Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
Bishopric of Utrecht | |||||||||
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1024–1528 | |||||||||
![]() The Bishopric of Utrecht around 1350. The smaller, western territory, which was the bishopric's central territory centred around the city of Utrecht, was known as Nedersticht. The larger north-eastern territory was known as Oversticht. | |||||||||
Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire | ||||||||
Capital | Utrecht | ||||||||
Common languages | Dutch, Low Saxon | ||||||||
Government | Theocracy | ||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Bishopric established | 695 | ||||||||
1024 | |||||||||
• Territories sold to Emperor Charles V | 21 August 1528 | ||||||||
• Union of Utrecht | 1579 | ||||||||
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The Bishopric of Utrecht is a diocese based in the Dutch city of Utrecht.
From 1024 until 1528, it was one of the Prince-Bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, constituting, in addition to its eccleaiastical aspect, a civil state within the Empire. In 1528, Emperor Charles V secularized its civil authority and territorial possessions and its entire worldly power. It continued to exist as an ecclesiastical entity, and in 1559 was elevated to an archbishopric.
By 1580, after the death of archbishop Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg, the Protestant Reformation in Utrecht and surrounding regions rendered impossible several attempts to effectively continue the ecclesiastical archdiocese. The ecclesiastical archbishopric or archdiocese was reinstated in 1853 as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht by Pope Pius IX.
Since the early 18th century Old Catholic dissidents have claimed the restoration of the archdiocese took place as early as 1723 by the election and episcopal consecration of Cornelius van Steenoven, enthroned, consecrated and elevated in a so-called schuilkerk by certain members of Utrecht Catholic clergy without papal approval.
History
Foundation
The Diocese of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I. With the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, he settled in an old Roman fort in Utrecht. After Willibrord's death the diocese suffered greatly from the incursions of the Frisians,[citation needed] and later on of the Vikings. Whether Willibrord could be called the first bishop of Utrecht is doubtful; as James Palmer points out, "there was no real concept of a well-defined bishopric until at least the days of Alberic (775–84)". And while Saint Boniface is referred to in his hagiographies as the successor of Willibrord (and, in turn, Gregory of Utrecht is referred to as the successor to Willibrord and Boniface), this does not necessarily mean "successor as bishop", but rather that they succeeded each other as missionaries to the Frisians.[1]
Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
Better times appeared during the reign of the Saxon emperors, who frequently summoned the Bishops of Utrecht to attend the imperial councils and diets. In 1024 the bishops were made Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the new Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht was formed. The secular territory over which it ruled was known as Sticht Utrecht or Het Sticht (a sticht was any piece of land governed by a bishop or abbot). This territory was divided into the Nedersticht (Lower Sticht, roughly corresponding to the present day Dutch province of Utrecht) and Oversticht (Upper Sticht, encompassing the present-day provinces of Overijssel, Drenthe, and part of Groningen).
In 1122, with the Concordat of Worms, the Emperor's right of investiture was annulled, and the cathedral chapter received the right to the election of the bishop. It was, however, soon obligated to share this right with the four other collegiate chapters in the city: St. Salvator, St. John's, St. Peter's and St. Mary's. The Counts of Holland and Guelders, between whose territories the lands of the Bishops of Utrecht lay, also sought to acquire influence over the filling of the episcopal see. This often led to disputes and consequently the Holy See frequently interfered in the election. After the middle of the 14th century the popes repeatedly appointed the bishop directly without regard to the five chapters.
In 1527, the Bishop sold his territories and thus his entire direct secular authority to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the principality became an integral part of the Habsburg dominions. The chapters transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V and his government, a measure to which Pope Clement VII gave his consent, under political pressure after the Sacco di Roma.
Lordship of Utrecht
The Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht became the Lordship of Utrecht in 1528.
