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Women in the United States Navy

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Admiral Michelle J. Howard, the first female four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy.[1] She is also the armed forces first African-American woman to achieve four-stars.[2]

Women have served in the United States Navy for over a century. Today, there are over 52,391 women serving on active duty in an array of traditional (administrative, medical, etc.) and non-traditional (aviation, combat systems, special ops, etc.) ratings or careers. Like their male counterparts, female Sailors are expected to adhere to regulations specific to appearance, grooming, and health and physical fitness; however some differences may exist in relation to pregnancy and parenting provisions created to help support military families.

History

Pre–World War I

Women worked as nurses for the Navy as early as the American Civil War. The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established in 1908. See United States Navy Nurse Corps for the evolution of the Navy Nurse Corps.

World War I

The increased size of the United States Navy in support of World War I increased the need for clerical and administrative support. Since Naval Reserve Act of 1916 authorizing the enlistment of yeomen did not specify that they had to be male, the Navy was able to induct its first female sailors into the U.S. Naval Reserve. The first woman to enlist in the U.S. Navy was Loretta Perfectus Walsh on 17 March 1917.[3] Women served around the continental U.S. and in France, Guam and Hawaii, mostly as yeomen, but also as radio operators, electricians, draftsmen, pharmacists, photographers, telegraphers, fingerprint experts, chemists, torpedo assemblers and camouflage designers. The women were all released from active duty after the end of the war. See Yeoman (F).

World War II

Main article: WAVES

World War II again brought the need for additional personnel. This time the Navy organized to recruit women into a separate women's auxiliary, labeled Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES). WAVES served in varied positions around the continental U.S. and in Hawaii. See WAVES.

WAVES Recruiting poster
WAVES Recruiting poster
WAVES Recruiting poster
WAVES Recruiting posters

Korean War era

Women in the Naval Reserve were recalled along with their male counterparts for duty during the Korean War.

Vietnam War era

Nurses served aboard the hospital ship USS SANCTUARY. Nine non-nurse Navy women served in country, however no enlisted Navy women were authorized.

Women in the Navy since 1972

U.S. Navy Rear Adm. Robin Braun, Commander, Navy Recruiting Command.

Major changes occurred for Navy women in the 1970s. CAPT Alene B. Duerk, NC, Director of the Navy Nurse Corps since 1968, was spot promoted to Flag rank in 1972, the first female naval officer to be appointed to flag rank. She was followed in 1976 by RADM Fran McKee as the first female unrestricted line officer appointed to flag rank. During this time, women began to enter the surface warfare and aviation fields, gained access to officer accession programs previously open only to men, and women started to screen for command opportunities ashore.[4]

Officer Accession Programs

The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) was opened to women in 1972 and the first woman was commissioned from a ROTC program in 1973. The Women Officer School (WOS), Newport, RI, was disestablished in 1973, and Officer Candidate School (OCS) training was integrated to support men and women. The United States Naval Academy, along with the other military academies, first accepted women in 1976 and commissioned its first female graduates in 1980. Women also began attending Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) in 1976.[4]

Surface warfare

In 1972 the pilot program for assignment of officers and enlisted women to ships was initiated onboard USS SANCTUARY (AH-17). In 1978 Congress approved a change to Title 10 USC Section 6015 to permit the Navy to assign women to fill sea duty billets on support and noncombatant ships. The Surface Warfare community opened to women. In 1979, the first woman obtained her Surface Warfare Officer (SWO) qualification.[4]

Aviation

In 1973 the Secretary of the Navy announced the authorization of naval aviation training for women. LTJG Judith Neuffer was the first woman selected for flight training. In 1974, the Navy became the first service to graduate a woman pilot, LT Barbara Allen Rainey, followed closely by classmates Judith Neuffer, Ana Marie Fuqua, Rosemary Bryant Mariner, Jane Skiles O'Dea and Joellen Drag.[4]

In 1979 the Naval Flight Officer (NFO) program opened to women. In 1979, LT Lynn Spruill became the first woman Naval aviator to obtain carrier qualification.

Submarines

On 29 April 2010, the Department of the Navy announced authorization of a policy change allowing women to begin serving onboard Navy submarines.[5][6] The new policy and plan was set to begin with the integration of female Officers. A group of up to 24 female Officers (three Officers on each of eight different crews)[6] were scheduled to enter the standard nuclear submarine training pipeline in July 2010[7] – and expected to report to submarine duty by late 2011 or early 2012.[6] Integration of Enlisted females into submarine crews is expected to begin soon thereafter.[7][8]

Initial candidates for female Submarine Officer positions were highly qualified selects from accession sources that include the Naval Academy, Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps, STA-21 program and Officer Candidate School, with transfers possible for those from other Unrestricted Line Officer communities.[7] A group of up to eight female Supply Corps Officers was also expected to complete requisite training and begin submarine service in the same time frame.[6][7]

Initial assignments for female submariners were on the blue and gold crews of selected guided-missile submarines (SSGNs) and ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs). Two submarines of each type served as the inaugural vessels.[6][7]

The first group of U.S. female submariners completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[9]

In 2012, it was announced that 2013 would be the first year women will serve on U.S. attack submarines.[10]

On 22 June 2012, a Sailor assigned to USS Ohio (SSGN 726) became the first female supply officer to qualify in U.S. submarines. Lt. Britta Christianson of Ohio's Gold Crew received her Submarine Supply Corps "dolphins" from the Gold Crew Commanding Officer Capt. Rodney Mills during a brief ceremony at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (PSNS & IMF).[11]

