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Royal British Columbia Museum Corporation
Established1886
LocationVictoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Typeprovincial history museum and archives
Collection sizeapproximately 14 million
Websitewww.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/

Founded in 1886, the Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM) is a natural and human history museum in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The RBCM merged with the British Columbia Provincial Archives in 2003. The “Royal” title was approved by Queen Elizabeth II and bestowed by Prince Philip in 1987, to coincide with a Royal tour.[1]

The RBCM includes three permanent galleries: modern history, natural history, and local First Nations’ history. The museum’s collections are comprised of approximately 14 million objects (increased from 7 million in 2010), including artifacts, natural history specimens, and archival records.[2] The natural history collections consist of 750,000 specimens almost exclusively from BC and neighbouring states, provinces, or territories. The RBCM also hosts touring exhibits, and previous exhibits have included artifacts related to the Titanic, Leonardo da Vinci, ancient Egypt, and Genghis Khan. The museum’s IMAX theatre shows both educational films and commercial entertainment. Notably, the RBCM merged with the British Columbia Provincial Archives in 2003.

The RBCM is located in Victoria's Inner Harbour, between the Empress Hotel and the BC Legislature. The museum is in the centre of the RBCM Cultural Precinct, a surrounding area of historical sites and monuments.[3] There is also a summer satellite gallery at the Wing Sang building (51 E. Pender) in Vancouver’s Chinatown, opened in June 2012.[4] The overarching exhibition of the satellite gallery in summer 2012 was "Curious," made up of four installations: Intimate Glimpses, Artifact/ Artifiction, Magic Lantern and Bottled Beauty. [5]

On 26 March 2012 Jack Lohman was appointed CEO of the RBCM, and he received the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Honour on 16 June 2012.[6] Various groups assist with the development, success, and maintenance of the RBCM. These include volunteers, who number over 500 and outnumber the RBCM staff 4 to 1 [7]; the Royal BC Museum Foundation (formerly Friends of the Royal BC Museum Foundation), a non-profit organization created in 1970 to support the RBCM financially and to assist its work by forming links within the community; Security Services, responsible for risk management, emergency response, security services, and business continuity expertise; and Property Management and Operations, who focus on sustainability, recycling, and environment control within the museum.

History

The RBCM was founded in 1886 by the BC Government in response to a petition from prominent citizens who were concerned about the loss of British Columbian artifacts. Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie, Charles Semlin, William Fraser Tolmie, and former Premier George A. Walkem were amongst those who wanted to stop European and American museums from appropriating BC artifacts.[8] Notably, the petitioners argued that the export of First Nations artifacts was particularly troubling, under the premise that “their loss [was] frequently irreparable.”[9]

On October 25, 1886, the 15 by 20 foot Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology opened in the Birdcages (the former BC Legislative buildings).[10]After its inception, the RBCM continually expanded. In 1896, the museum was given space in the east wing of the new Legislative buildings. The museum’s mandate was updated by the BC government in 1913, and the collection of natural history specimens and anthropological material became official parts of the museum’s operations, as well as the dissemination of knowledge to the people of British Columbia.[11] In 1921, the basement of the east annex of the Legislature was excavated to provide the museum with additional room. As part of the 1967 Canadian centenary celebrations, BC Premier W. A. C. Bennett committed to building a new home for the RBCM.[12] It opened on August 16, 1968, with a final construction budget of $9.5 million. The museum remains housed in this building.[13]

Cultural Precinct

The museum is situated in the cultural precinct, an area comprised of various significant historical buildings near the Inner Harbour.[14] The cultural precinct occupies the space between Douglas Street, Belleville Street, and Government Street. Included in the cultural precinct is the BC Archives, Helmcken House, St. Ann's Schoolhouse (built in 1844), the Netherlands Centennial Carillon, Thunderbird Park, and Mungo Martin House, Wawadit'la, a traditional big house built by Mungo Martin and his family.[7]

