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Casimir Pulaski

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For things named to honor Casimir Pulaski, see Pulaski (disambiguation).
Casimir Pulaski
Casimire Pulaski by Jan Styka
Born(1745-03-06)6 March 1745a
Warsaw, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland)
Died11 October 1779(1779-10-11) (aged 34)
Georgia
Service / branchContinental Army
Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
RankGeneral
Signature

Casimir Pulaski, or Kazimierz Pułaski in Polish (Polish pronunciation: [kaʑiˈmʲɛʂ puˈwaski] ⓘ; full name Kazimierz Michał Wacław Wiktor Pułaski; March 6, 1745[1] – October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman of Ślepowron coat-of-arms, soldier and military commander who has been called "the father of American cavalry". Despite his fame, until recently, there have been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place of birth and burial.

Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he emigrated to North America as a soldier of fortune, following the endorsement of Benjamin Franklin. During the American Revolutionary War, he saved the life of George Washington and became a general in the Continental Army. He created the Pulaski Cavalry Legion and reformed the American cavalry. He died of wounds suffered in the Battle of Savannah.

He has been remembered as a hero fighting for independence and freedom both in Poland and in the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only seven people to be awarded honorary United States citizenship.

Biography

In Poland

Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745 in the now-nonexistent Pulaski manor house, located near the present address 53 Nowy Świat St. near Warecka St. in Warsaw, Poland (the date and place have been erroneously reported in some older sources).[1][2]a His father, Józef Pułaski, was a well-known lawyer – the Advocatus at Crown Tribunal and the Starosta of Warka and one of its most notable inhabitants. His mother was Marianna Zielińska, and he was a brother of Franciszek Ksawery Pułaski and Antoni Pułaski.[3] Early in his youth, Casimir Pulaski attended at the elite college of Theatines in Warsaw,[3] but did not finish his education.[3]

Ślepowron coat-of-arms.

In 1762, he started his career as a page of Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland and a vassal of the Polish king.[3] He spent six months in Mitau, at the ducal court, during which time the court was interned in the palaces by the Russian forces occupying the area.[3] Pulaski returned to Warsaw, and his father gave him the village of Zezulińce in Podole; from that time Pulaski used the title of starost of Zezulińce.[3]

With his family, he took part in the 1764 election of the new Polish monarch, Stanisław II August.[3] In December 1767 however, Pulaski together with his father became involved with the Bar Confederation.[3] The confederation, aiming to curtail Russian hegemony over the Commonwealth, and seeing king Stanisław August Poniatowski as their tool, was actively opposed by the Russian forces stationed in Poland. Pulaski recruited a united and on February 29, 1768 signed the act of the confederation.[3] On 6 March he received a rank of a pułkownik and commanded a choragiew of cavalry.[3] In March and April he took part in agitating among the military, converting some royal forces over to the confederates side.[3] He fought his first battle on April 20 near Pohorełe; it was victorious, but his second engagement on April 28 was a defeat.[3] In early May he garrisoned Chmielnik, but was forced to retreat when allied forces attempting to reinforce him were defeated.[3] From end of May he was besieged in a monastery in Berdyczów, which he defended for over two weeks until June 16.[4] Eventually he was forced to surrender and was taken captive by the Russians.[4] On 28 June he was set free after being forced to pledge that he would not return to the confederates, although he had to pledge to agitate among the confederates for the end of hostilities.[4] However, he did not consider such a forced pledge binding, and upon reaching a camp of the confederates he said so in a public declaration at the end of July.[4] Nonetheless he lost much authority among the confederates, and his own father considered whether or not he should be court-martialed; he was reinstated to active duty only in early September.[4]