Bishops until Protestant Reformation
![]() | It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580). (Discuss) (July 2014) |
- Willibrord (Clemens) (695–739)
- Wera (739?–752/3)
- Eoban (753–754)
- Gregory of Utrecht (754–775)
- Alberic of Utrecht (775–784)
- Theodardus (784–790)
- Hamacarus (790–806)
- Ricfried (806–ca. 820)
- Frederick of Utrecht (ca. 820–829)
- Alberik II (835/7–845)
- Eginhard (ca. 845)
- Liudger (ca. 848–854)
- Hunger (854–866)
- Adalbold I (866–899)
- Radboud (899/900–917)
- Balderic (917/8–975/6)
- Folcmar (976–990)
- Baldwin I (991–995)
- Ansfried (995–1010)
- Adalbold II (1010–1026)
- Bernold (1026/7–1054)
- William I (1054–1076)
- Conrad (1076–1099)
- Burchard (1100–1112)
- Godbald (1114–1127)
- Andreas van Cuijk (1127/8–1139)
- Hartbert (1139–1150)
- Herman van Horne (1151–1156)
- Godfrey van Rhenen (1156–1178)
- Baldwin II van Holland (1178–1196)
- Arnold I van Isenburg (1196–1197)
- Dirk I van Holland (1197)
- Dirk II van Are (van Ahr) (1197/8–1212)
- Otto I van Gelre (1212–1215)
- Otto II van Lippe (1216–1227)
- Wilbrand van Oldenburg (1227–1233)
- Otto III van Holland (1233–1249)
- Gozewijn van Amstel (van Randerath) (1249–1250)
- Henry I van Vianden (1250/2–1267)
- John I of Nassau (1267–1290)
- John II van Sierck (1290–1296)
- Willem II Berthout (1296–1301)
- Guy van Avennes (1301–1317)
- Frederik II van Sierck (1317–1322)
- Jacob van Oudshoorn (1322)
- Jan III van Diest (1322–1340)
- Jan IV van Arkel (1342–1364)
- Jan V van Virneburg (1364–1371)
- Arnold II van Hoorn (1371–1379)
- Floris van Wevelinkhoven (1379–1393)
- Frederik III van Blankenheim (1393–1423)
- Rudolf van Diepholt (1423–1455)
- Zweder van Culemborg (1425–1433)
- Walraven van Meurs (1434–1448)
- Gijsbrecht van Brederode (1455–1456)
- David of Burgundy (1456–1496)
- Frederick IV of Baden (1496–1517)
- Philip of Burgundy (1517–1524)
- Henry of the Palatinate (bishop) (1524–1529)
- Willem III van Enckenvoirt (1529–1534)
- George van Egmond (1534–1559)
Archbishops
- Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg (1559–1580)
- Herman van Rennenberg (1580–1592) - unable to be enthroned due to Protestantism
- Jan van Bruhesen (1592–1600) - unable to be enthroned due to Protestantism
Apostolic Vicars of the Dutch Mission
![]() | It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled Dutch Mission. (Discuss) (July 2014) |
Archbishops in partibus and Apostolic Vicars, in Utrecht
- Sasbout Vosmeer (1602–1614)
- Philippus Rovenius (1620–1651)
- Jacobus de la Torre (1651–1661)
- Johannes van Neercassel (1661–1686)
- Petrus Codde (1688–1704)
- Gerhard Potcamp (1705)
- Adam Daemen (1707–1717)
- Johannes van Bijlevelt (1717–1727)
Pro-Apostolic Vicars
in Brussels:
- Giuseppe Spinelli (1727–1731)
- Vincentius Montalto (1731–1732)
- Silvester Valenti Gonzaga (1732–1736)
- Franciscus Goddard (1736–1737)
- Lucas Melchior Tempi (1737–1743)
- Petrus Paulus Testa (1744)
- Ignatius Crivelli (1744–1755)
- Carolus Molinari (1755–1763)
- Batholomeus Soffredini (1763)
- Thomas Maria Ghilini (1763–1775)
- Joannes Antonius Maggiora (1775–1776)
- Ignatius Busca (1776–1785)
- Michael Causati (1785–1786)
- Antonius Felix Zondadari (1786–1792)
- Caesar di Brancadoro (1792–1794)
- Ludovicus Ciamberlani (1794–1828)
in The Hague:
- Franciscus Cappacini (1829–1831)
- Antonius Antonucci (1831–1841)
- Innocentius Ferrieri (1841–1847)
- Johannes Zwijsen (1847–1848)
- Carolus Belgrado (1848–1853)
Old-Catholic archbishops who notified their election to the Pope
![]() | It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht. (Discuss) (July 2014) |
- Cornelius van Steenoven (1724–1725)
- Cornelius Johannes Barchman Wuytiers (1725–1733)
- Theodorus van der Croon (1734–1739)
- Petrus Johannes Meindaerts (1739–1767)
- Walter van Nieuwenhuisen (1768–1797)
- Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn (1797–1808)
- Willibrord van Os (1814–1825)
- Johannes van Santen (1825–1858)
- Henricus Loos (1858–1873)
For more information on the Old-Catholic hierarchy, see main article.
Roman Catholic archbishops after Restoration of the Roman-Catholic episcopal hierarchy
![]() | It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht. (Discuss) (July 2014) |
- Johannes Zwijsen (1853–1868)
- Andreas Ignatius Schaepman (1868–1882)
- Petrus Matthias Snickers (1883–1895)
- Henricus van de Wetering (1895–1929)
- Johannes Henricus Gerardus Jansen (1930–1936)
- Johannes de Jong (1936–1955)
- Bernardus Johannes Alfrink (1955–1975)
- Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands (1975–1983)
- Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1983–2007)
- Willem Jacobus Eijk (since 2007)
See also
- Act of Abjuration
- Counter-Reformation
- Eighty Years' War
- Habsburg Netherlands
- History of religion in the Netherlands
Notes
References
![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (January 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (January 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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- ^ Palmer, James T. (2009). Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish World (690-900). Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 19. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 163–66. ISBN 9782503519111.
Further reading
- Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1995). "Utrecht". International dictionary of historic places. Vol. 2. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 761. ISBN 188496401X.
External links
- Apostolisch vicarissen van de Hollandse Zending Template:Nl icon
- Budde, Paul. "Hamaland, Bishopric (Sticht) Utrecht incl. Oversticht (Drente, Overijssel)". PaulBuddeHistory.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
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- Articles lacking sources from February 2007
- Articles to be split from July 2014
- 1528 disestablishments
- States and territories established in 1024
- Bishops of Utrecht
- Old Catholicism
- Former polities in the Netherlands
- Prince-Bishoprics
- Prince-Bishops of the Netherlands
- Prince-Bishops of Germany
- Seventeen Provinces
- Burgundian Circle
- 695 establishments
- Dioceses established in the 7th century
- History of Utrecht (city)