On 5 December 2012, three Sailors assigned to USS Maine (SSBN 741) and USS Wyoming (SSBN 742) became the first female unrestricted line officers to qualify in U.S. submarines.[12] Lt. j.g. Marquette Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colo., assigned to the Gold Crew of Wyoming, and Lt. j.g. Amber Cowan and Lt. j.g. Jennifer Noonan [ROTC Cornell University], a native of Scituate MA, both of Maine's Blue Crew received their submarine "dolphins" during separate ceremonies at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Ga., and Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Wash.[12]

In 2013, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus said that the first women to join Virginia-class attack subs had been chosen: They were newly commissioned female officers scheduled to report to their subs in fiscal year 2015.[13]

Timeline of women in the United States Navy

Year Milestone
1908 Congress established the Navy Nurse Corps.[14]
1917 Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels announced that the Navy would enlist women on 17 March.[14]
1917 Loretta Perfectus Walsh became the first woman to enlist in the Navy on 17 March.[3]
1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Public Law 689 creating the Navy’s women reserve program on 30 July 1942.[14]
1942 Lieutenant Commander Mildred H. McAfee, USNR, Director of the WAVES, became the Navy’s first female Line Officer.[14]
1944 Lieutenant Harriet Ida Pickens and Ensign Frances Wills were commissioned as the first African-American female Navy officers.[14]
1944 Sue Dauser, the Director of the Navy Nurse Corps, became the first female Captain in the United States Navy.[15]
1948 On 15 October 1948, the first eight women were commissioned in the regular Navy: Joy Bright Hancock, Winifred Quick Collins, Ann King, Frances Willoughby, Ellen Ford, Doris Cranmore, Doris Defenderfer, and Betty Rae Tennant took their oaths as naval officers.[16]
1959 Yeoman Anna Der-Vartanian was the first woman in the Navy promoted to Master Chief Petty Officer, and the first female in the United States Armed Services promoted to E-9.[17]
1961 Lieutenant Charlene I. Suneson became the first line WAVES officer to be ordered to shipboard duty.[18]
1972 The first promotion of a woman in the United States Navy to flag rank occurred in 1972 for Alene Duerk.[19]
1974 Lieutenant Junior Grade Barbara Ann (Allen) Rainey became the first Navy woman to earn her wings on 22 February 1974.[20]
1974 The first women were commissioned through NROTC.[21]
1976 Alene Duerk, Director of the Navy Nurse Corps, became the first female appointed to the rank of Rear Admiral in the Navy making her position a flag billet in 1972.[20]
1976 The first women began to attend the United States Naval Academy.[18]
1978 Navy Nurse Joan C. Bynum became the first black woman promoted to the rank of Captain.[20]
1978 Women were authorized to serve on tenders, oilers, and other types of auxiliary ships in the Navy.[20]
1980 The first class of women graduated from the Naval Academy. There were 81 women in the class of 1980 at the Naval Academy, and 55 of them graduated. Elizabeth Belzer was the first female graduate and Janie L. Mines was the first black female graduate.[20]
1990 Rear Admiral Marsha J. Evans became the first woman to command a Naval Station.[22]
1990 Lieutenant Commander Darlene Iskra became the first Navy woman to command a ship, USS Opportune (ARS-41).[23]
1996 Patricia Tracey became the first female three star officer (Vice Admiral) in the Navy.[24]
1998 CDR Maureen A. Farren became the first woman to command a combatant ship in the Navy.[22]
1998 Lillian Fishburne became the first African-American woman promoted to flag rank in the Navy.[22]
2010 Nora Tyson became the first woman to command a carrier strike group in the Navy.[25]
2011 The first group of female submariners in the Navy completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[9]
2012 Commander Monika Washington Stoker became the first African American woman to take command of a Navy missile destroyer.[26]
2012 Five "Tigertails" of Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron One Two Five (VAW-125), embarked aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) as part of Carrier Air Wing Seventeen (CVW-17), flew an historic flight on 25 January when they participated in the Navy's first all-female E-2C Hawkeye combat mission.[27]
2012 On 22 June 2012, a Sailor assigned to USS Ohio (SSGN 726) became the first female supply officer to qualify in submarines in the Navy. Lt. Britta Christianson of Ohio's Gold Crew received her Submarine Supply Corps "dolphins" from the Gold Crew Commanding Officer Capt. Rodney Mills during a brief ceremony at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (PSNS & IMF).[11]
2012 On 5 December 2012, three Sailors assigned to USS Maine (SSBN 741) and USS Wyoming (SSBN 742) became the first female unrestricted line officers to qualify in submarines in the Navy.[12] LTJG Marquette Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colo., assigned to the Gold Crew of Wyoming, and LTJG Amber Cowan and LTJG Jennifer Noonan [ROTC Cornell University], a native of Scituate MA, both of Maine's Blue Crew received their submarine "dolphins" during separate ceremonies at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Ga., and Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Wash.[12]
2014 Michelle J. Howard became the first female four-star admiral in the Navy.[1]
2014 In July 2014, Marine Corps Captain Katie Higgins became the first female pilot to join the Blue Angels, the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron. She pilots the team's KC-130 Hercules support aircraft, "Fat Albert."[28]
2015 In 2015 Nora Tyson was installed as the new commander of the Navy’s Third Fleet, making her the first woman to lead a Navy ship fleet.[29][30]

