Nupedia
 | |
Type of site | Internet encyclopedia project |
|---|---|
| Available in | English, German, Spanish, French, Italian |
| Owner | Bomis |
| Created by | Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger |
Nupedia was an English-language Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Larry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from March 2000[1] until September 2003. It is mostly known now as the predecessor of Wikipedia, but Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live wiki-based updating. Nupedia was designed by committee, with experts to predefine the rules, and it approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.[2]
Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a wiki; it was instead characterized by an extensive peer-review process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced twenty-five approved articles,[3] that had completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 74 more articles were in progress. Jimmy Wales preferred Wikipedia's easier posting of articles, but Larry Sanger wanted to control content at NupediaCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
History
In the fall of 1999, Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers and, in January 2000, hired Larry Sanger to oversee its development.[1] The project officially went online on March 9, 2000.[4] By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.[5]
From its beginning, Nupedia was a free content encyclopedia,[4] with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.[5] Initially the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.[6]
Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process.[7] This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the GNE encyclopedia. As a result, GNE never really developed and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.
Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNE project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001,[1] and Sanger resigned from both projects soon thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. The Nupedia website at nupedia.com was shut down on September 26, 2003[citation needed]. Nupedia's encyclopedic content, which was often described as limited, has since been assimilated into Wikipedia.[8]
Editorial process
Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of:
- Assignment
- Finding a lead reviewer
- Lead review
- Open review
- Lead copyediting
- Open copyediting
- Final approval and markup
Authors were expected to be experts in their fields (although the definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert per se)[9] and editors were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs".[10]
Software development
Nupedia was powered by NupeCode collaborative software. NupeCode is free/open source software (released under the GNU General Public License) designed for large peer review projects. The code was available via Nupedia's CVS repository. One of the problems experienced by Nupedia during much of its existence was that the software lacked functionality. Much of the missing functionality had been mocked-up using underlined blocks of text which appeared to be hyperlinks, but actually were not.[citation needed]
As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing at SourceForge, but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace the original software.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Poe, Marshall (2006). [/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true "The Hive"]. The Atlantic. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). [/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir"]. Slashdot. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
{{cite news}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Shun-Ling, Chen (May 5, 2010). [/www.albanylawjournal.org/Documents/Articles/20.2.421-Chen.pdf "SELF-GOVERNING ONLINE COMMUNITIES IN WEB 2.0: PRIVACY, ANONYMITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN WIKIPEDIA"] (PDF). Albany Law Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ a b Gouthro, Liane (March 10, 2000). [/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia"]. PC World. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
{{cite news}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ a b Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). [/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html "The next generation of online encyclopedias"]. The Industry Standard/CNN.
{{cite news}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ jwales (January 17, 2001). [/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603 "Re:GNUPedia == Nupedia?"]. GNUPedia Project Starting. Slashdot.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Larry Sanger (January 10, 2001). [/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html "Let's make a wiki"]. Nupedia-l mailing list. Internet Archive. Archived from [/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html the original] on April 14, 2003.
{{cite news}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help); Check|url=value (help) - ^ Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia: Articles copied to Wikipedia
- ^ [/web/20010331211742/www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml "Nupedia.com Editorial Policy Guidelines (Version 3.31)"]. Nupedia. November 16, 2000. Archived from [/policy.shtml the original] on April 28, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
The rule of thumb an editor should bear in mind is: would an article on this topic be of significantly greater quality if it were written by an expert on the subject? If yes, we will require that the writer be an expert on the subject. If no, nonspecialists (who are good writers) are more than welcome.
{{cite web}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help); Check|url=value (help) - ^ [/web/20010410035607/www.nupedia.com/steering.shtml "How to be an editor or peer reviewer for Nupedia"]. Nupedia. Archived from [/steering.shtml the original] on April 28, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help); Check|url=value (help)
Further reading
- Larry Sanger, The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1 and Part 2. Slashdot, April 2005.
- Larry Sanger, "Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 2.1," Printable Version dated May 10, 2000.
- Larry Sanger, "Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 3.2," Printable Version dated June 23, 2000.
External links
- Earlier versions of Nupedia (from the Internet Archive)
- Nupedia - revived Nupedia on Wikia
