Lawrence Alexander Hardie

Lawrence Alexander Hardie
Lawrence A. Hardie in 2004
Born	Lawrence Alexander Hardie (1933-01-13)January 13, 1933 Durban, Natal, South Africa
Died	December 17, 2013(2013-12-17) (aged 80) Seaside, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Education	Johns Hopkins University
Alma mater	University of Natal, RSA Johns Hopkins University, USA (Ph.D.)
Spouse	Glenys Kathleen Hardie (1961-)
Children	Deborah Buettner and Russell Hardie
Awards	Francis J. Pettijohn Medal for Excellence by the Society for Sedimentary Geology in 2003.
Scientific career
Fields	Geology, Sedimentology, Geochemistry
Institutions	Johns Hopkins University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Professor 1965-2013, Chair 1992-1995, 2004-2006
Doctoral advisor	geochemist Hans Eugster, and sedimentologist Francis J. Pettijohn

Lawrence Alexander Hardie (January 13, 1933 – December 17, 2013) was an American geologist, sedimentologist, and geochemist. For nearly 50 years, he mentored students and pursued research as a Professor at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in Baltimore MD in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. He authored or co-authored numerous scientific papers and several books. He made seminal contributions to our understanding of evaporites, dolomitization, cyclical deposition of carbonate sediments, and plate tectonic driven changes in seawater chemistry. In the latter, he proposed that changes in the seafloor spreading rates at mid-ocean ridges have altered the composition of seawater throughout earth history, producing oscillations in the mineralogy of carbonate and evaporite precipitates. Specifically citing these scientific contributions, the Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) awarded him the Francis J. Pettijohn Medal in 2003.

Early life and education

He was born in Durban, Natal, South Africa, on January 13, 1933. He attended the University of Natal, Durban, originally to pursue B.Sc. degree in chemistry. He was inspired to study geology after attending lectures by South African geologist Lester Charles King. In addition to his new found passion for geology, soccer was a big part of Lawrence's life during this time. As a student, he was selected as a member of the South African Universities "All Star" team four times. He earned a B.Sc. degree in Geology and Chemistry in 1955, and a B.Sc. (Hons.) degree in Geology in 1956. In 1957, he was hired by Dr. King as an Instructor and began by teaching beginning classes in geology. At the same time he started to work on his Master's thesis on the origin of the Table Mountain Sandstone. He earned an M.Sc. in Geology in 1959 under the guidance of Drs. Peter Matthews and Joseph Frankel.

In 1960, he was awarded a Fellowship by the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research to spend an academic year in the U.S. He came to Johns Hopkins University and began working with sedimentologist Dr. Francis J. Pettijohn and geochemist Dr. Hans Eugster, in a newly built geochemistry laboratory. There he conducted experimental work on evaporite minerals. Near the end of his second semester he was offered a full-time graduate fellowship to earn a Ph.D. He briefly returned to South Africa to marry Glenys Kathleen Smith in Durban.

Upon graduating with a Ph.D. in 1965, he was offered a position as an Assistant Professor at Hopkins. Both Lawrence and Glenys became U.S. citizens and they had two children, Deborah and Russell. Lawrence shared his love of the natural world and of science with his children. Deborah obtained a degree in mathematics at JHU, and Russell studied engineering at nearby Loyola University Maryland. His son Russell is currently a Professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Dayton and credits his father as his inspiration for pursuing a career in academia.

Scientific career

Geologist Lawrence A Hardie, Ph.D. Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1965-2013. Photo taken in 1988 by R. C. Hardie.

After completing his doctoral work, he joined the faculty at JHU as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences in 1965. He worked his way through the academic ranks to Full Professor. He also served as the department Chair from 1992-1995, and again in 2004-2006. He retired in 2007 to the status of Professor Emeritus. He had many important scientific achievements during his academic career. He also inspired and mentored numerous students.