Careers

In the Navy, women are currently eligible to serve in all ratings. In 2013 Leon Panetta removed the U.S. military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning a 1994 rule prohibiting women from being assigned to smaller ground combat units. Panetta's decision gave the U.S. military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it.[31][32]

The former policy set by Congress and the Secretary of Defense, effective 1 October 1994, excluded women from direct ground combat billets in the military, stating:

"Service members who are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground as defined below. "Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew-served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile force's personnel. Direct combat take place well forward on the battlefield while locating and closing with the enemy to defeat them by fire, maneuver, or shock effect." However, qualified and motivated women are encouraged to investigate the diver and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) fields."
Aviation Ordnanceman loading a missile
Quartermaster Seaman Apprentice
Boatswain's Mate
Sonar Technician
Careers in the Navy

Dress

  • A certified maternity uniform is mandatory for all pregnant servicewomen in the Navy when the regular uniform no longer fits.

Grooming Standards

  • Hair: The Navy deems that hairstyles shall not be "outrageously multicolored" or "faddish," to include shaved portions of the scalp (other than the neckline), or have designs cut or braided into the hair. Hair coloring must look natural and complement the individual. Haircuts and styles shall present a balanced appearance. Lopsided and extremely asymmetrical styles are not authorized. Ponytails, pigtails, widely spaced individual hanging locks, and braids that protrude from the head, are not authorized. Multiple braids are authorized. Braided hairstyles shall be conservative and conform to the guidelines listed herein. When a hairstyle of multiple braids is worn, braids shall be of uniform dimension, small in diameter (approx. 1/4 inch), and tightly interwoven to present a neat, professional, well-groomed appearance. Foreign material (i.e., beads, decorative items) shall not be braided into the hair. Short hair may be braided in symmetrical fore and aft rows (cornrowing) that minimize scalp exposure. Cornrow ends shall not protrude from the head, and shall be secured only with inconspicuous rubber bands that match the color of the hair. Appropriateness of a hairstyle shall also be judged by its appearance when headgear is worn. All headgear shall fit snugly and comfortably around the largest part of the head without distortion or excessive gaps. Hair shall not show from under the front of the brim of the combination hat, garrison, or command ball caps. Hairstyles which do not allow headgear to be worn in this manner, or which interfere with the proper wear of protective masks or equipment are prohibited. When in uniform, the hair may touch, but not fall below a horizontal line level with the lower edge of the back of the collar.
  • Cosmetics: The Navy prefers that cosmetics be applied in good taste so that colors blend with natural skin tone and enhance natural features. Exaggerated or faddish cosmetic styles are not authorized and shall not be worn. Care should be taken to avoid artificial appearance. Lipstick colors shall be conservative and complement the individual. Long false eyelashes shall not be worn when in uniform.
  • Tattoos: Navy policy stipulates that any tattoo/body art/brand that is obscene, sexually explicit or advocates discrimination of any sort is prohibited. No tattoos/body art/brands on the head, face, neck, or scalp and individual tattoos/body art/brands exposed by wearing a short sleeve uniform shirt shall be no larger in size than the wearer’s hand with fingers extended and joined with the thumb touching the base of the index finger.
  • Jewelry: Conservative jewelry is authorized for all personnel and shall be in good taste while in uniform. Eccentricities or faddishness are not permitted. Jewelry shall not present a safety or FOD (Foreign object damage) hazard. Jewelry shall be worn within the following guidelines
  • Earrings: Earrings for women are an optional item, and are not required for wear. When worn the earring shall be a 4-6mm ball (gold for officers/CPOs, and silver for E-6 and below), plain with brushed, matte finish, screw-on or post type. Pearl earrings may be worn with Dinner Dress or Formal uniforms.
  • Rings: While in uniform, only one (1) ring per hand is authorized, plus a wedding/engagement ring set. Rings are not authorized for wear on thumbs.
  • Necklaces: While in uniform, only one (1) necklace may be worn and it shall not be visible.
  • Bracelets: While in uniform, only one (1) of each may be worn. Ankle bracelets are not authorized while in uniform.
  • Fingernails: Fingernails for women shall not exceed 1/4 inch beyond the end of the finger. They shall be kept clean. Nail polish may be worn, but colors shall be conservative and complement the skin tone.

Health & Fitness Standards

The Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA) is conducted twice a year for all sailors, which includes:

  • Body Composition Assessment (BCA). Body composition is assessed by:
  • An initial weight and height screening
  • A Navy-approved circumference technique to estimate body fat percentage

Physical Readiness Test (PRT). PRT is a series of physical activities designed to evaluate factors that enable members to perform physically. Factors evaluated are:

  • Muscular strength and endurance via:
  1. Curl-ups
  2. Push-ups
  • Aerobic capacity via:
  1. 1.5-mile run/walk, or
  2. 500-yard or 450-meter swim

PT Fitness Standards (NSW/NSO programs only):

  • The PST consists of five (5) events:
  1. 500-yard swim (using sidestroke or breaststroke)
  2. Push-Ups (as many as possible in 2-minutes)
  3. Sit-Ups (as many as possible in 2-minutes)
  4. Pull-Ups (as many as possible, no time limit)
  5. 1 ½ mile run

Marriage

Spouse co-location assignments are fully supported by the Chief of Naval Personnel and when requested become the highest priority and main duty preference consistent with the needs of the Navy. While not always possible, every effort, within reason, will be made for military couples and family members to move & serve together. Co-op assignments are not guaranteed.

