+1	0	0	−1	Unknown	Λ0 b + π+
bottom Sigma†	Σ0 b	u d b	Unknown	1	1⁄2+	0	0	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
bottom Sigma	Σ− b	d d b	5815.2±2.0	1	1⁄2+	−1	0	0	−1	Unknown	Λ0 b + π−
Xi	Ξ0	u s s	1314.86±0.20	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	−2	0	0	(2.90±0.09)×10−10	Λ0 + π0
Xi	Ξ−	d s s	1321.71±0.07	1⁄2	1⁄2+	−1	−2	0	0	(1.639±0.015)×10−10	Λ0 + π−
charmed Xi	Ξ+ c	u s c	2467.8+0.4 −0.6	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+1	−1	+1	0	(4.42±0.26)×10−13	See Ξ+ c decay modes
charmed Xi	Ξ0 c	d s c	2470.88+0.34 −0.80	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	−1	+1	0	1.12+0.13 −0.10×10−13	See Ξ0 c decay modes
charmed Xi prime	Ξ′+ c	u s c	2575.6±3.1	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+1	−1	+1	0	Unknown	Ξ+ c + γ (seen)
charmed Xi prime	Ξ′0 c	d s c	2577.9±2.9	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	−1	+1	0	Unknown	Ξ0 c + γ (seen)
double charmed Xi[e]†	Ξ++ cc	u c c	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+2	0	+2	0	Unknown	Unknown
double charmed Xi[e]	Ξ+ cc	d c c	3518.9±0.9[e]	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+1	0	+2	0	<3.3×10−14[e]	Λ+ c + K− + π+ [e] or p+ + D+ + K− [e]
bottom Xi (or Cascade B)	Ξ0 b	u s b	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	−1	0	−1	1.49+0.19 −0.18×10−12	See Ξ b decay modes
bottom Xi (or Cascade B)	Ξ− b	d s b	5790.5±2.7	1⁄2	1⁄2+	−1	−1	0	−1	1.56+0.29 −0.27×10−12	See Ξ b decay modes ( Ξ− + J/ψ was also seen)
bottom Xi prime†	Ξ′0 b	u s b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	0	−1	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
bottom Xi prime†	Ξ′− b	d s b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	−1	−1	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Xi†	Ξ0 bb	u b b	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	0	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Xi†	Ξ− bb	d b b	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	−1	0	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi†	Ξ+ cb	u c b	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	+1	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi†	Ξ0 cb	d c b	Unknown	1⁄2	1⁄2+	0	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi prime†	Ξ′+ cb	u c b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	+1	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi prime†	Ξ′0 cb	d c b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	0	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed Omega	Ω0 c	s s c	2695.2±1.7	0	1⁄2+	0	−2	+1	0	(6.9±1.2)×10−14	See Ω0 c decay modes
bottom Omega	Ω− b	s s b	6165±23	0	1⁄2+	−1	−2	0	−1	1.13+0.55 −0.42×10−12	( Ω− + J/ψ seen)
double charmed Omega†	Ω+ cc	s c c	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	+1	−1	+2	0	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Omega†	Ω0 cb	s c b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	0	−1	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Omega prime†	Ω′0 cb	s c b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	0	−1	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Omega†	Ω− bb	s b b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	−1	−1	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
double charmed bottom Omega†	Ω+ ccb	c c b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	+1	0	+2	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed double bottom Omega†	Ω0 cbb	c b b	Unknown	0	1⁄2+	0	0	+1	−2	Unknown	Unknown

^†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
^[a] ^ The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in atomic mass units (u) than in MeV/c², due to the relatively poorly known value of the elementary charge. In atomic mass unit, the mass of the proton is 1.007 276 466 88(13) u while that of the neutron is 1.008 664 915 60(55) u.
^[b] ^ At least 10³⁵ years. See proton decay.
^[c] ^ For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
^[d] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ⁄Γ is given instead.
^[e] ^ Some controversy exists about this data.

