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Trapping

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Trap nets used to trap birds (tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis); 14th century.

Animal trapping, or simply trapping, is the use of a device to remotely catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting, and pest control. Trapping may also specify the capture of mammals for their furs which may be sold or bartered in the fur trade, or which may be used for making clothing and other articles.

History

Fur trapping is perhaps one of the first methods of hunting. Neolithic hunters, including the members of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of Romania and Ukraine (ca. 5500-2750 BC), used traps to capture their prey.[1] A passage from the self-titled book by Taoist philosopher Zhuangzi describes Chinese methods used for trapping animals during the 4th century BC. The Zhuangzi reads, "The sleek-furred fox and the elegantly spotted leopard...can't seem to escape the disaster of nets and traps.”[2][3] "Modern" steel jaw-traps were first described in western sources as early as the late 16th century.[4] The first mention comes from Leonard Mascall's book on animal trapping.[5] It reads, "a griping trappe made all of yrne, the lowest barre, and the ring or hoope with two clickets." [sic][6] The mousetrap, with a strong spring device spring mounted on a wooden base, was patented in 1910 by James Henry Atkinson, a trap maker from Leeds, Yorkshire, England.

Trapping was widely done in the early days of North American settlements, companies such as the Canadian fur brigade were established. Native Americans trapped fur bearing animals with pits, dead falls, and rudimentary snares. Europeans learned from the native Americans when they first arrived in eastern North America how to trap animals with deadfalls and pits. Leghold traps were later made in the 18th century by blacksmiths for trappers who requested that traps be made for them. In the mid-19th century, trap companies became established, making traps and fur stretchers.

The monarchs and trading companies of Europe invested heavily in voyages of exploration. The race was on to establish trading posts with the natives of North America, as trading posts could also function as forts and legitimize territorial claims. The Hudson's Bay Company was one such business. They traded commodities such as rifles, pistols, knives, food, frying pans, pots or blankets were exchanged for furs from trappers and Native Americans.

Trappers and mountain men were the first European men to cross the Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains in search of fur. They traded with Native Americans from whom they learned hunting and trapping skills.

Beaver was one of the main animals of interest to the trappers as the fur wore well in coats and hats. Beaver hats became popular in the early 19th century but later the fashion changed. Towards the end of the century beaver became scarce in many areas and extirpated in others [needs citation]. The decline in key species of fur-bearers, due to over-harvesting, and the later emergence of the first regulatory laws marked the end of the heyday of unregulated trapping[needs citation]. Many trappers turned to buffalo hunting, serving as scouts for the army or leading wagon trains to Oregon, California and other parts of the American west. The trails that trappers used to get through the mountains were later used by settlers heading west.


Reasons for trapping

Trapping is done for a variety of reasons. Mostly it is practiced for food or fur, but sometimes it is done for wildlife management, pet trade, zoological specimens or pest control. Fur-bearing mammals are targeted for their fur to be used in clothes and other articles. The dead animals are skinned, and the fur is used to make clothes or is sold or bartered.

For perfumes

Beaver castors are used in many perfumes as a sticky substance. Trappers are paid by the government of Ontario to harvest the castor sacs of beavers and are paid from 10–40 dollars each when sold to the Northern Ontario Fur Trappers Association.

For fur

Main article: Fur trade
Sketches of life in the Hudson's Bay Company territory, 1880

A fur trapper is a person whose primary employment derives from the trapping of animals for their fur. In the early days of the colonization settlement of North America, the trading of furs was common between the settlers and the local Native Americans. Many locations wherein trading took place were referred to as trading posts.

In the United States, of every new firearm, ammunition or archery equipment purchase, 11% of the purchase price goes to the federal government and then back to state natural resources agencies for wildlife conservation. This law, which is known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, or the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, was passed in 1937 with strong hunter and trapper support. Hunters and trappers provide almost $86 million a year for conservation through this excise tax, or over $2 BILLION since 1937.