In the words of former student and colleague Dr. Linda Hinnov, "Lawrie Hardie made invaluable contributions to the educational mission of Johns Hopkins, by taking students out of the classroom and into the field, allowing them to witness geologic processes firsthand at far-flung locations". He ran the JHU field camp (Camp Singewald) in western Maryland for many summers in the 1960s and 1970s. He also led regular field trips to the Florida Keys and Assateague Island, and led many other trips to locations such as the Bahamas and Baja California, Mexico. His work also took him frequently to the Dolomites in Italy. He was no stranger to long hikes and climbs. Some of his field work required the use of special modes of transportation including Zodiac inflatable boats, minibikes, and 3-wheeled all terrain vehicles (see photo).

Lawrence A. Hardie driving Honda All Terrain Vehicle in Baja California, Mexico during a geology field trip in the early 1980s. Photo by R. C. Hardie.

According to JHU University News (January 28, 2014) , "Hardie was beloved at Johns Hopkins for his devotion to students at all levels. He was a mentor to more than 30 Ph.D. students, many who have since gone on to leadership positions in academia, industry, and government." Many of these students became enduring friends and colleagues, and continued their collaborations long after graduation. In addition to work with graduate students, Dr. Hardie also taught a popular undergraduate introductory geology course. There, Hardie enjoyed sharing his passion for geology with a wide audience that included, at one time or another, both of his children.

Personal life and death

He enjoyed jazz and attended concerts at the Famous Ballroom in Baltimore. After moving out of the city in Baltimore to Pasadena MD in 1970s, Lawrence took to sailing small boats and a Tartan 27 (aptly named Trekker) on the Magothy River and the Chesapeake Bay. He taught his children and many of his students to sail. He later took up snow skiing and was an avid golfer. Along with sailing, he enjoyed sharing these activities with his family, students, and colleagues. He was married to Glenys Hardie for 52 years, had two children, and five grandchildren.

Hardie died at age 80 from complications of Alzheimer's disease on Dec. 17, 2013 at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey, California.

Scientific achievements

Secular variation in seawater chemistry

Dr. Linda Hinnov describes Lawrence Hardie as internationally known for his deep insight into geological processes. His comprehensive study of evaporites led to the hypothesis, since verified, that seawater has undergone long-term variations in its major ion composition. He also demonstrated that these seawater variations are linked to plate tectonic processes at mid-ocean ridges. Together, these revolutionized the study of calcifying marine organisms and their role in the global carbon cycle. In recognition, he was awarded the Francis J. Pettijohn Medal for Excellence by the Society for Sedimentary Geology in 2003. This seawater chemistry work is perhaps Hardie's most far-reaching contribution - with implications for geochemistry, mineralogy, tectonics, biological evolution (biomineralization), oil/gas resources, and climate change. Research and experimentation with evaporites, that took place early in his career, formed the foundation for the seawater chemistry hypothesis. Dr. Hardie advocated that the signal from evaporites may be the most robust evidence for seawater chemistry change. In particular, the observed secular changes in the mineralogy of potash evaporites and ooids and cements in marine limestones is synchronous with greenhouse/hothouse climates and global sea level. Most of Hardie’s predicted changes in seawater chemistry have since been verified from study of seawater trapped inside crystals of marine halite.

Carbonates research

Hardie's work on carbonates began with field research on the modern shallow marine carbonates of the Bahamas with Bob Ginsburg and others. Hardie's 1977 book on the Bahamas work is considered by one reviewer a "masterpiece" of comparative sedimentology that remains one of the premier works on carbonate sedimentology to this day. This early work evolved into the study of ancient carbonates of western Maryland (Cambro-Ordovician) and the Italian Dolomites (Triassic). Hardie's work on carbonates may be equally as far-reaching as the one on seawater chemistry, for understanding climate and sea level change, and the role of Milankovitch cycles in carbonate deposition.