Pulaski at Częstochowa, an 1875 painting by Józef Chełmoński

In 1769, he was again besieged by numerically superior forces, this time in the old fortress of Okopy Świętej Trójcy, which served as his base of operations since December of the preceding year.[4] However, after a brave defense, he was able to break through the Russian siege.[4] On 7 April he received the position of the regimentarz (of the Kraków Voivodeship).[4] In May and June he operated near Przemyśl, but failed to take the town.[4] Criticized by some of his fellow confederates, with his allies and a force of about 600 men on 3 June he departed to Lithuania.[4] There, Pulaski attempted to incite a larger revolt against Russia; despite no decisive military successes, he was able to gather an army of 4,000 and deliver it back to a Confederate staging point.[5] This excursion gained him widespread fame, and was covered in international press.[5] He gained the reputation of the "best military leader of the Bar Confederation."[5] Next, he moved towards Zamość and after some skirmishes was defeated at the battle of Włodawa on 15 September.[5] For the rest of the year, he focused on rebuilding his unit in the region of Podkarpacie.[5]

In February 1770, he moved near Nowy Targ, and in March, he took part in the quelling of the mutiny of Józef Bierzyński.[5] Next, he operated in the southern Lesser Poland region, based in Izby, and on 13 May he was defeated at the battle of Dęborzyn.[5] Around 9–10 June in Prešov, meeting other Confederate leaders, he also met Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who complimented him on his actions.[5] On 3–4 July, Pulaski's camp was captured by Johann von Drewitz, and he was forced to retreat into Austrian territory.[5] On the night of 31 August to 1 September, he raided Kraków.[6] Next he departed towards Częstochowa.[6] On 10 September together with Michał Walewski he used subterfuge to take control of the Jasna Góra monastery.[6] Between September 10, 1770, and January 9, 1771, Pulaski and Walewski commanded the Polish forces in the siege of Jasna Góra monastery, which they successfully defended against Drewitz.[6] The defense of Jasna Góra once again increased his reputation, both among the Confederates, and abroad.[6] A popular Confederate song taunting Drewitz included parts about Pulaski and Jasna Góra.[7]

Map of the Bar Confederation conflict

In February 1771 he operated around Lublin.[6] In March that year he became one of the members of the Confederates' War Council.[6] In May he advanced on Zamość, despite opposition from some other confederate leaders; without Pulaski's support they were defeated at the battle of Lanckorona.[8] In October his competences in the War Council were increased.[8] In October that year, he became involved with the plan to kidnap King Poniatowski.[8] Pulaski was initially opposed to the plan, and later supported it on the condition that the king would not be harmed.[9] The attempt failed, weakening Confederates international reputation, and when Pulaski's involvement with the attempted kidnapping became known, he was expelled by the Austrians from their territories.[8][10] He spent the following winter and spring in Częstochowa.[8] In the meantime, several of his followers were defeated, captured or killed.[8] On 31 May 1772 Pulaski, increasingly distanced from other leaders of the Confederation, left the Jasna Góra monastery and went to Silesia in Prussia.[8] In the meantime, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with most fighting ending around the summer.[10] Overall, Pulaski was seen as one of the most famous and accomplished Confederate leaders."[5][6] At the same time, he often acted independently, disobeying orders from Confederate command, and among his detractors (who included the French general Charles François Dumouriez) had a reputation of a "loose cannon".[6][8]

Leaving Prussia, Pulaski sought refuge in France, where he attempted, without success, to join the French Army.[8] In the meantime, in 1773 his opponents in Poland moved to accuse him of attempted regicide, and proceedings begun at the Sejm Court on 7 June.[8][11] Poniatowski himself warned Pulaski to stay away from Poland, or risk death.[8] The court verdict in July declared him, in absentia, stripped of "all dignity and honors", his possessions confiscated, and sentenced him to death.[11] He attempted to recreate a Confederate force in Turkey during the Russo-Turkish War, but before he could make any progress, the Turks were defeated, and he barely escaped, through sea, to Marseilles, France.[11] He found himself in debts, and unable to find an army that would enlist him.[11] Thus he spent the year 1775 in France, for a time even imprisoned for debts, until his allies gathered enough funds to arrange for his release.[11] Around that time thanks to the efforts of his friend Claude-Carloman de Rulhière he was recruited by Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin (whom he met in Spring 1777) for service in America.[11][12]