Trapping continues to be a profession in many areas around the world, although relatively few people make a full-time living from it. Competition from fur farming and fluctuating populations of wild animals have made trapping a minor industry. Fur prices have fluctuated for many years, trending upward since 2011, resulting in a renewed interest in trapping amongst many former trappers, as well as trappers new to the sport.

In some locations harvesting fur bearers may be prohibited due to population dynamics. This is true in the continental United States and in many parts of southern and western Europe. This is especially true of predator species such as the Canadian Lynx in much of the US.[7] Yet certain other fur-bearing species, including beaver and coyote, have shown dramatic population increases in certain regions.

Popular quarry of fur trappers are: coyote, red and gray fox, beaver, raccoon, wolverine, mink, ermine, American marten, bobcat, lynx, and muskrat, among others.

For food

Animals may be trapped for food. Animals commonly trapped for food include muskrat, rabbits, opossum, and raccoon.

Damage prevention

Animals are frequently trapped in many parts of the world to prevent damage to personal property, including the killing of livestock by predatory animals.

Pest control

Trapped raccoon

Traps are also an effective method of pest control as an alternative to pesticides. The most common type of trap outside of hunting are mousetraps, which either capture or, in the case of the spring rat traps, kill the common rat and mouse. Insect traps are also available to trap their specific victims such as cockroaches and spiders (the latter actually being an arachnid). Some mousetraps can also double as an insect or universal trap like the glue traps, which traps any animal that tends to stumble in their path.

Other reasons

Animals may also be trapped for public display, for natural history displays, or for such purposes as obtaining elements used in the practice of traditional medicine.Trapping may also be done for hobby and conservation purposes.

Use of traps

Trapping requires time and energy but can be very efficient. Trapping may be safe and inexpensive for the trapper, but in modern times it has become controversial, because of its alleged cruelty. In part to address these concerns, in 1996, the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, an organization made up of state and federal fish and wildlife agency professionals, began testing traps and compiling recommendations “to improve and modernize the technology of trapping through scientific research” known as Best Management Practices.[8] As of February 2013, twenty best management practice recommendations have been published, covering nineteen species of common furbearers across North America.[9]

Trapping is regularly used for pest control most commonly of beaver, coyote, raccoon, cougar, bobcat, Virginia opossum, fox, squirrel, rat, mouse and mole in order to limit damage to households, food supplies, farming, ranching, and property. Trapping is useful to control over population of certain species. Trapping is also used for research and relocation of wildlife.[10] Federal authorities in the United States use trapping as the primary means to control predators that prey on endangered species such as the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) and desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).[11]

Many wildlife biologists support the use of regulated trapping for sustained harvest of some species of furbearers. Studies have repeatedly shown that trapping can be an effective method of managing or studying furbearers, controlling damage caused by furbearers, and at times reducing the spread of harmful diseases. These studies have shown that regulated trapping is a safe, efficient, and practical means of capturing individual animals without impairing the survival of furbearer populations or damaging the environment.[12] Wildlife biologists also support regulatory and educational programs, research to evaluate trap performance and the implementation of improvements in trapping technology in order to improve animal welfare.[13] Though it is common to state that trapping is an effective means of pest control, science is showing the opposite. Dr. Jon Way, a biologist in Massachusetts, has published studies in peer reviewed journals indicating that the persecution of some species such as coyote actually increases their litter sizes.[14] Coexistence programs that take this scientific research into account are being pursued by groups such as the Association for the Protection of Fur-Bearing Animals.

Traps

Most of the currently used traps used for mammals can be divided into five types: foothold traps, body gripping traps, snares, cages, and glue traps.

Foothold traps

A journal entry featuring photographs of wolves in traps by Vernon Orlando Bailey, 1909-1918

Probably most commonly associated with trapping, the foothold trap is made up of two jaws, one or more springs, and a trigger in the middle which is usually a round pan. When the animal steps on the trigger the trap closes around the foot, preventing the animal from escaping. Usually some kind of lure is used to position the animal, or the trap is set on an animal trail. Foothold traps set for beaver, mink, river otter, and muskrat are positioned in shallow water along the shores and banks of rivers, lakes and ponds. Sometimes the trap is attached to a weight sunk in deeper water. The animal, when caught by the foot, tries to escape by diving into deep water and drowns. Traditionally, these traps had tightly closing jaws to make sure the animal stayed in place. These traps are made in various sizes depending on the size of the intended quarry. At one time traps for wolves had rounded teeth on the jaws to prevent escape.

