Mail-order bride
Mail-order bride is a label applied to a woman who lists herself in a catalog or marriage agency that publishes her intent to marry a foreign man. Although the label is widely used, it has derogatory connotations and may be offensive. The term implies that the woman expects an improvement in her quality of life by marrying a foreign man and relocating to a country with more favorable economic and/or societal conditions. Generally, courtship between a mail-order bride and her foreign partner is brief or absent. Mail-order brides hail from dozens of developing countries and a few from developed ones. Ukraine, Russia, Colombia and the Philippines have particularly large numbers of mail-order brides [1].
Men who list themselves in such publications may be referred to as mail-order husbands. This term is less common and generally implies a man who seeks a mail-order bride. However, a small percentage of mail-order husbands have intentions similar to mail-order brides, i.e. to marry and move to a more favorable environment.
Comparison with other matchmaking forms
Classified and online matchmaking services
Classified listings were a common matchmaking practice for many years. With the advent of the internet, online matchmaking websites have prolifrated and largely replaced traditional paper-based classifieds. In contrast to mail-order brides, individuals using these services tend to seek partners with a common culture and language. There is no implied expectation of relocation to a more favorable environment. These services are widely used as an aid to traditional dating with no implied expectation of marriage.
Arranged marriage
An arranged marriage is one in which the marital partners are chosen by others, usually parents, based on considerations other than the pre-existing mutual attraction of the partners, while a mail-order bride is selected by a man from a catalog of such women, sometimes with the assistance of a marriage agency.
Marriage success statistics
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) reports that "...marriages arranged through these services would appear to have a lower divorce rate than the nation as a whole, fully 80 percent of these marriages having lasted over the years for which reports are available." [2]
Immigration issues by country
United States
The United States issues a K-1 "fiancé(e)" visa that is valid for 90-days. The USCIS reports that approximately 17,263 such visas were issued in fiscal 2001, about 7988 coming from Asia and about 4714 coming from Europe (including all of the former Soviet Union states). It should be noted though, that the K-1 visa is used by Americans who met partners overseas, and perhaps most commonly, by recent immigrants to the US. "Mail-order" style engagements account for a tiny fraction of all K-1 visas. This type of visa application specifies the applicant's fiancé. If the visa holder does not marry the specified fiancé within the validity of the visa, she is required to return to her country of origin. However, if she marries her fiancé, she obtains permanent resident status. This status is conditional for a period of two years, after which the couple is expected to apply to have the condition removed. Removal requires the couple prove that they are married to each other in good faith. Supporting evidence is reviewed during an interview and often consists wedding photos, love letters, and other articles indicating a genuine marital relationship. This process is intended to prevent would-be immigrants from abandoning their sponsors immediately after obtaining residency and fraudulent marriages solely for the purpose of immigration. There are exceptions. For example, a woman who is determined to have been a battered wife is exempt. Exemptions are also granted if a woman shows that the marriage was bonafide or if her spouse dies. Additional information on this topic can be found at Immigration Letter Weekly.
Canada
Canadian immigration laws have traditionally been similar to but slightly less restrictive than their US counterparts.
Until recently Canada's immigration policy regarding mail-order brides used the "family class" to refer to spouses and dependents and "fiancé(e)" for those intending to marry, with only limited recognition of opposite-sex "common law" relationships; same-sex partners were processed as independent immigrants or under a discretionary provision for "humane and compassionate" considerations.
In 2002, the Canada immigration law was completely revised. One of the major changes was conjugal partner sponsorship, which is available between any two people (including same sex couples) that have had conjugal relations together for at least one year.
Taiwan
In Taiwan (Republic of China), mail-order brides come primarily from Mainland China and Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam. Those who come from Mainland China are colloquially known as dalu mei (大陸妹, pinyin: dàlù mèi, literally: little sisters from the mainland).
The marriage and immigration are arranged by licensed marriage brokers. In some cases, the selection of foreign brides could be considered by some as resembling a cattle market or slave trade as depicted in Chien-Chi Chang’s photo book Double Happiness (ISBN 1931788561).
This form of marriage is significant as it is the only legal form of immigration from Mainland China to Taiwan. Although from Mainland China, dalu mei are not normally considered members of the Mainlander minority on Taiwan. There are also mail-order grooms from Mainland China who immigrate to Taiwan, although this is much less common.
Many commentators have pointed out that the immigration of foreign brides from Mainland China and Southeast Asia is already changing the ethnic composition of Taiwan, in that mail-order brides and their children already outnumber Taiwanese aborigines. Some now consider foreign brides to be Taiwan’s fledging fifth ethnic group and are interested in observing how Taiwan’s demographics will gradually change by this group. In recent years, there has been a proliferation of Vietnamese stores and restaurants in Taiwan that are operated by Vietnamese brides.