The service member requesting transfer to join with his/her spouse or family member must have a minimum of one year on board his/her present command at the time of transfer.

Military couples may not be permanently assigned to the same ship or the same shipboard deployable command. For shore assignments, the couple will not assign to the same reporting senior without the gaining CO’s approval. Unusual circumstances may require a couple being temporarily assigned to the same afloat activity, which is allowable at the CO’s discretion.[33]

Pregnancy & Parenting Resources

  • Pregnant servicewomen may remain onboard up to their 20th week of pregnancy.
  • An extension of up to one year may be granted in order to receive maternity benefits, provided the member’s performance has been satisfactory and first term Sailors have PTS approval.
  • No later than 6 months after being returned to full duty by a HCP, the servicewoman is required to take the PFA and conform to acceptable height/weight standards.
  • No servicewomen may be assigned overseas or travel overseas after the completion of the 28th week of pregnancy.
  • The New Parent Support Home Visitation Program (NPSHVP) is a team of professionals providing supportive and caring services to military families with new babies. Navy families and other military families expecting a child or with children up to three years of age are assessed to determine if they need help managing the demands of a new baby. In the program, new Moms and Dads can be referred to community new baby programs and are eligible to participate in a voluntary home visitation program, free of charge. The New Parent Support Home Visitation Program was developed to assist military families in ways that friends and family would do if you were back home. This program offers expectant parents and parents of newborn and young children the opportunity to learn new skills as parents and to improve existing parenting skills, in the privacy of their own home.[34]

Controversy

Pregnancy

In her 1995 book, Jean Zimmerman reported that there was a perception in the Navy that women sailors use pregnancy to escape or avoid deployed ship duty. In an example cited by Zimmerman, in 1993 as the USS Cape Cod prepared to depart on a deployment cruise, 25 female sailors, out of a crew of 1,500, reported being pregnant shortly before the scheduled departure and were reassigned to shore duty. Although Zimmerman felt that the number of pregnancies was small and should not be regarded as significant, the senior enlisted person on the ship, Command Master Chief Alice Smith rejoined, "Just about every division has been decimated by the number of pregnancies. Now tell me that's not going to hurt a ship."[35] A 1997 study by the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center found that female sailors assigned to ships experienced higher pregnancy and abortion rates than shore-based female sailors.[36]

A Navy policy change in June 2007 extended post-partum tours of duty ashore from 4 months to 12 months. A Virginia Pilot article in October 2007 reported on the Navy's policy decision as a means to improve long term retention of trained personnel. The chief of women's policy for the chief of personnel noted that far more men than women fail to deploy or are sent back from deployment, "because of sports injuries, discipline issues or testing positive for drugs."[37]

In 2009, Andrew Tilghman reported in the Military Times on a Naval Inspector General (IG) report noting that, in the wake of this change, Navy shore commands based in Norfolk reported that 34% of their assigned members were pregnant sailors reassigned from ship duty. Since shore-based assignments for pregnant sailors were extended in 2007, the number of Navy women leaving deploying units to have children rose from 1,770 in June 2006 to 3,125 as of 1 August 2009. Tilghman further reports that Navy Personnel Command is reviewing the report.[38]

Women on Submarines

In July 1994, policy changes were made expanding the number of assignments available to women in the Navy. At this time, repeal of the combat exclusion law gave women the opportunity to serve on surface combatant ships but still excluded assignments for women to serve onboard submarines.[5][6] Previously there had been concern about bringing women onto submarines because living quarters offered little privacy and weren’t considered suitable for mixed gender habitation.[39]

In October 2009, the Secretary of the Navy announced that he and the Chief of Naval Operations were moving aggressively to change the policy.[8] Reasons included the fact that larger SSGN and SSBN submarines now in the Fleet had more available space and could accommodate female Officers with little or no modification. Also, the availability of qualified female candidates with the desire to serve in this capacity was cited. It was noted that women now represented 15% of the Active Duty Navy[8] and that women today earn about half of all science and engineering bachelor’s degrees. A policy change was deemed to serve the aspirations of women, the mission of the Navy and the strength of its submarine force.[5][8]

In February 2010, the Secretary of Defense approved the proposed policy and signed letters formally notifying Congress of the intended change. After receiving no objection, the Department of the Navy officially announced on 29 April 2010, that it had authorized women to serve onboard submarines moving forward.[6]

The first group of U.S. female submariners completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[9]

Admirals

The first promotion of a woman in the United States Navy to flag rank occurred in 1972 for Alene Duerk.[19]