Galleries

The RBCM hosts 3 permanent galleries (Modern History, Natural History, and First Peoples galleries) focused on BC history and heritage. The museum also hosts different visiting, temporary exhibitions throughout the year.[15]

The Modern History gallery, named Century Hall, contains various artifacts and replicas of BC's history over the last 200 years. Included in this collection are mock ups of Captain George Vancouver's ship HMS Discovery, a Port Moody train station, a Cornish Water Wheel, and the 1902 Tremblay Homestead (from Peace River District). Notably, the Modern History gallery contains "Old Town," a life sized model of Victoria in the 1870s-1920s. Old Town was designed and constructed between 1969-1972, and presents 20 separate building displays of various scales.[16]

The Natural History gallery boasts a variety of information and artifacts from prehistoric time to present day. There is a range of fossils and taxidermic specimens, including the famed woolly mammoth. A tide pool in the gallery contains live crabs, limpids, and starfish, among constructed specimens. The Natural History gallery also contains the museum's climate-related artifacts. There is a micro climate theatre in the gallery that plays an animated film by Science North. Visitors may also view the Ocean Station in this gallery, a mock Victorian-era submarine that houses a 360 litre aquarium. [17]

The First Peoples gallery contains a large collection of First Nations artifacts, and many of the artifacts in the gallery are from the Haida people. Artifacts in the First Peoples Gallery include a village model, as well as indigenous totem poles, garb, and masks (including Kwakwaka'wakw ceremonial masks made by Chief Nakap'ankam (Mungo Martin)). Notably, the gallery maintains the house of Chief Kwakwabalasami (Jonathan Hunt), a Kwakwaka'wakw chief from Tsaxis (Fort Rupert). The house and surrounding carvings were created by his son, Henry Hunt, and his grandsons, Tony and Richard Hunt. An exhibit of artist Bill Reid's photography is also available for viewing. [18]

Human History Department

The human history department aims to represent the cultural, social, and economic history of the peoples of BC. Collecting anthropological artifacts has been a practice in the RBCM since its founding in 1886. Currently, a significant amount of artifacts from the human history department are being repatriated to First Nations groups. [19] The Human History department is responsible for representing the material cultural history of BC.

Archaeology

This division of the Human History department houses over 192 000 artifacts. The RBCM holds the largest collection of First Nations archaeological material from BC. [20]

Ethnology

The ethnology collection at the RBCM contains over 14 000 indigenous artifacts. These artifacts include both ceremonial and utilitarian objects and were collected from various First Nations groups around BC. [21]

Modern History

The Modern History department is aimed at portraying BC's history through material culture. There are 165 000 artifacts in the collection ranging from silverware to textiles to furniture to items related to canneries, mines, and breweries. [22]

Natural History Department

The Natural History department has been a part of the RBCM since 1886. The department is comprised of curators, collection managers, and a mammal and bird preparator. The Natural History collections are divided into eight disciplines: Entomology, Botany, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Ichthyology, Invertebrate Zoology, Palaeontology, and Herpetology. This department develops the records representing the province's biodiversity by collecting or accepting donations each year; processing them into the collections; and making the specimens and records available to the general public, as well as to scientific and educational communities. [23]

Entomology

The entomology discipline focuses on specimens of insects, arachnids, and their relatives. As of 2010, the entomology collection included approximately 245 000 accessioned specimens and another 150 000 specimens not yet accessioned. The majority of the specimens are collected from BC, although some specimens have been culled from international areas. This collection provides basic information for assessing the status of BC insects and other terrestrial arthropods. It is also used to construct species range maps, supply useful information on species life histories and habitat requirements, and identify unknown specimens. [24]

Botany

The botany discipline centres on the various plants of BC and the collection includes over 200 000 specimens. Notably, the Royal BC Museum houses one of the oldest native plant gardens in western Canada (begun in 1967), where approximately 400 native species grow. [25]

Mammalogy

This discipline includes a collection of mammals, the majority of which are from BC. The collection includes 18 000 specimens, largely comprised of skeletons. [26]