In the United States

General Casimir Pulaski, 1931 Issue, 2c

Franklin was impressed by Pulaski, and wrote of him: "Count Pulaski of Poland, an officer famous throughout Europe for his bravery and conduct in defence of libertie of his country against the three great invading powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia... may be highly useful to our service."[13] He subsequently recommended that General George Washington accept Pulaski as a volunteer in the American cavalry and said that Pulaski "was renowned throughout Europe for the courage and bravery he displayed in defense of his country's freedom."[14] Pulaski departed France from Nantes in June, and arrived in America, in Marblehead, Massachusetts near Boston, on 23 July 1777.[15] After arriving in America, Pulaski wrote to Washington, "I came here, where freedom is being defended, to serve it, and to live or die for it."[14]

Pulaski in Juliusz Kossak painting 1883

On 20 August he met Washington in his headquarters in Neshaminy Falls.[15] Upon meeting Washington, he showed off riding stunts, arguing for the superiority of cavalry over infantry.[16] As Washington was unable to grant him an officer rank, Pulaski spent the next two or so months travelling between Washington and the US Congress in Philadelphia.[15] His first military engagement against the British occurred still before he had any formal appointment, on September 11, 1777, at the Battle of Brandywine.[15] When the Continental troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat.[16] He was authorized to collect as many of the scattered troops as came in his way, and employ them according to his discretion, which he did in a manner so prompt as to effect important aid in the retreat of the army.[17] His courageous charge averted a disastrous defeat of the American cavalry and saved the life of Washington.[15][16][18] This engagement earned him fame in America.[19] As a result, on September 15, 1777, Washington promoted Pulaski to brigadier general of the American cavalry.[14] At that point, US cavalry was only few hundred-men strong, in four regiments, scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties.[15] Pulaski immediately begun work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.[15]

Stanisław Batowski Kaczor, Death of Pulaski at Savannah

On 16 September he saved the army from a surprise at Warren Tavern, near Philadelphia.[20] Next, on October 4, he took part in the Battle of Germantown.[15] He spent the winter of 1777/78 with most of the army at Valley Forge.[15] Pulaski argued that the military operations should continue through the winter, but this idea was discarded by the general staff.[15] In turn, he focused on reorganizing the cavalry force, mostly stationed in Trenton.[15] In February he worked with General Anthony Wayne, contributing to the defeat of a British division at Haddonfield, New Jersey.[15] However, the cavalry officers could not be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner who could scarcely speak English and whose ideas of discipline and tactics differed widely from those to which they had been accustomed.[17] There was also tension between Polish officers and others, wages were delayed, his suggestion to create a lancer unit was denied,[15] and in addition, there was Pulaski's imperious personality.[21] Despite a commendation from Wayne, these circumstances prompted him to resign his general command in March 1778, and return to Valley Forge.[15][17]


Pulaski went to Yorktown, where he met with general Horatio Gates, suggesting creation of a new unit.[15] At Gates suggestion, Congress confirmed his rank as a brigade general, with a special title of "Commander of the Horse", and authorized the formation of a corps of 68 lancers and 200 light infantry.[15][16] This corps, which became known under the name of the Pulaski Cavalry Legion, was recruited mainly in Baltimore, where it was headquartered since April.[15] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow commemorated in verse the consecration of the Legion's banner.[22] In August, it numbered about 330 men, both Americans and foreigners.[15] General Charles Lee commended on the high standards of the Legion's training.[15] The "father of the American cavalry" demanded much of his men and trained them in tested cavalry tactics. He used his own personal finances when money from Congress was scarce, in order to assure his forces of the finest equipment and personal safety.[23][24] However, later that year a controversy arose related to the Legion's finances, and its requisitions from the local populace.[15] His troubles with the auditors continued till his death; Pulaski complained that he received inadequate funds, was obstructed by locals and officials, and that he was forced to spend his own money.[25] Eventually he was cleared of any charges, but not before his death.[25]

In the autumn he was ordered to Little Egg Harbor, where in the engagement on 15 October, known as The Affair at Little Egg Harbor, the legion suffered heavy losses.[15][26] During the following winter Pulaski was stationed at Minisink, at that time in New Jersey.[25] Ordered to take part in a punitive Sullivan Expedition against the Native Americans, he was dissatisfied with this command, and intended to leave the service and return to Europe, but was dissuaded by Washington.[17][25] On 2 February 1779 he was ordered to South Carolina.[25] Over the next three months units under his command arrived in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, where they participated in the town's defense.[25]