Name Commission Position Community RDML RADM VADM ADM Retired Notes
1 HowardMichelle J. Howard 1982 (USNA) Vice Chief of Naval Operations Surface Warfare 20062006   20102010   20122012   20142014     Currently on active duty.
2 TraceyPatricia A. Tracey 1970 Director, Navy Staff, N09B, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations URL ??   ??   19961996     20042004   First woman to earn third star in the US Navy.
3 RondeauAnn E. Rondeau 1974 (OCS) President, National Defense University Fleet Support 19991999   20022002   20052005     20122012   Retired.
4 BrownNNancy Elizabeth Brown 1974 (OCS) Director for C4 Systems (J6) URL 20002000   20032003   20062006     20092009   Retired.
5 PottengerCarol M. Pottenger 1977 (ROTC) Deputy Chief of Staff for Capability and Development, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Surface Warfare 20032003   20072007   20102010     20132013   Retired.
6 DeRenziNanette M. DeRenzi 1984 (ROTC) Judge Advocate General of the Navy JAG 20092009  [40] 20092009   20122012       Currently on active duty.
7 BraunRobin Braun 1980 Chief of Navy Reserve/Commander, Navy Reserve Force Reserve, Naval Aviator 20072007   20112011   20122012       Currently serving. 1st female commander of the Navy Reserve.
8 TysonNora W. Tyson 1979 (OCS) Deputy Commander, U. S. Fleet Forces Command Naval Flight Officer 20072007   20112011   20132013       First woman to command a carrier strike group.
9 TigheJan Tighe 1984 (USNA) Commander, U.S. Fleet Cyber Command, Commander U. S. 10th Fleet IDW/Crypto 20102010   20132013   20142014       First female IDW flag officer. First woman to command a numbered fleet.
10 McKeeFran McKee 1950 Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Human Resource Management URL 19761976   19781978       19811981   First woman line officer promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy. Second woman promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy
11 HazardRoberta L. Hazard 1960 Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, Personnel Readiness and Community Support 1989–1992 URL 19841984   19881989       19921992   First woman to command a Navy training command (NTC San Diego 1982).
12 EvansMarsha J. Evans 1967 Superintendent of the Naval Postgraduate School 1995–1998 Fleet Support 19921992   19961996       19981998   Retired.
13 EngelJoan Marie Engel 1969 18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1994–1998 SHCE (Nurse Corps) 19941994   19971997       20002000   18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
14 McGannBarbara E. McGann 1970 (OCS) Provost, Naval War College 2000–2002 URL 19941994   19981998       20022002   Notes.
15 FromanVeronica Froman 1970 Director, Ashore Readiness, Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.c. 2000 – 2001 Fleet Support 19951995   19991999       20012001   First woman commander of Navy Region Southwest (aka "Navy Mayor of San Diego"), 1997–2000.
16 PotterBonnie Burnham Potter 1975 (OIS) Fleet Surgeon, U.S. Atlantic Fleet 1999– Medical Corps 19971997   20002000       20032003   First female physician to become a flag officer in the military.
17 PaigeKathleen Paige 1971 Program Director, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense 2003–2005 Engineering Duty Officer 19961996   20012001       20052005   Retired.
18 HarmeyerKaren A. Harmeyer 1975 Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations, N093R, Washington, D.C. SHCE (Nurse Corps) 19971997   20012001       20022002   Retired. 1st female two-star in the Reserves.
19 MartinKathleen L. Martin 1973 (OIS) Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy/ Vice Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2002–2005 SHCE (Nurse Corps) 19981998   20012001       20052005   19th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps from August 1998 to August 2001. First Nurse Corps officer to be assigned to the position of Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy.
20 BrownA Annette E. Brown 1974 (OCS) Commander, Navy Region Southeast (2002) Fleet Support 19991999   20022002      20052005   Retired.
21 BirdLinda J. Bird 1974 (OCS) Director, Supply, Ordnance and Logistics Operations Division, N41 2003–2005 Supply Corps 19991999   20032002?       20052005   Retired.
22 MorrisElizabeth M. Morris 1973 (OIS) Deputy Chief for Reserve Affairs at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2005–2006? SHCE (Nurse Corps) 20002001   20042004       20062006   Retired.
23 LescavageNancy J. Lescavage 1972 (OIS) Senior Health Care Executive Regional Director, TRICARE Regional Office – West SHCE (Nurse Corps) 20032003   20042004       2009?   Retired.20th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
24 CrispDonna L. Crisp 1974 (OCS) Commander, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command URL 20012001   20052005         Retired.
25 GilbrideAnn D. Gilbride 1978 (OCS) Director, National Maritime Intelligence Center Reserve 20032003   20062006       ?  ?   Retired.
26 RedpathSharon H. Redpath 1976 (ROTC) Vice Commander, Navy Expeditionary Combat Command, Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group Reserve 20032003   20062006       20092009   Retired
27 HightElizabeth A. Hight 1977 (OCS) Vice Director, Defense Information Systems Agency URL 20032003   20062006        ? ?   Retired. First woman to Command the JTF-GNO, after serving as its Deputy Commander. First woman Vice Director at DISA.
28 Bruzek-KohlerChristine Bruzek-Kohler 1974 Commander, Navy Medicine West, Naval Medical Center San Diego Nurse Corps 20042004   20092009       20102010   Retired. 21st Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
29 HunterChristine S. Hunter 1980 deputy director, TRICARE Management Activity Medical 20042004   20092009         Retired.
30 CarpenterWendi B. Carpenter 1977 (AOCS) Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, Norfolk Reserve 20042004   20082008       20112011   Retired. First female naval aviator promoted to Flag rank.