Ornithology

This discipline mainly consists of bird specimens from BC, with a distinct focus on common seabirds, waterfowl, raptors, grouse, common shorebirds, alcids, gulls, woodpeckers, and common passerines. The ornithology collection contains 19 335 study skins, 3027 skeletons, 2713 clutches of eggs, 375 nests and 43 fluid-preserved specimens. [27]

Icthyology

The icthyology discipline is dedicated to the study of fish (primarily the fish of BC). The collection consists of approximately 14 000 specimens of marine and freshwater fish. [28]

Invertebrate Zoology

The invertebrate collection is largely focused on marine, freshwater, and terrestrial specimens (insects, arachnids, and their relatives are represented in the entomology discipline). The collection consists of approximately 65 000 lots of marine and freshwater invertebrates, including marine mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans and polychaetes. This discipline also has significant global collections of dried gastropods, chitons, and bivalves. [29]

Palaeontology

The fossil collection at the RBCM boasts approximately 55 000 specimen. The collection is comprised of specimens from all over BC ranging from 600 million years old to 20 000 years old. The palaeontology discipline also includes rock specimens from various mines around BC. [30]

Herpetology

This discipline is concerned with amphibians and reptiles of BC. The herpetology collection consists of approximately 5000 lots from BC. [31]

Conservation

The Conservation Services Department of the RBCM preserves the museum's artifacts, documents, and specimens. Conservators speak to interested groups, lecture, consult, advise, and work with students and interns from conservation programmes around the world. The department was established in 1966 and was the first conservation lab in western Canada, and one of the first facilities for artifact conservation in Canada. In the 1970s and 1980s, conservators and conservation scientists worked with the Haida people on the preservation of the poles at Ninstints. Since the discovery of the remains of Kwäday Dän Ts’inchi in 1999, conservators have been involved with the Champagne and Aishihik people in recovery, analysis, treatment and publication projects.[32]

Learning and Education

The Learning and Visitor Experience initiative at the RBCM runs public programs, workshops, lectures, guided tours, and special events--all geared toward educating and engaging visitors. [33] Roughly fifty school, family, and adult programs are scheduled per year. There are also annual events, including Remembrance Day commemorations, the Heritage Fair, and a Carol Along with the Carillon and Christmas Open House at Helmcken House.

Exhibition Arts

The Exhibition Arts department began in the early 1970s, and now construct all of the RBCM exhibits in-house. The department is responsible for maintaining the permanent galleries and constructing the exhibitions, as well as setting them up and taking them down. The Exhibition Arts department is made up of specialists with a variety of skill sets, including carpenters, blacksmiths, metal workers, welders, and people who specialize in casting, finishing, jewellery, multimedia, lighting, large format printing, and software and hardware computation. [34]

Publishing & Publications

The RBCM began publishing in 1891, when then-curator John Fannin published a Check List of British Columbia Birds. The museum has produced thousands of books, papers, pamphlets and other documents about its collections, research and activities since that time. [35] Beginning in 1993, the RBCM distributes through major Canadian distributors, including the University of British Columbia Press and Heritage Distributors. The museum publishes around four titles per year and has more than forty books in print. Notably, the RBCM intends to begin publishing e-books in 2012.