Modified traps are now available with offset jaws, or lamination, or both, which decrease pressure on the animals' legs. Traps are also available with a padded jaw, which has rubber inserts inside the jaws to reduce animal injuries.[15] However these traps may be more expensive. A single number 3 foothold trap which has a 6 inch jaw spread and commonly used for trapping beaver and coyote costs about 10 to 20 dollars depending on the make, while a padded jaw or "Soft Catch" trap may cost from 12 to 20 dollars.[16] Today's traps are specially designed in different sizes for different sized animals, which reduces injuries.[17] Anti-fur campaigns have protested leghold traps on the grounds that an animal caught in a leghold trap will frequently chew off its leg to escape the trap,[18] while the National Animal Interest Alliance states that modern foothold traps have been designed to hold animals as humanely as possible to reduce incidences of the animal fighting the trap, possibly injuring itself or getting loose in the process.[19]

In states that have banned the use of the foothold trap, a number of issues have arisen. In Massachusetts, the beaver population increased from 24,000 in 1996 to over 70,000 beaver in 2001.[20] Coyote attacks on humans rose from 4 to 10 per year, during the five year period following a 1998 ban on leghold traps in Southern California.[21]

Manufacturers of newer types of traps designed to work only on raccoons are referred to as dog-proof. These traps are small, and rely on the raccoon's grasping nature to trigger the trap. They are sold as coon cuffs, bandit busters and egg traps just to name a few.[22]

Body gripping/conibear traps

Conibear model 220 body-gripping trap, set.
Rat and mouse traps used for pest control

Body-gripping traps are designed to kill animals quickly. They are often called "Conibear" traps after Canadian inventor Frank Conibear who began their manufacture in the late 1950s as the Victor-Conibear trap.[23] Many trappers consider these traps[who?] to be one of the greatest trapping innovations of the 20th century; animals that are caught squarely on the neck are killed quickly, and are therefore not left to suffer or given a chance to escape.

The general category of body-gripping traps may include snap-type mouse and rat traps, but the term is more often used to refer to the larger, all-steel traps that are used to catch fur-bearing animals. These larger traps are made from bent round steel bars. These traps come in several sizes including model #110 or #120 at about 5 by 5 inches (130 by 130 mm) for muskrat and mink, model #220 at about 7 by 7 inches (180 by 180 mm) for raccoon and possum, and model #330 at about 10 by 10 inches (250 by 250 mm) for beaver and otter.

An animal may be lured into a body-gripping trap with bait, or the trap may be placed on an animal path to catch the animal as it passes. In any case, it is important that the animal is guided into the correct position before the trap is triggered. The standard trigger is a pair of wires that extend between the jaws of the set trap. The wires may be bent into various shapes, depending on the size and behavior of the target animal. Modified triggers include pans and bait sticks. The trap is designed to close on the neck and/or torso of an animal. When it closes on the neck, it closes the trachea and the blood vessels to the brain, and often fractures the spinal column; the animal loses consciousness within a few minutes and dies soon thereafter. If it closes on the foot, leg, snout, or other part of an animal, the results are less predictable.

Trapping ethics call for precautions to avoid the accidental killing of non-target species (including domestic animals) by body-gripping traps.[24][25]

Deadfall traps

A deadfall is a heavy rock or log that is tilted on an angle and held up with sections of branches (sticks), with one of them that serves as a trigger. When the animal moves the trigger which may have bait on or near it, the rock or log falls, crushing the animal. The figure-four deadfall is a popular and simple trap constructed from materials found in the bush (three sticks with notches cut into them[clarification needed], plus a heavy rock or other heavy object). Also popular, and easier to set, is the Paiute deadfall, consisting of three long sticks, plus a much shorter stick, along with a cord or fiber material taken from the bush to interconnect the much shorter stick (sometimes called catch stick or trigger stick) with one of the longer sticks, plus a rock or other heavy object.[26]