Origin of dolomite

Hardie's investigations into the origins of dolomite may also count among his greatest scientific contributions. The occurrence of dolomite in the geologic record has puzzled many generations of geologists. It is intimately associated with the world's oil reserves: when dolomite replaces calcite minerals, its slightly smaller molar volume leaves voids in carbonate rock, wherein oil tends to migrate. In the Dolomites, Hardie (with student Edith Wilson) demonstrated the hydrothermal origin of dolomite in the Triassic Latemar buildup. This revolutionized the paradigm of dolomite formation, leading to new discoveries about the nature of geological fluids and their chemical imprint on the rock record.

Depositional cycles and composite sea level changes

With regard to cyclic sedimentation, a major discovery of Hardie and his students and colleagues, was that platform carbonates of the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) of the Latemar buildup consist of a vertical stack of over 500 thin (ave. thickness 0.6-0.85m) shallowing-upward depositional cycles that record high frequency eustatic sea level oscillations in tune to Milankovitch astronomical rhythms. Each cycle consists of a basal shallow subtidal limestone capped by a thin (<0.15m) vadose dolomitic crust or caliche that records one submergence-emergence oscillation of duration about 20ky and amplitude on the order of a few meters. These 104y cycles are grouped into five-part megacycles (up to 5m thick and of 105y duration) characterized by progressive upward thinning of successive cycles within each megacycle. Repetitive bundling into sets of five cycles was demonstrated by autocorrelative time series analyses and Fischer plots. High resolution multitaper spectral analysis was used to show that the cyclostratigraphy was consistent with sea level oscillations with 20ky, 41ky, 53ky, 95ky and 100ky periodicities, within 5% of the Milankovitch lines predicted by recent astronomical calculations. Computer simulations showed that the Latemar cyclostratigraphy could be quantitatively reproduced using Milankovitch-controlled sea level oscillations.

Awards and honors

Francis J. Pettijohn Medal for Sedimentology, from the Society for Sedimentary Geology, 2003.

• Francis J. Pettijohn Medal for Sedimentology, from the Society for Sedimentary Geology, 2003. As described by SEPM "The Francis J. Pettijohn Medal for Sedimentology is awarded in recognition of Excellence in Sedimentology. Nominees for the medal will be persons who have a significant record of outstanding contributions in sedimentary geology, including all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Recognition is not to be limited to members of the Society or other professional organizations, nor to citizens of any one country."
• Selected by the Student Council of Johns Hopkins University as one of the top ten teachers in the School of Arts & Sciences in 1998.
• Oualline Distinguished Scholar at University of Texas, Austin, 1995.
• The "Hardie Teaching Laboratory", in Olin Hall at JHU has been dedicated in 2014. This teaching, demonstration, and specimen room was used by Lawrie for his classes since Olin Hall was built in 1980-81, and contains many of his geological samples.
• One of the annual Krieger School's Dean's Undergraduate Research Awards at JHU has been named after him, 2014.
• The Lawrence A. Hardie Memorial Fund in Earth and Planetary Sciences at JHU, 2014.
• Lawrence A. Hardie Commemorative Session, Geological Society of America meeting in Baltimore, MD, November 1–4, 2015.

References

Selected publications

1960's

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1962). "The Fault-Pattern of Coastal Natal: an Experimental Reproduction". Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa. 65: 203–206.

• Hardie, Lawrence A.; Munoz, James L.; Donnay, Gabrielle; Donnay, J. D. H. (1964). "Morphological analysis of hodgkinsonite". American Mineralogist. 49: 415–420.

• Mason, Brian; Donnay, Gabrielle; Hardie, Lawrence A (1964). "Ferric tourmaline from Mexico". Science. 144 (3614): 71–73.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1967). "The gypsum-anhydrite equilibrium at one atmosphere pressure". The American Mineralogist. 52: 171–200.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1968). "The origin of the recent non-marine evaporite deposit of Saline Valley, Inyo County, California". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 32 (12): 1279–1301.

1970's

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Eugster, Hans P (1970). "The evolution of closed-basin brines". Mineral. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap (3): 273–290.

• Hardie, Lawrence; Eugster, Hans P (1971). "The depositional environment of marine evaporites: a case for shallow, clastic accumulation". Sedimentology (6): 187–200.