Recent titles include:
Arima, Eugene and Alan Hoover. The Whaling People 
of the West Coast of Vancouver Island and Cape Flattery
. Victoria: RBCM, November 2011.[36]
Austin, William C, and Philip Lambert. Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins and Feather Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska and Puget Sound. Victoria: RBCM, 2007.[37]
Beal, Alison M, David F. Hatler, and David W. Nagorsen. Carnivores of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, October 2008.[38]
Black, Martha. Out of the Mist: Treasures of the Nuu-chah-nulth Chiefs. Victoria: RBCM, 1999. [39]
Brayshaw, T. Christopher. Catkin-Bearing Plants of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 1996.[40]
Brayshaw, T. Christopher. Plant Collecting for the Amateur. Victoria: RBCM, 1996.[41]
Brayshaw, T. Christopher. Pondweeds and Bur-reeds and Their Relatives of British Columbia Aquatic Families of Monocotyledons. Victoria: RBCM, 2000.[42]
Brayshaw, T. Christopher. Trees and Shrubs of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 1996.[43]
Cannings, Robert A. Introducing the Dragonflies of British Columbia and the Yukon. Victoria: RBCM, 2002.[44]
Cannings, Robert A. The Systematics of Lasiopogon (Diptera: Asilidae). Victoria: RBCM, 2002.[45]
Carr, Emily. Sister and I from Victoria to London. Victoria: RBCM, April 2011.[46]
Carr, Emily. Wild Flowers. Victoria: RBCM, 2006.[47]
Copley, Claudia and Ann Nightingale, Eds. Nature Guide to the Victoria Region
. Victoria: RBCM and 
the Victoria Natural History Society
, October 2012.[48]
Corley-Smith, Peter. The Ring of Time: The Story of the British Columbia Provincial Museum. Victoria: RBCM, 1985. [49]
Corley-Smith, Peter. White Bears and Other Curiosities: The First 100 Years of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Victoria: RBCM, 1989. Print.[50]
Duff, Wilson, ed. Histories, Territories and Laws of the Kitwancool. Victoria: RBCM, 1959.[51]
Duff, Wilson. The Indian History of British Columbia: The Impact of the White Man. Victoria: RBCM, 1997.[52]
Forsyth, Robert G. Land Snails of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 2004.[53] Graham-Bell, Margaret. Preventive Conservation: A Manual. Victoria: BCMA, 1983. (2nd ed. 1986)[54] Green, David M, Patrick T. Gregory, and Brent M. Matsuda. Amphibians and Reptiles of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 2006. [55] Griffin, Robert and Nancy Oke. Feeding the Family: 100 Years of Food and Drink in Victoria. Victoria: RBCM, 
May 2011.
Guppy, Crispin S and Jon H. Shepard. Butterflies of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 2001. [56]
Hebda, Richard J. and Nancy J. Turner. Saanich Ethnobotany
: Culturally Important Plants of the WSÁNEC People. 
Victoria: RBCM, October 2012
.[57]
Hoover, Alan L, Peter L. Macnair, and Kevin Neary. The Legacy Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art. Victoria: RBCM, 2007. [58]
Hoover, Alan L. Nuu-chah-nulth Voices, Histories, Objects & Journeys. Victoria: RBCM, 2000. [59]
Hoover, Alan L and Peter L. Macnair. The Magic Leaves: A History of Haida Argillite Carving. Victoria: RBCM, 2002. [60]
Johnstone, Bill. Coal Dust In My Blood: The Autobiography of a Coal Miner. Victoria: RBCM, 2002. [61]
Keddie, Grant. Songhees Pictorial: A History of the Songhees People as Seen by Outsiders (1790–1912). Victoria: RBCM, 2003. [62]
Lambert, Philip. Sea Cucumbers of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska and Puget Sound. Victoria: RBCM, 1997. [63]
Lambert, Philip. Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska and Puget Sound. Victoria: RBCM, 2000. [64]
Marc, Jacques. Pacific Coast Ship China.Victoria: RBCM, 2009. [65]
Nagorsen, David W. Opossums, Shrews and Moles of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 1996. [66]
Nagorsen, David W. Rodents & Lagomorphs of British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 2005. [67]
Rajala, Richard A. Up-Coast Forests and Industry on British Columbia’s North Coast, 1870-2005. Victoria: RBCM, 2006. [68]
Savard, Dan. Images from the Likeness House. Victoria: RBCM, May 2010. [69]
Sherwood, Jay. Furrows in the Sky
: The Adventures of Gerry Andrews
. Victoria: RBCM, 
April 2012. [70]
Sherwood, Jay. Return to Northern British Columbia: A Photojournal of Frank Swannell, 1929-39. Victoria: RBCM, September 2010.[71]
Sherwood, Jay. Surveying Central British Columbia A Photojournal of Frank Swannell, 1920 - 28. Victoria: RBCM, 2007.[72]
Truscott, Gerald. Free Spirit Stories of You, Me and BC. Victoria: RBCM, 2008. [73]
Turner, Nancy J. Food Plants of Coastal First People. Victoria: RBCM, 1995. [74]
Turner, Nancy J. Food Plants of Interior First Peoples. Victoria: RBCM, 1997. [75]
Turner, Nancy J. Plant Technology of First Peoples in British Columbia. Victoria: RBCM, 1998. [76]
Ward, Phillip R. Keeping the Past Alive. Victoria: Friends of the BCPM, 1974. [77]
Ward, Phillip R. Getting the Bugs Out. Victoria, Friends of the BCPM, 1976.[78]
Ward, Philip R. In Support of Difficult Shapes. Victoria: Friends of the BCPM, 1978.[79]
White, Bob. Bannock and Beans: A Cowboy's Account of the Bedaux Expedition. Victoria: RBCM, 2009. [80]
Wilson, Colleen. Tales From the Attic: Practical Advice on Preserving Heirlooms and Collectibles. Victoria: RBCM, 2002.[81]