Snares

Snares are anchored cable or wire nooses set to catch wild animals such as squirrels and rabbits.[27] In the USA, they are most commonly used for capture and control of surplus furbearers, and, especially, for food collection. They are also widely used by subsistence and commercial hunters for bushmeat consumption and trade in African forest regions.[28]

Snares are one of the simplest traps and are very effective.[29] They are cheap to produce and easy to set in large numbers. A snare traps an animal around the neck or the body; a snare consists of a noose made usually by wire or a strong string. Snares are widely criticised by animal welfare groups for their alleged cruelty.[30] UK users of snares accept that over 40% of animals caught in some environments will be non-target animals, although non-target captures range from 21% to 69% depending on the environment.[31] In the USA, non-target catches reported by users of snares in Michigan were 17 +/- 3%.[32]

Snares are regulated in many jurisdictions, but are illegal in other jurisdictions, such as in much of Europe. Different regulations apply to snares in those areas where they are legal. In Iowa, snares have to have a 'deer stop' which stops a snare from closing all the way. In the United Kingdom, snares must be 'free-running' so that they can relax once an animal stops pulling, thereby allowing the trapper to decide whether to harvest[33][34] the animal or release it. Following a consultation on options to ban or regulate the use of snares,[35] the Scottish Executive announced a series of measures on the use of snares, such as the compulsory fitting of safety stops, ID tags and marking areas where snaring takes place with signs.[36] In some jurisdictions, swivels on snares are required, and dragging (non-fixed) anchors are prohibited.[37][38]

Trapping pit

Main article: Trapping pit

Trapping pits are deep pits dug into the ground, or built from stone, in order to trap animals. Like cage traps they are usually employed for catching animals without harming them.

Cage traps (live traps)

Bear trap at Großer Waldstein in Germany
A British spring trap set in a wire tunnel for small mammals
Cage trap with shade cloth to protect animal from heat.

Cage traps are designed to catch live animals in a cage. They are usually baited, sometimes with food bait and sometimes with a live "lure" animal. Common baits include cat food and fish. Cage traps usually have a trigger located in the back of the cage that causes a door to shut; some traps with two doors have a trigger in the middle of the cage that causes both doors to shut. In either type of cage, the closure of the doors and the falling of a lock mechanism prevents the animal from escaping by locking the door(s) shut.

Supporters of cage traps say that they are the most humane form of trapping, and in some countries are the only method of trapping allowed. Cage traps are used by animal control officers to catch unwanted animals and move them to another location without harm, as well as by gamekeepers to catch birds and animals they consider to be pests.

Cage traps are also sometimes used for capturing small animals such as squirrels by homeowners in attics or basements of homes, for removal to locations where they may either be legally killed and disposed of, or released unharmed. Some municipal jurisdictions specifically prohibit transporting live squirrels and releasing them into other areas to control the spread of diseases; for these jurisdictions, killing the squirrels within the cage quickly and humanely is the only legal and ethical means of disposing of them.

Cage traps are also used in muskrat trapping. A cage trap is set in a runway and the muskrat pushes the door open which is at a 45 degrees. Once the muskrat enters the cage trap the other side is closed with another door at 45 degrees. So the muskrat drowns in the trap which is set under water. No bait is necessary, as the trap is set in a muskrat runway.