j^p = 3⁄2⁺ baryons

J^P = 3⁄2⁺ baryons

Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass (MeV/c2)	I	JP	Q (e)	S	C	B'	Mean lifetime (s)	Commonly decays to
Delta	Δ++ (1232)	u u u	1232±1	3⁄2	3⁄2+	+2	0	0	0	(5.58±0.09)×10−24[h]	p+ + π+
Delta	Δ+ (1232)	u u d	1232±1	3⁄2	3⁄2+	+1	0	0	0	(5.58±0.09)×10−24[h]	π+ + n0 or π0 + p+
Delta	Δ0 (1232)	u d d	1232±1	3⁄2	3⁄2+	0	0	0	0	(5.58±0.09)×10−24[h]	π0 + n0 or π− + p+
Delta	Δ− (1232)	d d d	1232±1	3⁄2	3⁄2+	−1	0	0	0	(5.58±0.09)×10−24[h]	π− + n0
Sigma	Σ∗+ (1385)	u u s	1382.8±0.4	1	3⁄2+	+1	−1	0	0	(1.84±0.04)×10−23[h]	Λ0 + π+ or Σ+ + π0 or Σ0 + π+
Sigma	Σ∗0 (1385)	u d s	1383.7±1.0	1	3⁄2+	0	−1	0	0	(1.8±0.3)×10−23[h]	Λ0 + π0 or Σ+ + π− or Σ0 + π0
Sigma	Σ∗− (1385)	d d s	1387.2±0.5	1	3⁄2+	−1	−1	0	0	(1.67±0.09)×10−23[h]	Λ0 + π− or Σ0 + π− or Σ− + π0 or
charmed Sigma	Σ∗++ c(2520)	u u c	2518.4±0.6	1	3⁄2 +	+2	0	+1	0	(4.4±0.6)×10−23[h]	Λ+ c + π+
charmed Sigma	Σ∗+ c(2520)	u d c	2517.5±2.3	1	3⁄2 +	+1	0	+1	0	>3.9×10−23[h]	Λ+ c + π0
charmed Sigma	Σ∗0 c(2520)	d d c	2518.0±0.5	1	3⁄2 +	0	0	+1	0	(4.1±0.5)×10−23[h]	Λ+ c + π−
bottom Sigma	Σ∗+ b	u u b	5829.0±3.4	1	3⁄2 +	+1	0	0	−1	Unknown	Λ0 b + π+
bottom Sigma†	Σ∗0 b	u d b	Unknown	1	3⁄2 +	0	0	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
bottom Sigma	Σ∗− b	d d b	5836.4±2.8	1	3⁄2 +	−1	0	0	−1	Unknown	Λ0 b + π−
Xi	Ξ∗0 (1530)	u s s	1531.80±0.32	1⁄2	3⁄2+	0	−2	0	0	(7.2±0.4)×10−23[h]	Ξ0 + π0 or Ξ− + π+
Xi	Ξ∗− (1530)	d s s	1535.0±0.6	1⁄2	3⁄2+	−1	−2	0	0	6.7+1.1 −1.2×10−23[h]	Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0
charmed Xi	Ξ∗+ c(2645)	u s c	2645.9+0.5 −0.6	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	+1	−1	+1	0	>2.1×10−22[h]	Ξ+ c + π0 (seen)
charmed Xi	Ξ∗0 c(2645)	d s c	2645.9±0.5	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	0	−1	+1	0	>1.2×10−22[h]	Ξ+ c + π− (seen)
double charmed Xi†	Ξ∗++ cc	u c c	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	+2	0	+2	0	Unknown	Unknown
double charmed Xi†	Ξ∗+ cc	d c c	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	+1	0	+2	0	Unknown	Unknown
bottom Xi†	Ξ∗0 b	u s b	5945.0±3.7	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	0	−1	0	−1	(3.1±2.7)×10−22[h]	Ξ− b + π+ (seen)
bottom Xi†	Ξ∗− b	d s b	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	−1	−1	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Xi†	Ξ∗0 bb	u b b	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	0	0	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Xi†	Ξ∗− bb	d b b	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	−1	0	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi†	Ξ∗+ cb	u c b	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	+1	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Xi†	Ξ∗0 cb	d c b	Unknown	1⁄2	3⁄2 +	0	0	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
Omega	Ω−	s s s	1672.45±0.29	0	3⁄2+	−1	−3	0	0	(8.21±0.11)×10−11[h]	Λ0 + K− or Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0
charmed Omega	Ω∗0 c(2770)	s s c	2765.9±1.5	0	3⁄2 +	0	−2	+1	0	Unknown	Ω0 c + γ
bottom Omega†	Ω∗− b	s s b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	−1	−2	0	−1	Unknown	Unknown
double charmed Omega†	Ω∗+ cc	s c c	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	+1	−1	+2	0	Unknown	Unknown
charmed bottom Omega†	Ω∗0 cb	s c b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	0	−1	+1	−1	Unknown	Unknown
double bottom Omega†	Ω∗− bb	s b b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	−1	−1	0	−2	Unknown	Unknown
triple charmed Omega†	Ω++ ccc	c c c	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	+2	0	+3	0	Unknown	Unknown
double charmed bottom Omega†	Ω∗+ ccb	c c b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	+1	0	+2	−1	Unknown	Unknown
charmed double bottom Omega†	Ω∗0 cbb	c b b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	0	0	+1	−2	Unknown	Unknown
triple bottom Omega†	Ω− bbb	b b b	Unknown	0	3⁄2 +	−1	0	0	−3	Unknown	Unknown