Images

  • Thunderbird Park with the museum in the background
    Thunderbird Park with the museum in the background
  • The popular woolly mammoth in the natural history gallery
    The popular woolly mammoth in the natural history gallery
  • The recreated water wheel in the modern history gallery
    The recreated water wheel in the modern history gallery
  • Stó:lō people fishing with traditional dipnets on the Fraser River
    Stó:lō people fishing with traditional dipnets on the Fraser River
  • Stó:lō woman with a cedar basket
    Stó:lō woman with a cedar basket
  • Haida totem pole in Thunderbird Park
    Haida totem pole in Thunderbird Park
  • Other Haida totems in Thunderbird Park
    Other Haida totems in Thunderbird Park
  • A totem pole on the grounds of the Royal BC Museum
    A totem pole on the grounds of the Royal BC Museum
  • Okanagan/Syilx family portrait
    Okanagan/Syilx family portrait
  • A totem pole located outside the Royal BC Museum
    A totem pole located outside the Royal BC Museum
  • Historical ladies' accessories
    Historical ladies' accessories
  • A recreated underwater exhibit at the Royal BC Museum
    A recreated underwater exhibit at the Royal BC Museum
  • A car in a recreated garage at the Royal BC Museum
    A car in a recreated garage at the Royal BC Museum
  • The main entrance of the Royal BC Museum
    The main entrance of the Royal BC Museum
  • Totem poles in front of the Royal BC Museum
    Totem poles in front of the Royal BC Museum
  • Several totem poles in Thunderbird Park
    Several totem poles in Thunderbird Park

References

  1. ^ Historical Record of Royal British Columbia Museum Corporation, Royal British Columbia Museum, p. 10 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ 2010-11 Annual Report, p. 40
  3. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter.The Ring of Time: The Story of the British Columbia Provincial Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1985, p. 67-73
  4. ^ "Royal B.C. Museum CEO Offers Farewell Tour". Times Colonist.
  5. ^ "Royal BC Museum Opens the Curious Exhibition". RBCM News Release. 13 June 2012. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ "Royal BC Museum CEO Awarded CBE Honour". RBCM News Release. 16 June 2012. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ a b "About the RBCM". RBCM News Release. 12 September 2012. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter. White Bears and Other Curiosities: The First 100 Years of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1989.
  9. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter.The Ring of Time: The Story of the British Columbia Provincial Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1985, p. 1
  10. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter. White Bears and Other Curiosities: The First 100 Years of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1989. p. 20
  11. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter. White Bears and Other Curiosities: The First 100 Years of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1989. p. 57
  12. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter.The Ring of Time: The Story of the British Columbia Provincial Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1985, p. 9
  13. ^ Corley-Smith, Peter. White Bears and Other Curiosities: The First 100 Years of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal BC Museum, 1989. p. 138
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