• Bosellini, Alfonso; Hardie, Lawrence A (1973). "Depositional theme of a marginal marine evaporite". Sedimentology. 20 (1): 5–27.

• Eugster, Hans P; Hardie, Lawrence A (1975). "Sedimentation in an ancient playa-lake complex: the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation of Wyoming". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 86 (3): 319–334.

• Ginsburg, Robert N; Hardie, Lawrence A (1975). Tidal and storm deposits, northwestern Andros Island, Bahamas. Vol. 22. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 201–208.

• Reinhardt, Juergen; Hardie, Lawrence A (1976). "Selected examples of carbonate sedimentation, Lower Paleozoic of Maryland". Maryland Geological Survey Guidebook (5).

• Monty, CLV; Hardie, Lawrence A (1976). "The Geological Significance of the Freshwater Blue-Green Algal Calcareous Marsh". Developments in sedimentology. 20: 447–477.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1977). Sedimentation on the modern carbonate tidal flats of northwest Andros Island, Bahamas. Vol. 22. Johns Hopkins University Press.

• Eugster, Hans P; Hardie, Lawrence A (1978). "Saline lakes". Lakes. Springer-Verlag: 237–293.

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Smoot, Joseph P.; Eugster, Hans P. (1978). "Saline lakes and their deposits: a sedimentological approach". Modern and Ancient Lake Sediments. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication No. 2: 7–42.

1980's

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Eugster, Hans P. (1980). "Evaporation of seawater: calculated mineral sequences". Science. 208 (4443): 498–500.
• Demicco, Robert V; Hardie, Lawrence A (1981). "Patterns of platform and off-platform carbonate sedimentation in the upper Cambrian of the central Appalachians and their implications for sea level history". Short Papers for the 2nd International Symp. on the Cambrian System 1981, U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 81-743 (81–743): 67–70. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |journal= at position 68 (help)
• Hardie, Lawrence A (1983). "Origin of CaCl2 brines by basalt-seawater interaction: Insights provided by some simple mass balance calculations". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 82 (2–3): 205–213.
• Hardie, Lawrence A (1984). "Evaporites; marine or non-marine?". American Journal of Science. 284 (3): 193–240.
• Hardie, Lawrence A; Lowenstein, Timothy K; Spencer, Ronald J (1985). "The problem of distinguishing between primary and secondary features in evaporites". Sixth Int. Symposium on Salt 1983, Alexandria, Va., The Salt Institute. 1: 11–39. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |journal= at position 35 (help)
• Lowenstein, Timothy K; Hardie, Lawrence A (1985). "Criteria for the recognition of salt‐pan evaporites". Sedimentology. 32 (5): 627–644.
• Hardie, Lawrence A; Shinn, E A (1986). "Carbonate depositional environments: modern and ancient". Part 3: Tidal flats. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly. 81 (1): 7–35.
• Hardie, Lawrence A; Bosellini, Alfonso; Goldhammer, Robert K (1986). "Repeated subaerial exposure of subtidal carbonate platforms, Triassic, northern Italy: evidence for high frequency sea level oscillations on a 104 year scale". Paleoceanography. 1 (4): 447–457.
• Bosellini, A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1986). "Facies e cicli della Dolomia Principale delle Alpi Venete". Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital. 30: 245–266.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1987). "Dolomitization; a critical view of some current views". Journal of sedimentary research. 57 (1): 166–183.

• Goldhammer, Robert K; Dunn, Paul A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1987). "High frequency glacio-eustatic sealevel oscillations with Milankovitch characteristics recorded in Middle Triassic platform carbonates in northern Italy". American Journal of Science. 287 (9): 853–892.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1989). "Cyclic platform carbonates in the Cambro-Ordovician of the central Appalachians: Field Trip Guidebook T161". 28th International Geol. Congress: 51–88.