31 FlahertyKaren Flaherty 1973 (OIS) Deputy Surgeon General of Navy Medicine Nurse Corps 20032003   20082008       2011   Retired. 22nd Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
32 FlandersMoira N. Flanders 1978 (OCS) Director, Inter-American Defense College URL 20052005   20072007         Retired.
33 DussaultKathleen M. Dussault 1979 (OCS) Director, Supply, Ordnance and Logistics Operations Division (OPNAV N41) Supply Corps 20062006   20092009         Retired.
34 HambyJanice M. Hamby 1980 (ROTC) Vice Director for C4 Systems (J6) URL, then Information Professional[41] 20062006   20092009       20122012   Retired.
35 NiemyerElizabeth S. Niemyer 1981 Director, Navy Nurse Corps Nurse Corps 20082008   20102010         Retired. 23rd Director of the Navy Nurse Corps
36 WolfePatricia E. Wolfe 1981 (ROTC) Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group (NAVELSG) Reserve, Supply Corps 20072007   20102010         Retired.
37 CovellCynthia A. Covell 1980 (OCS) Director, Total Force Requirements Division (OPNAV N12) Navy Human Resources Officer 20082008   20112011         Retired.
38 KleinMargaret D. Klein 1981 (USNA) SENIOR ADVISOR TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM Naval Flight Officer 20082008   20112011         82nd Commandant of Midshipmen, USNA – first woman.
39 DanielsSandy L. Daniels 1980 (USNA) SENIOR ADVISOR FOR SPACE TO THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS FOR INFORMATION DOMINANCE (OPNAV N2/N6) Reserve 20072007   20122012         Currently serving.
40 GregoryKatherine L. Gregory 1982 (USNA) COMMANDER, NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, CHIEF OF CIVIL ENGINEERS CEC 20102010   20122012         First female CEC admiral.
41 TrainElizabeth L.Train 1983 (OCS) DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MARITIME INTELLIGENCE-INTEGRATION OFFICE, COMMANDER, OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE Intelligence 20092009   20122012         Currently on active duty.
42 BrownPaula C. Brown 1982 DEPUTY COMMANDER, NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, DEPUTY CHIEF OF CIVIL ENGINEERS CEC 20102010   20132013         Currently on active duty.
43 WagnerElaine C. Wagner 1984 DEPUTY CHIEF, BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY, WOUNDED, ILL AND INJURED Dental Corps 20102010   20132013         Currently on active duty. Chief of the Naval Dental Corps, 2010 – present.
44 Coetzee Althea H. Coetzee 1985 (USNA) DEPUTY DIRECTOR, CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING, DEFENSE PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION POLICY (DPAP), OSD (ACQUISITION TECHNOLOGY & LOGISTICS) Supply Corps 20112011   20142014         Currently on active duty.
45 Donovan Janet R. Donovan 1983 RESERVE DEPUTY JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL JAG 20122012   20142014         Currently serving.
46 HerbMartha E. G. Herb 1979 (OCS) RESERVE DEPUTY COMMANDER, NAVAL INSTALLATIONS COMMAND Reserve 20102010   20142014         currently serving.
47 Huegel Valerie K. Huegel 1980 (OCS) COMMANDER, NAVY EXPEDITIONARY LOGISTICS SUPPORT GROUP Supply Corps 20112011   20142014         Currently on active duty.
48 McCormick-BoyleRebecca J. McCormick-Boyle 1981 Chief of Staff, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Nurse Corps 20112011   20142014         Currently on active duty.
49 KibbenMargaret G. Kibben 1986 (OIS) Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps, deputy chief of Navy Chaplains Chaplain Corps 20102010   20142014         18th Chaplain of the USMC, first female chaplain at USNA.
50 DuerkAlene B. Duerk 1943 Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970–1975 Nurse Corps 19721972         19751975   First woman promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy. Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970–1975.
51 ConderMaxine Conder 1951 Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1975–1979 Nurse Corps 1975 1975         19791979?   Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
52 Shea-BuckleyFrances Shea-Buckley 1951 14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1979–1983 Nurse Corps 19791979         19831983   14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
53 HartingtonPauline Hartington 1953 Commander, Naval Training Center Orlando URL 19811981         19831983?   Second woman line officer selected for flag rank.
54 HopperGrace Hopper 1944 Head, Training and Technology Directorate/Special Advisor to the Commander, Naval Data Automation Command URL? 19831983         19861986   Co-inventor of COBOL. Arleigh Burke class guided missile destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) named for RADM Hopper.
55 NielubowiczMary Joan Nielubowicz 1951 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1983–1987 Nurse Corps 19831983         19871987   Retired. 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
56 HallMary F. Hall 1959 16th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1987–1991 Nurse Corps 19871987         19911991   Retired. Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
57 WilmotLouise C. Wilmot 1964 Commander, Naval Base Philadelphia −1994 URL 19881988         19941994   Retired. First woman to command a naval base.
58 StrattonMariann Stratton 1966 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1991–1994 Nurse Corps 19911991         19941994   Retired. 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
59 IbachMaryanne T. Gallagher Ibach 1964 Reserve Nurse Corps 19901990         19951995   Retired. First Reserve flag officer for Navy Nurse Corps.
60 LaughtonKatharine L. Laughton 1963 Commander, Naval Space Command, Dahlgren, VA 1995–1997 Fleet Support 19931993         19971997   Retired.
61 FacklerNancy A. Fackler 1962 Deputy Director of the Navy Nurse Corps for Reserve Affairs Reserve Nurse Corps 19941994         19971997   retired.
62 BarnesJacqueline O. (Allison) Barnes ???? Director, On-Site Inspection Directorate 1998–2000 Fleet Support 19961996         20002000   Retired.