Although he had frequent attacks of malarial fever, he remained in active service. Toward the beginning of September, he received orders to proceed to Augusta.[17] There he was to join with General Lachlan McIntosh, and the united force was to move toward Savannah in advance of the army of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln.[27] Before the enemy was aware of his presence, Pulaski captured a British outpost, and, after several skirmishes, established permanent communications with the French fleet at Beaufort. His units acted as a front guard for the allied French units under Admiral Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing.[25] He rendered great services during the siege of Savannah, and in the assault of October 9 commanded the whole cavalry, both French and American.[17] During a cavalry charge, while attempting to rally fleeing French forces, Pulaski was mortally wounded by grapeshot.[25][28] The grape shot is still on display today at The Georgia Historical Society in Savannah, GA. After he was wounded, Pulaski was carried from the field and taken aboard the privateer merchant brigantine Wasp, where he died two days later, having never regained consciousness.[14][25] His heroic death further boosted his reputation in America.[28]

Pulaski received a symbolic burial in Charleston on 21 October.[25] According to several contemporary witnesses, including Pulaski's aide-de-camp, he was buried at sea.[29] Other witnesses however, including Captain Samuel Bulfinch of the Wasp, claimed that the wounded Pulaski was actually later removed from the ship and taken to Greenwich plantation near Savannah, Georgia, where he died and was buried.[30] Remains at Monterey Square alleged to be Pulaski's were exhumed in 1996 and examined in a forensic study.[31] The eight-year examination, including DNA analysis, ended inconclusively, although the skeleton is consistent with Pulaski's age and occupation.[31] The remains were reinterred with military honors in 2005.[32]

Tributes

Statue at the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum in Warka, Poland.
Main article: Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski

Pulaski is one of the most honored persons in American history, in terms of places and events named in his honor.[25] The United States has long commemorated Pulaski's contributions to the American War of Independence, and the Congress passed a resolution that a monument should be dedicated to him.[25] In 1929, Congress passed a resolution recognizing October 11 of each year as "General Pulaski Memorial Day", with a large parade held annually on the Fifth Avenue in New York City.[14][25] Separately, a Casimir Pulaski Day is celebrated in Illinois and some other places on the first Monday of each March.[33] After a previous attempt failed,[34] the United States Congress passed a joint resolution conferring honorary U.S. citizenship on Pulaski in 2009, sending it to the President for approval.[35] President Barack Obama signed the bill on November 6, 2009, making Pulaski the seventh person so honored.[36]

In Poland, Pulaski relative, Antoni Pułaski, obtained a cancellation of his brother sentence in 1793.[25] He has been mentioned in the literary works of numerous Polish authors, including Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.[25] Adolf Nowaczyński wrote a drama "Pułaski w Ameryce" (Pulaski in America) in 1917.[25] A museum dedicated to Pulaski, the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum, opened in Warka in 1967.[37]

Throughout America and Poland, various anniversaries related to Pulaski's birth and death have been celebrated on many occasions, and numerous objects of arts such as paintings and statues exist of Pulaski.[25][38] In 1879, to commemorate a 100th anniversary of his death, Henri Schoeller composed "A Pulaski March."[25] Commemorative medals and stamps of Pulaski have been issued.[25] Several towns and counties in United States are named after him.[25] Numerous streets, parks and structures (such as the Pulaski Bridge or the Pulaski Skyway) are also named in his memory.[25] There is also a number of institutions named after him.[25] A US Navy submarine, USS Casimir Pulaski, has been named for him, as was a 19th-century Revenue Marine (Coast Guard) cutter.[39] A Polish frigate, ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski, is also named after Pulaski.[40] Fort Pulaski, active during the American Civil War, is named in honor of Casimir Pulaski.[41]