1990's

• Goldhammer, Robert K; Dunn, Paul A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1990). "Depositional cycles, composite sea level changes, cycle stacking patterns and the hierarchy of stratigraphic forcing: Examples form the platform carbonates of the Alpine Triassic". Geol. Soc. America Bull. 102: 535–562.

• Hardie, Lawrence A. (1990). "The roles of rifting and hydrothermal CaCl 2 brines in the origin of potash evaporites; an hypothesis". American Journal of Science. 290 (1): 43–106.

• Wilson, Edith Newton; Hardie, Lawrence A; Phillips, Owen M (1990). "Dolomitization front geometry, fluid flow patterns, and the origin of massive dolomite: the Triassic Latemar buildup, northern Italy". American Journal of Science. 290 (7): 741–796.

• Goldhammer, Robert K; Dunn, Paul A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1990). "Depositional cycles, composite sea-level changes, cycle stacking patterns, and the hierarchy of stratigraphic forcing: examples from Alpine Triassic platform carbonates". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 102 (5): 535–562.

• Spencer, Ronald J; Hardie, Lawrence A (1990). "Control of seawater composition by mixing of river waters and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal brines". In Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H.P. Eugster, Spec. Publ. No. 2, ed. R.J. Spencer and I-M Chou, San Antonio, Geochemical Society: 409–419. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |journal= at position 41 (help)

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1991). "On the significance of evaporites". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 19: 131–168.

• Zempolich, William G; Hardie, Lawrence A (1991). "Massive burial dolomitization: The Jurassic Vajont Oolite of northeast Italy". Dolomieu Conference on Carbonate Platforms and Dolomitization, Ortisei, The Dolomites, Italy: 297.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1991). "On the origin and significance of high frequency depositional cycles in shallow carbonate platforms". Dolomieu Conference on Carbonate Platforms and Dolomitization, Ortisei, The Dolomites, Italy: 102–103.

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Wilson, E Newton; Goldhammer, Robert K (1991). "Cyclostratigraphy and dolomitization of the Middle Triassic Latemar buildup, the Dolomites, northern Italy". Guidebook, Excursion F, Dolomieu Conference on Carbonate Platforms and Dolomitization, Ortisei, The Dolomites, Italy: 56.

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Dunn, Paul A; Goldhammer, Robert K (1991). "Field and Modelling Studies of Cambrian Carbonate Cycles, Virginia Appalachians: DISCUSSION". Journal of Sedimentary Research: 61.

• Goldhammer, Robert K; Harris, Mark T; Dunn, Paul A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1993). "Sequence stratigraphy and system tract development of the Latemar platform, Middle Triassic of the Dolomites (northern Italy): Outcrop calibration keyed to cycle stacking patterns". In Loucks, R.G. and Sarg, J.F. (eds.) Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy, Recent Developments and Applications, AAPG Memoir. 57: 353–388.

• Demicco, Robert V; Hardie, Lawrence A (1994). "Sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features of shallow marine carbonate deposits". SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Atlas Series Number 1.

• Hardie, Lawrence A (1996). "Secular variation in seawater chemistry: An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 my". Geology. 24 (3). Geological Society of America: 279–283.

• McKibben, M A; Hardie, Lawrence A (1997). "Ore-forming brines in active continental rifts". In Barnes, H.L. (ed.) Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York: 877–935.

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Hinnov, Linda A (1997). "Biostratigraphic and radiometric age data question the Milankovitch characteristics of the Latemar cycle (Southern Alps, Italy): Comment and Reply". Geology. 25 (5): 470–472.

• Zempolich, William G; Hardie, Lawrence A (1998). "Geometry of dolomite bodies within deep-water resedimented oolite of the Middle Jurassic Vajont Limestone, Venetian Alps, Italy: Analogs for hydrocarbon reservoirs created through fault-related burial dolomitization". In J. Kupez, J. Gluyas and S. Bloch (eds.), Reservoir Quality Prediction in Sandstones and Carbonates, AAPG Memoir. 69: 127–162.