Some pro-Taiwan independence parties such as the Taiwan Solidarity Union have expressed concerns that brides from Mainland China and their children will adversely influence Taiwan’s political landscape as they acquire citizenship. However, these attitudes are not universal even among pro-independence supporters, and President Chen Shuibian of the independence-leaning Democratic Progressive Party made a particular point of welcoming these brides at his campaign activities in 2004. Also, there was a poll that suggested that Mainland Chinese brides tend to vote for the same political party that their husbands vote.
Legal issues
Marriage agencies and mail-order bride publications are legal in almost all countries. Certain notable legal issues are:
- On November 18, 2004, a federal jury in Baltimore, Maryland awarded Ukranian mail order bride Nataliya Fox $433,500 ($341,000 of which were punitive damages) against international marriage broker Encounters International and its owner, Natasha Spivack. Spivack arranged Nataliya's marriage to an American man with a history of violently abusing women and who, after being matched with Nataliya, savagely abused her over the course of their marriage. The jury unanimously found the marriage broker guilty of fraud, unfair and deceptive trade practices, willful and wanton negligence, unauthorized appropriation of Ms. Fox's name and likeness, and defamation. The jury found the mail order bride company liable for failing to tell Nataliya about a federal law that allows foreign nationals to escape abusive marriages without fear of automatic deportation, and for actively misleading her about her legal options. The jury also found EI liable for misrepresenting that it screened male clients when it did not; and publicizing Nataliya’s marriage to Mr. Fox as an EI “success” story, without her permission, even after she fled to a domestic violence shelter. [3][4] On April 14, 2006 a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the jury's verdict in full. [5]
- The Philippines prohibits organizing or facilitating marriages between Filipinas and foreign men. The Philippine congress enacted Republic Act 6955 or the Anti-Mail-Order Bride Law in 1990 as a result of stories that appeared in the local press and media about Filipinas being abused by their foreign husbands. Because of this, Filipinas use "reverse publications" to contact foreign men for marriage.
- On January 6, 2006, Gerorge W. Bush signed the "International Marriage Broker's Act" (IMBRA) as part of the reenactment of H.R. 3402: Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 [6]. The requirements of the law are controversial, and some commentators have claimed that it presumes that American men are abusers [7]. The law stipulates that, before a foreign woman's address may be sold to a US citizen or resident:
- The man must complete a questionnaire on his criminal and marital background.
- The seller must obtain the man's record from the National Sex Offenders Public Registry database [8].
- The questionnaire and record must be translated to the woman's native language and provided to her.
- The woman must certify that she agrees to permit communication.
- The requirements do not apply to the woman.
- The law has no effect on the right to marry for convicted criminals.
- In enacting IMBRA, the Congress of the United States considered that because of the particular susceptibility of mail order brides to domestic abuse and that they are unfamilliar with the laws, language and customs of their new home. The Congress specifically considered several notable cases mentioned in the Congressional Record [9]:
- On Feb 4, 2006, The District Court of Northern Georgia placed a restraining order preventing the enforcemnet of IMBRA. A trial was held in April to determine its Constitutionality. A final decision has not yet been rendered.
- On May 26, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio refused to grant a similar restraining order, holding that IMBRA did not appear to violate the Constitution.
Representation in the Arts
The feature-length 1991 BBC TV movie Filipina Dreamgirls was a fictionalised account of the stories of a number of couples.
The 2001 movie Birthday Girl is about a Russian mail-order bride who goes to live with a banker in the UK.
The 2003 movie A Foreign Affair starring David Arquette and Emily Mortimer is about two brothers seeking a bride using the internet. The movie "A Foreign Affair" was re-released as "Two Brothers and a Bride" and received good reviews.
The 2003 movie Mail Order Bride tries to find humor in a story about the Russian and Italian Mafia involved in the business of human smuggling.
The 2004 film Mail Order Wife is a mockumentary of a documentarian's attempt to film the marriage between a Queens-dwelling doorman and his Burmese bride.
An episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force titled "Mail-Order Bride" involves the characters Master Shake and Carl "splitting" a mail-order bride. Shake wants her to cook and clean; Carl wants her for sexual reasons.
External links
Australia
Canada
Taiwan
USA
- Information on the "International Marriage Broker's Regulation Act"
- Mail Order Husbands?, an article that explores the lack of foreign men available for American women