63 FishburneLillian E. Fishburne 1973 (OCS) Director, Information Transfer Division for the Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control Directorate ?-2001 URL 19981998         20012001   Retired. First African-American woman to achieve flag rank.
64 DrewMarianne B. Drew 1967 Deputy Commander, Navy Personnel Command Reserve, Fleet Support 19981998         20022002   Retired.
65 MarianoEleanor Mariano 1977 White House Physician Medical Corps 20002000         20012001   Retired. First Filipino-American flag officer.
66 LevitreRosanne M. Levitre 1973 (OCS) Director of Intelligence, J2, U.S. Joint Forces Command Intelligence 20002000         20052005   Retired. First Director, Navy Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), FORCEnet. First female Intel officer selected for flag rank in the United States Navy.
67 TurnerCarol I. Turner 1977 Senior Health Care Executive, U.S. Navy Commander, Navy Medicine Support Command Dental Corps 20032003         2008?   Retired. First female Chief of the Naval Dental Corps, 2003–2007.
68 LoewerDeborah Loewer 1976 (OCS) Commander, Mine Warfare Command 2005–2006 Surface Warfare 20032003         20072007   Retired. First warfare-qualified woman selected for flag rank in the United States Navy.
69 DulleaCynthia A. Dullea 1980 (OIS) Deputy Commander, Navy Medicine National Capital Area Reserve 20072007           Retired.
70 YoungMaude Elizabeth Young 1984 (USNA) Director, Systems Engineering National Reconnaissance Office; Commander, SPAWAR Space Field Activity (SSFA), PEO for Space Systems, USN URL 20082008           Retired.
71 Eleanor V. Valentin 1982 Director, Medical Service Corps, Commander, Navy Medicine Support Command, Jacksonville, Florida MSC 20092009           Retired. 16th director of the Medical Service Corps (first female director)
72 GrafRobin L. Graf 1981 (OCS) Deputy Commander, Navy Recruiting Command URL 20092009           Retired.
73 WebberDiane E. H. Webber ? COMMANDER, NAVY CYBER FORCES URL 20092009           Currently on active duty.
74 PhillipsAnn Claire Phillips 1983 (ROTC) Commander, Expeditionary Strike Group Two Surface Warfare 20102010           Retired.
75 HerbertGretchen S. Herbert[42] 1984 (ROTC) Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, Next Generation Enterprise Network (NGEN) URL 20092010           Retired.
76 RykowskiMargaret A. Rykowski 1987 Fleet Surgeon, Third Fleet NNC 20102010           Retired.
77 AdamsSandra E. Adams 1981 (OCS) Deputy Commander, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command URL (SWO) 20112011           Currently on active duty.
78 BonoRaquel C. Bono 1979 DIRECTOR, NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION MEDICAL DIRECTORATE, CHIEF, NAVY MEDICAL CORPS Medical Corps 20112011           Currently on active duty.
79 AndrewsAnnie B. Andrews ?? (ROTC) COMMANDER, NAVY RECRUITING COMMAND Navy Human Resources Officer 20112011           Currently on active duty.
80 JaynesCindy L. Jaynes 1983 (OCS) PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICER FOR AIR ASW, ASSAULT & SPECIAL MISSION PROGRAMS, PEO(A) AMDO 20112011           Currently on active duty.
81 AlvaradoChristina M. Alvarado 1988 Deputy Commander, Navy Medicine East Nurse Corps 20132013           Currently on active duty.
82 BolivarBabette Bolivar COMMANDER, NAVY REGION NORTHWEST EOD 20132013           Currently on active duty.
83 CoePriscilla B. Coe DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY, DEPUTY CHIEF, NAVY RESERVE DENTAL CORPS Dental Corps 20132013           Currently on active duty.
84 FranchettiLisa Franchetti 1985 (NROTC) COMMANDER, U.S. NAVAL FORCES KOREA, COMMANDER, U.S. NAVY REGION KOREA SWO 20132013           Currently on active duty.
85 GrockiAlma M. Grocki 1981 (USNA) DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR FLEET MAINTENANCE, COMMANDER, U.S. PACIFIC FLEET Reserve EDO 20132013           Currently serving.
86 HavenDeborah P. Haven COMMANDER, DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT AGENCY INTERNATIONAL Reserve Supply Corps 20132013           Currently serving.
87 NortonNancy A. Norton 1987 (OCS) DIRECTOR FOR COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS AND CYBER, U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND URL 20132013           Currently on active duty.
88 SweredoskiBarbara Sweredoski 1985 (NROTC) RESERVE DEPUTY, MILITARY PERSONNEL PLANS & POLICY N13R HR 20132013           Currently serving.
89 ThebaudCynthia Thebaud 1985 (USNA) COMMANDER, LOGISTICS GROUP WESTERN PACIFIC, COMMANDER, TASK FORCE 73, SINGAPORE AREA COORDINATOR SWO 20132013           Currently on active duty.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Michelle J. Howard becomes Navy's first female 4-star admiral - Washington Times". m.washingtontimes.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  2. ^ Howard becomes Navy’s first woman, first African American four-star admiral - St. Louis American: Local News. Stlamerican.com (2014-07-01). Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
  3. ^ a b Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katrina Parker, Navy Region Mid-Atlantic Reserve Component Command Public Affairs. "Sailors Honor Life and Legacy of First Female CPO". navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Bureau of Naval Personnel, "History & Firsts". Retrieved 23 October 2009
  5. ^ a b c Commander, Submarine Forces Public Affairs (29 April 2010). "Navy Policy Will Allow Women To Serve Aboard Submarines". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Commander, Submarine Group 10 Public Affairs. "Navy Welcomes Women To Serve In Submarines". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e [1][dead link]
  8. ^ a b c d Navy Office of Information, "Women on Submarines", Rhumblines, 5 October 2009.