In the UK, cage traps are used to control corvids and such trapping is mainly carried out on game shooting estates. Large Ladder traps and smaller Larsen traps are used.[further explanation needed]

Large heavy-duty cage traps are also useful in catching large dangerous animals for transport and are a favourite of Australian crocodile trappers. Due to their bulk and cost, they are hard to set in great numbers or in remote locations.[citation needed]

Glue traps

Glue trap

Glue traps made using natural or synthetic adhesive applied to cardboard or similar material. Bait can be placed in the center or a scent may be added to the adhesive; alternatively, the traps may be placed in animal pathways. Glue board traps are used primarily for rodent control indoors. Glue traps are not effective outdoors because environmental conditions (moisture, dust) quickly make the adhesive ineffective. Glue traps are not used by animal trappers or fur trappers and are almost exclusively used by homeowners for rodent control.[citation needed]

Domestic animals accidentally captured in glue traps can be released by carefully applying cooking oil or baby oil to the contact areas and gently worked until the animal is free. Many animal rights groups, such as the Humane Society and In Defense of Animals, oppose the use of glue traps for their alleged cruelty to animals.[39][40]

Glue traps are typically not used for trapping birds, however a substance known as birdlime was used in the past in a similar manner to catch small birds; its use is banned now in most countries.[citation needed] The use of glue traps for catching birds is still prevalent in some countries such as Spain, in spite of being illegal.[citation needed] A sticky repellent can be applied to surfaces to temporarily repel perching birds from building ledges and statues. The adhesives registered for this use are classified as tactile repellents.[citation needed]

Unwanted catches

Trappers can employ a variety of devices and strategies to avoid unwanted catches. Ideally, if a non-target animal (such as a bobcat, lynx, or domestic dog) is caught in a non-lethal trap, it can be released without harm. A careful choice of set and lure may help to catch target animals while avoiding non-target animals. Although trappers cannot always guarantee that unwanted animals won't be caught, they can take precautions to avoid unwanted catches or release them unharmed.

The snaring of non-target animals can be minimized using methods that exclude animals larger or smaller than the target animal. For example, deer stops are designed to avoid the snaring of deer or cattle by the leg; they are required in many States of the USA. Other precautions include setting snares at specific heights, diameters, and locations. In a study of foxes in the UK, researchers were unintentionally snaring brown hares about as frequently as the intended foxes until they improved their methods, using larger wire with rabbit stops to eliminate the unwanted catch of the brown hares.[41]

Types of sets

The most productive set for foothold traps is the dirt hole. The basic dirt hole is merely a hole dug in the ground with a trap positioned in front of the hole. An attractant is then placed inside the hole. The hole for the set is usually made in front of some type of object which is where medium-sized animals such as coyotes, fox or bobcats would use for themselves to store food. This object could be a tuft of taller grass, a stone, a stump, or some other natural object. The dirt from the hole is sifted over the trap and a lure applied around the hole.

A flat set is another common use of the foothold trap. It is very similar to the dirt hole trap set, simply with no hole to dig. The attractant is placed on the object near the trap and a urine scent sprayed to the object. The cubby set simulates a den in which a small animal would live, but could be adapted for larger game. It could be made from various materials such as rocks, logs or bark, but the back must be closed to control the animals approach. The bait and/or lure is placed in the back of the cubby.

The water set is usually described as a body-gripping trap or snare set so that the trap jaws or snare loop are partially submerged. The conibear is a type of trap used in water trapping and can also be used on land and is heavily regulated. The regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. It is normally used without bait and has a wire trigger in the middle of its square-shaped, heavy-gauge wire jaws. It is placed in places that are frequented by the fur bearing animals.

Controversy

Any type of body gripping trap, whether it be a leghold/foothold, conibear or snare/cable restraint, can catch a non-target animal Link Label. Both endangered species as well as domestic pets have been injured or killed by these traps. In December 2012 a Golden Retriever dog was killed when walking with his owner on a trail in the woods of Auburn, New Hampshire. The dog became ensnared Link Label in an illegally placed conibear trap and was suffocated, despite its owners best attempts at freeing him. Wildlife Services Link Label, a branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Link Label, estimates that over the last decade hundreds of pets have been killed by body gripping traps, and that the agency itself has killed thousands of non-target animals in several states, from pet dogs to protected species. The number of non-target animals killed has caused national and regional animal welfare organizations such as the Humane Society of the United States Link Label, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Link Label, Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Link Label and others to continue to lobby for stricter controls over the use of these traps in the United States.