• Stanley, Steven M; Hardie, Lawrence A (1998). "Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 144 (1). Elsevier: 3–19.

• Stanley, Steven M; Hardie, Lawrence A (1999). "Hypercalcification: paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology". GSA Today. 9 (2): 1–7.

2000's

• Lowenstein, Tim K; Timofeeff, Michael N; Brennan, Sean T; Hardie, Lawrence A; Demicco, Robert V (2001). "Oscillations in Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: Evidence from fluid inclusions". Science. 294 (5544): 1086–1088.

• Preto, Nereo; Hinnov, Linda A; Hardie, Lawrence A; De Zanche, Vittorio (2001). "Middle Triassic orbital signature recorded in the shallow-marine Latemar carbonate buildup (Dolomites, Italy)". Geology. 29 (12): 1123–1126.

• Stanley, Steven M; Ries, Justin B; Hardie, Lawrence A (2002). "Low-magnesium calcite produced by coralline algae in seawater of Late Cretaceous composition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (24): 15323–15326.

• Demicco, Robert V; Hardie, Lawrence A (2002). "The `carbonate factory' revisited: A reexamination of sediment production functions used to model deposition on carbonate platforms". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 72 (6): 849–857.

• Lowenstein, Tim K; Hardie, Lawrence A; Timofeeff, Michael N; Demicco, Robert V (2003). "Secular variation in seawater chemistry and the origin of calcium chloride basinal brines". Geology. 31 (10): 857–860.

• Demicco, Robert V; Lowenstein, Tim K.; Hardie, Lawrence A (2003). "Atmospheric pCO2 since 60 Ma from records of seawater pH, calcium, and primary carbonate mineralogy". Geology. 31 (9): 793–796.

• Cozzi, Andrea; Hardie, Lawrence A (2003). "Third-order depositional sequences controlled by synsedimentary extensional tectonics: evidence from Upper Triassic carbonates of the Carnian Prealps (N.E. Italy)". Terra Nova. 15 (1): 40–45.

• Hardie, Lawrence A. (2003). "Secular variations in Precambrian seawater chemistry and the timing of Precambrian aragonite seas and calcite seas". Geology. 31 (9): 785–788.

• Hardie, Lawrence A. (2003). "Anhydrite and Gypsum". in Middleton, G. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordtrecht, Holland.: 16–19.

• Hardie, Lawrence A. (2003). "Evaporites". in Middleton, G. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordtrecht, Holland.: 257–263.

• Hardie, Lawrence A. (2003). "Sabkha, Salt Flat, Salina". in Middleton, G. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordtrecht, Holland.: 584–585.

• Hardie, Lawrence A; Lowenstein, Tim K (2004). "Did the Mediterranean Sea dry out during the Miocene? A reassessment of the evaporite evidence from DSDP Legs 13 and 42A cores". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 74 (4): 453–461.

• Stanley, Steven M; Ries, Justin B; Hardie, Lawrence A (2005). "Seawater chemistry, coccolithophore population growth, and the origin of Cretaceous chalk". Geology. 33 (7): 593–596.

• Demicco, Robert V; Lowenstein, Tim K; Hardie, Lawrence A; Spencer, Ronald J. (2005). "Model of seawater composition for the Phanerozoic". Geology. 33 (11): 877–880.

• Cozzi, Andrea; Hinnov, Linda A; Hardie, Lawrence A (2005). "Orbitally forced Lofer cycles in the Dachstein Limestone of the Julian Alps (northeastern Italy)". Geology. 33 (10): 789–792.

• Ries, Justin B; Stanley, Steven M; Hardie, Lawrence A (2006). "Scleractinian corals produce calcite, and grow more slowly, in artificial Cretaceous seawater". Geology. 34 (7): 525–528.

• Stanley, Steven M; Ries, Justin B; Hardie, Lawrence A (2010). "Increased production of calcite and slower growth for the major sediment-producing alga Halimeda as the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater is lowered to a 'calcite sea' level". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 1 (6): 16.