Polish historian Władysław Konopczyński, who wrote a monograph on Pulaski in 1931, noted that he was one of the most accomplished Polish people, grouping him with other Polish military heroes such as Tadeusz Kościuszko, Stanisław Żółkiewski, Stefan Czarniecki and Prince Józef Poniatowski.[38]

See also

Notes

^a Older sources have cited varying dates and places of birth of Pulaski. The suggested alternative dates have been 4 March of 1746 or 1747, and the alternative place of birth, Pułaski family manor at Winiary.[1][2] Modern sources agree that Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745 in the now-nonexistent Pulaski manor house, located near the present address 53 Nowy Świat St. near Warecka St. in Warsaw.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Father Stanislaw Makarewicz (1998), "The Four Birth Records of Kazimierz Pulaski", Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Koscielne, vol. 70, The Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), retrieved 2009-03-04 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |translators= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Casimir Pulaski Birthday Commemoration. The Real Date of Casimir Pulaski's Birth" (PDF). Poles in America Foundation. March 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.386
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.387
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.388
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.389
  7. ^ Janusz Maciejewski (1976). Literatura barska. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 381. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.390
  9. ^ Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  10. ^ a b Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.391
  12. ^ "Pulaski Day". Eiu.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  13. ^ Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e Resolution of 111th [Congress http://thomas.loc.gov]: 1st Session; S. J. RES. 12 Proclaiming Casimir Pulaski to be an honorary citizen of the United States
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.392
  16. ^ a b c d Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d e f public domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ "Kazimierz Pulaski Granted U.S. Citizenship Posthumously (11 March 2009) – U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw, Poland". U.S. Department of State. 11 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  19. ^ Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  20. ^ Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (1 January 1992). The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles Who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-86516-245-7. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  21. ^ Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. XXIV No. 4 Fall 1994, pp. 876–877
  22. ^ Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America (1943). Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 451. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  23. ^ Seidner, Stanley S (1976). "In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An Inquiry for the Polish Community". New York: IUME, Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved 2009-10-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.393
  26. ^ William Scudder Stryker; Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey (1894). The affair at Egg Harbor, New Jersey, October 15, 1778. Naar, Day & Naar. p. 16. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  27. ^ Charles Colcock Jones (1883). The history of Georgia: Revolutionary epoch. Vol. 2. p. 378. Cite error: The named reference "The history of Georgia: Revolutionary epoch" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b Alex Storozynski (3 August 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  29. ^ CASIMIR PULASKI Polish and American Hero. Project of documentary film by Jolanta Kessler-Chojecka. American Council for Polish Culture. Last accessed on 4 June 2012
  30. ^ Edward Pinkowski (February 1996). "General Pulaski's Age. Baptism Record Verifies Historian's Hunch". Polish American Journal. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
  31. ^ a b "The Pulaski Mystery". Poles.org. 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  32. ^ "Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah". Poles.org. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  33. ^ "Pulaski Day". Castle.eiu.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  34. ^ S.J.Res. 5
  35. ^ H.J.Res. 26
  36. ^ Mann, William C. (2009-11-10). "Revolutionary War hero becomes honorary US citizen". Retrieved 2012-05-15.
  37. ^ "Muzeum imienia Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce". Muzeumpulaski.pl. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
  38. ^ a b Wacław Szczygielski, Pułaski Kazimierz, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1986, ISBN 83-04-00148-9, p.394
  39. ^ "Pulaski, 1825; U.S. Coast Guard" (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  40. ^ "Marynarka Wojenna" (in Template:Pl icon). Mw.mil.pl. Retrieved 2012-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  41. ^ "Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-05.

Further reading

  • Konopczynski, Wladyslaw (1947). Casimir Pulaski. Archives and museum. Vol. 11. Annals of the Polish Roman catholic union. p. 64. OCLC 459864667. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • 40 lat Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce : bohater, historia i perspektywy rozwoju : materiały z polsko-amerykańskiego sympozjum w Warce-Winiarach, 13–16 października 2007. Warka: Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. 2007. p. 347. ISBN 978-83-925551-5-5. OCLC 212815661. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |editorn-link= (help); Unknown parameter |editorn-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editorn-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Casimir Pulaski.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kazimierz Pułaski.

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