References

Born Free USA, Non-Target Trapping Incidents Link text New Hampshire Union Leader, Illegal Hunting Trap Suffocates Retriever, Dec. 7, 2012 Link text Fox News, Hundreds of Family Pets, Protected Species, Killed by Little Known Federal Agency, March 17, 2013 Link text

See also

References

  1. ^ Ștefan Cucoș Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț 1999
  2. ^ Zhuangzi, and Burton Watson. The Complete Works of Zhuang Zi. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968 (ISBN 0-231-03147-5), pp. 20-21
  3. ^ Chinese: 道："丰狐，文豹……不免于网罗机辟之患"
  4. ^ Natural History of Beavers, archived from the original on 2010-02-26, retrieved 2013-02-25
  5. ^ Considine, John. "Mascall, Leonard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18256. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ^ Mascall, Leonard. A Book of Fishing with Hook and Line: Another of Sundrie Engines and Trappes to take Polecats, Buzzards, Rates, 1590.
  7. ^ 65 Federal Register 16051 16086 [http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/species/mammals/lynx/ Canada Lynx - U.S. FWS. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
  8. ^ Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Introduction to BMPs
  9. ^ Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Best Management Practices
  10. ^ "Trapping for Research and Reintoduction". Anr.state.vt.us. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  11. ^ "Digitalcommons.unl.edu". Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  12. ^ "Principles of Wildlife Management in Montana".
  13. ^ "Joomla.wildlife.org" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  14. ^ "research" (PDF).
  15. ^ "Digitalcommons.unl.edu". Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  16. ^ R-P outdoors Fall/Winter 2008-2009 catalog
  17. ^ "Association of Fish&Wildlife Agencies". Fishwildlife.org. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  18. ^ "Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade". Caft.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Stephen Vantassel (2009). "Animal Rights Activists Gloss Over Trapping Facts". Naiaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
  20. ^ Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (2007-09-20). "MassWildlife - Managing Beaver". Mass.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  21. ^ "Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem". Repositories.cdlib.org. 2004-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  22. ^ "NTA - Trapping Facts". Nationaltrappers.com. 2002-09-15. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Bevington, Angie (1983). "Arctic Profiles: Frank Ralph Conibear (1896-)" (PDF). Arctic. 36 (4): 386–387. Retrieved 24 November 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Trapping Ethics". Minnesota Trappers Association. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  25. ^ Minnesota Trapper Education Manual (PDF). Minnesota Trappers Association and Minnesota DNR. 2012.
  26. ^ U.S. Army (June 1992). "Food Procurement (Chapter 8)". U.S. Army Survival Manual FM 21-76 (PDF). U.S. Army. pp. 8–19, 8–20.
  27. ^ James Kirkwood (August 2005). "Report of the Independent Working Group on Snares" (PDF). Defra. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  28. ^ "CJO - Abstract - Cable snares and bushmeat markets in a central African forest". Journals.cambridge.org. 2002-05-10. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  29. ^ Andelt, William F. (1993). Publication No. 6.517 Proper use of snares for capturing furbearers (PDF). Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  30. ^ "League Against Cruel Sports : Snaring". League.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  31. ^ James Kirkwood (August 2005). "Report of the Independent Working Group on Snares" (PDF). Defra. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  32. ^ "Michigan.gov" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  33. ^ "Canadian Wildlife Federation :: The Canadian Wildlife Federation". Spaceforspecies.ca. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  34. ^ "Governance By-law Samples: Sample Hunting By-law". Ainc-inac.gc.ca. 2008-11-03. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  35. ^ "Scotland.gov.uk" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  36. ^ "UK | Scotland | Ministers reject snare ban plea". BBC News. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  37. ^ "Wisconsin Cable Restraints and Snare Regulations" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  38. ^ "Michigan Fox & Coyote Non-Lethal Snaring Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-11.
  39. ^ http://www.idausa.org/facts/gluefacts.html
  40. ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/resources/facts/glue_boards.html#What_happens_to_animals_caught_in_glue_t
  41. ^ Kirkwood, James K (2005). "Report of the Independent Working Group on Snares" (PDF). UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). p. 54 (section 2.7). Retrieved 24 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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