^†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
^[h] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ⁄Γ is given instead.

Baryon resonance particles

This short table gives the name, the quantum numbers (where known), and the status of baryons as given by Nakamura. Baryon resonance particles are subatomic particles with short half life and high mass, given in brackets. For N, Δ and Ξ resonances, the πN partial wave is indicated by the symbol L_2I,2J, where L is the orbital angular momentum (S, P, D, F, I, J, K, ...), I is the isospin and J is the total angular momentum. For Λ and Σ resonances, the ${\bar {K}}N$ partial wave is labelled L_I,2J.

Baryon Resonance Particles

Nucleons			Δ particles			Λ particles			Σ particles			Ξ and Ω particles			Charmed particles
p	P11	****	Δ(1232)	P33	****	Λ	P01	****	Σ+	P11	****	Ξ0	P11	****	Λ+c	****
n	P11	****	Δ(1600)	P33	***	Λ(1405)	S01	****	Σ0	P11	****	Ξ−	P11	****	Λc(2595)+	***
N(1440)	P11	****	Δ(1620)	S31	****	Λ(1520)	D03	****	Σ−	P11	****	Ξ(1530)	P13	****	Λc(2625)+	***
N(1520)	D13	****	Δ(1700)	D33	****	Λ(1600)	P01	***	Σ(1385)	P13	****	Ξ(1620)		*	Λc(2765)+	*
N(1535)	S11	****	Δ(1750)	P31	*	Λ(1670)	S01	****	Σ(1480)		*	Ξ(1690)		***	Λc(2880)+	***
N(1650)	S11	****	Δ(1900)	S31	**	Λ(1690)	D03	****	Σ(1560)		**	Ξ(1820)	D13	***	Λc(2940)+	***
N(1675)	D15	****	Δ(1905)	F35	****	Λ(1800)	S01	***	Σ(1580)	D13	*	Ξ(1950)		***
N(1680)	F15	****	Δ(1910)	P31	****	Λ(1810)	P01	***	Σ(1620)	S11	**	Ξ(2030)		***	Σc(2455)	****
N(1700)	D13	***	Δ(1920)	P33	***	Λ(1820)	F05	****	Σ(1660)	P11	***	Ξ(2120)		*	Σc(2520)	***
N(1710)	P11	***	Δ(1930)	D35	***	Λ(1830)	D05	****	Σ(1670)	D13	****	Ξ(2250)		**	Σc(2800)	***
N(1720)	P13	****	Δ(1940)	D33	*	Λ(1890)	P03	****	Σ(1690)		**	Ξ(2370)		**
N(1900)	P13	**	Δ(1950)	F37	****	Λ(2000)		*	Σ(1750)	S11	***	Ξ(2500)		*	Ξ+c	***
N(1990)	F17	**	Δ(2000)	F35	**	Λ(2020)	F07	*	Σ(1770)	P11	*				Ξ0c	***
N(2000)	F15	**	Δ(2150)	S31	*	Λ(2100)	G07	****	Σ(1775)	D15	****	Ω−		****	Ξ′c+	***
N(2080)	D13	**	Δ(2200)	G37	*	Λ(2110)	F05	***	Σ(1840)	P13	*	Ω(2250)−		***	Ξ′c0	***
N(2090)	S11	*	Δ(2300)	H39	**	Λ(2325)	D03	*	Σ(1880)	P11	**	Ω(2380)−		**	Ξc(2645)	***
N(2100)	P11	*	Δ(2350)	D35	*	Λ(2350)	H09	***	Σ(1915)	F15	****	Ω(2470)−		**	Ξc(2790)	***
N(2190)	G17	****	Δ(2390)	F37	*	Λ(2585)		**	Σ(1940)	D13	***				Ξc(2815)	***
N(2200)	D15	**	Δ(2400)	G39	**				Σ(2000)	S11	*				Ξc(2930)	*
N(2220)	H19	****	Δ(2420)	H3,11	****				Σ(2030)	F17	****				Ξc(2980)	***
N(2250)	G19	****	Δ(2750)	I3,13	**				Σ(2070)	F15	*				Ξc(3055)	**
N(2600)	I1,11	***	Δ(2950)	K3,15	**				Σ(2080)	P13	**				Ξc(3080)	***
N(2700)	K1,13	**							Σ(2100)	G17	*				Ξc(3123)	*
									Σ(2250)		***
									Σ(2455)		**				Ω0c	***
									Σ(2620)		**				Ωc(2270)0	***
									Σ(3000)		*
									Σ(3170)		*				Ξ+cc	*