  9. ^ a b c Ensign Amber Lynn Daniel, Diversity and Inclusion Public Affairs. "Navy Celebrates Women's History Month". navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  10. ^ "Women to serve on attack submarines in 2013 | WTKR.com". wtkr.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  11. ^ a b Commander, Submarine Group 9 Public Affairs. "First Qualified Female Submarine Supply Officer Receives Supply Dolphins". navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c d "First Qualified Female Submariners Earn Dolphins | Military.com". military.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  13. ^ "http://www.navytimes.com/news/2013/01/navy-mabus-1st-women-selected-attack-submarines-012413/". navytimes.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e "Milestones of Women in the US Navy". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  15. ^ Milestones of Women in the US Navy. History.navy.mil. Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
  16. ^ Ebbert, Jean; and Hall, Marie-Beth; Crossed Currents: Navy Women from WWI to Tailhook [Revised]: Brassey's; 1999.
  17. ^ Daniel, Amber (30 November 2011). "Navy's First Female Master Chief Petty Officer Laid to Rest at Arlington". Navy.mil. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  18. ^ a b Milestones of Women in the US Navy. History.navy.mil. Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
  19. ^ a b "Program Notes | U.S. Navy Music Program" (PDF). April–June 2005. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Milestones of Women in the US Navy". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  21. ^ "Celebrating Character Courage & Commitment – Women's History Month 2014" (PDF). 5 March 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  22. ^ a b c "Milestones of Women in the US Navy". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  23. ^ "Darlene M. Iskra collection: Veterans History Project (Library of Congress)". lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  24. ^ Skaine, R. (1999). Women at War: Gender Issues of Americans in Combat. McFarland. ISBN 9780786481736.
  25. ^ Charlier, Tom (1 August 2010). "Memphian becomes first woman to command Naval carrier strike group". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  26. ^ "First black woman to command Navy missile destroyer is from Greensboro | MyFOX8.com". myfox8.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  27. ^ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class (SW/AW) Rosa A. Arzola, USS Carl Vinson Public Affairs. "Historical All-Female Flight Takes Place Aboard USS Carl Vinson". navy.mil. Retrieved 12 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Stephen Pope (24 July 2014). "Female Pilot Joins Blue Angels". Flying (magazine). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  29. ^ Posted 9:25 PM, July 24, 2015, by Abbey Gibb. "First woman to lead Navy Fleet takes over | FOX5 San Diego – San Diego news, weather, traffic, sports from KSWB". Fox5sandiego.com. Retrieved 25 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Steele, Jeanette (30 July 1965). "1st woman at helm of U.S. ship fleet". SanDiegoUnionTribune.com. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  31. ^ "Women In Combat Ban Removed". Huffington Post. 23 January 2013.
  32. ^ "Panetta to lift ban on women in combat". CBS News.
  33. ^ [2][dead link]
  34. ^ [3][dead link]
  35. ^ Zimmerman, pp. 170–171.
  36. ^ Scarborough, Rowan, "Women in submarines face health issues", Washington Times, 5 April 2010, p. 1.
  37. ^ Wiltrout, Kate, "Navy Strives to Retain Pregnant Sailors", Virginia Pilot, 11 October 2007.
  38. ^ Tilghman, Andrew, "Report outlines pregnancy policy concerns", Military Times, 18 October 2009.
  39. ^ Graham, Ian (11 May 2011). "Submarine Integration a Learning Process, Task Force Leader Says". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  40. ^ DeRenzi never held the rank of rear admiral (lower half) (O-7). She was promoted from captain (O-6) to rear admiral (O-8) when she assumed the duties of Deputy Judge Advocate General in 2009.
  41. ^ "Interview with Director of Operations for Naval Network Warfare Command Rear Admiral Janice M. Hamby". CHIPS Magazine. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  42. ^ "Rear Admiral Gretchen S. Herbert; Commander, Navy Cyber Forces". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.

Further reading

  • Godson, Susan H. (2001). Serving Proudly: A History of Women in the U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-317-6.
  • Ebbert, Jean and Marie-Beth Hall (1999). Crossed Currents: Navy Women in a Century of Change [Third Edition, Revised and Updated]. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-193-6.
  • Ebbert, Jean and Marie-Beth Hall (2002). The First, the Few, the Forgotten: Navy and Marine Corps Women in World War I. Annapolis, MD: The Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-203-X.
  • Sterner, Doris M. (1997). In and Out of Harm's Way: A history of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. Seattle, WA: Peanut Butter Publishing. ISBN 0-89716-706-6.
  • Hancock, Joy Bright Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) (1972). Lady in the Navy A Personal Reminiscence. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-336-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |author link= ignored (|author-link= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Collins, Winifred Quick Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) with Herbert M. Levine (1997). More Than A Uniform: A Navy Woman in a Navy Man's World. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 1-57441-022-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Holme, Jeanne Maj Gen, USAF (Ret) (1972). Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution [Revised Edition]. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. ISBN 0891414509.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Zimmerman, Jean (1995). Tailspin: Women at War in the Wake of Tailhook. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47789-9.

Bibliographies

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