****	Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored.
***	Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined.
**	Evidence of existence is only fair.
*	Evidence of existence is poor.

See also

• Eightfold way (physics)
• List of mesons
• List of particles
• Timeline of particle discoveries

References

Bibliography

• K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 37 (7A): 075021. Bibcode:2010JPhG...37g5021N. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021.
• C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1–1340. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1P. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018.
• V.M. Abazov (DØ Collaboration) (2008). "Observation of the doubly strange b baryon
  Ω⁻
  _b" (PDF). Fermilab-Pub-08/335-E.
• K. Carter (2006). "The rise and fall of the pentaquark". Symmetry Magazine. Fermilab/SLAC. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
• W.-M. Yao et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 33: 1–1232. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.
• H. Muir (2003). "Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
• J.G. Körner, M. Krämer, and D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 33: 787–868. arXiv:hep-ph/9406359. Bibcode:1994PrPNP..33..787K. doi:10.1016/0146-6410(94)90053-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

• H. Garcilazo, J. Vijande, and A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy". Journal of Physics G. 34 (5): 961–976. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• S. Robbins (2006). "Physics Particle Overview – Baryons". Journey Through the Galaxy. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
• D.M. Manley (2005). "Status of baryon spectroscopy". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 5: 230–237. Bibcode:2005JPhCS...9..230M. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/9/1/043.
• S.S.M. Wong (1998). Introductory Nuclear Physics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-23973-9.
• R. Shankar (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44790-8.
• E. Wigner (1937). "On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei". Physical Review. 51 (2): 106–119. Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..106W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106.
• M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of Baryons and Mesons". Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214–215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.
• W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne I". Zeitschrift für Physik. 77: 1–11. Bibcode:1932ZPhy...77....1H. doi:10.1007/BF01342433. Template:De icon
• W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne II". Zeitschrift für Physik. 78 (3–4): 156–164. Bibcode:1932ZPhy...78..156H. doi:10.1007/BF01337585. Template:De icon
• W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne III". Zeitschrift für Physik. 80 (9–10): 587–596. Bibcode:1933ZPhy...80..587H. doi:10.1007/BF01335696. Template:De icon

External links

• Particle Data Group – Review of Particle Physics (2008).
• Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
• Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared