Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman
Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman | |
---|---|
File:Henry Hoolulu Pitman.jpg Portrait of Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman at the Peabody Essex Museum based on a photograph of him taken during his lifetime.[1][2] | |
Born | Hilo, Hawaiʻi, Kingdom of Hawaiʻi | March 18, 1845
Died | February 27, 1863 Parole Camp, Annapolis, Maryland | (aged 17)
Buried | |
Allegiance | United States of America Union |
Service/ | Union Army |
Years of service | 1862–1863 |
Rank | Private |
Unit | 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry |
Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Relations | Benjamin Pitman and Kinoʻoleoliliha (parents) |
Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman (March 18, 1845 – February 27, 1863) was a Hawaiian-American Union Army soldier. Considered one of the "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War", he was among a group of more than one hundred documented Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants who fought in the American Civil War while the Kingdom of Hawaii was still an independent nation.
Born and raised in Hilo, Hawaii, he was the eldest son of Kinoʻoleoliliha, a Hawaiian high chiefess, and Benjamin Pitman, an American pioneer settler from Massachusetts. Through his father's business success in the whaling and sugar and coffee plantation industries and his mother's familial connections to the Hawaiian royal family, the Pitmans were quite prosperous and owned lands on the island of Hawaii and in Honolulu. He and his older sister were educated in the mission schools in Hilo alongside other children of mixed Hawaiian descent. After the death of his mother in 1855, his father remarried to the widow of a missionary, thus connecting the family to the American missionary community in Hawaii. However, following the deaths of his first wife and later his second wife, his father decided to leave the islands and returned to Massachusetts with his family around 1860. He continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury, Boston, where the Pitman family lived for a period of time.
Leaving school without his family's knowledge, he made the decision to fight in the Civil War in August of 1862. Despite his mixed-race ancestry, Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian recruits of the time and enlisted in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, a white regiment. He served as a private in the Union Army fighting in the Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign. In his company, Private Robert G. Carter befriended the part-Hawaiian soldier and wrote in later life of their common experience in the 22nd Massachusetts. Compiled decades afterward from old letters, Carter's account described the details surrounding his final fate in the war. On the march to Fredericksburg, Pitman was separated from his regiment and captured by Confederate guerrilla forces. He was forced to march to Richmond and incarcerated in the Confederate Libby Prison, where he contracted "lung fever" from the harsh conditions of his imprisonment and died on February 27, 1863, a few months after his release on parole in a prisoner exchange. Modern historians consider Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman to be the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War.[3]
For a period of time after the end of the war, the legacy and contributions of Pitman and other documented Hawaiian participants in the American Civil War were largely forgotten except in the private circles of descendants and historians. However, there has been a revival of interest in recent years in the Hawaiian community. In 2010, the service of these "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War" were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu.[1][3]
Early life and family
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%27Hilo_from_the_Bay%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_James_Gay_Sawkins%2C_1852%2C.jpg/250px-%27Hilo_from_the_Bay%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_James_Gay_Sawkins%2C_1852%2C.jpg)
Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman[note 1] was born March 18, 1845, in Hilo, Hawaii, the first son and second child of Benjamin Pitman and Kinoʻoleoliliha.[11][12][note 2] Originally a native of Salem, Massachusetts, Pitman's father was an early pioneer, businessman and sugar and coffee plantation owner on the island of Hawaii, who profited greatly from the kingdom's booming whaling industry in the early 1800s.[14][15] On his father's side, he was a great-grandson of Joshua Pitman (1755–1822), an English-American carpenter on the ship Franklin under Captain Allen Hallett during the American Revolutionary War.[16][17] On his mother's side, Pitman was a descendant of High Chief Kameʻeiamoku, one of the royal twins (with Kamanawa) who advised Kamehameha I in his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands, and also of the early American or English sea captain Harold Cox, who lent his name to Keʻeaumoku II, the Governor of Maui.[12][18][19][20][21] Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was named after his maternal grandfather High Chief Hoʻolulu, who, along with his brother Hoapili, helped conceal the bones of King Kamehameha I in a secret hiding place after his death.[22] In the Hawaiian language, the name "Hoʻolulu" means "to be calm", as a ship in a protected harbor.[23] His siblings were Mary Ann Pitman Ailau (1838–1905), Benjamin Keolaokalani Franklin Pitman (1852–1918) and half-sister Maria Kinoʻole Pitman Morey (1858–1892).[8][12][24][25]
Because of his father's business successes and his mother's royal familial descent, the Pitman family was considered to be quite prosperous and were host to the royal family when they visited Hilo.[26] Besides being one of the leading merchants in town, his father also served the government as district magistrate of Hilo. His mother Kinoʻole had inherited control over much of the lands in Hilo and Ōlaʻa from her own father, and King Kamehameha III had granted her use of the ahupuaʻa of Hilo after her marriage.[27] During his early childhood, the family lived in the mansion that Benjamin Pitman had built in 1840, in an area known as Niopola, one of the favored resort spots of ancient Hawaiian royalty. The Spencer House, as it was later called after Pitman sold it to his business partner Captain Thomas Spencer,[note 3] was later converted into the Hilo Hotel; it was torn down in 1956.[32][33][34] In the 1850s the family moved to the capital of Honolulu where Benjamin Pitman took up banking and built a beautiful two-story house that he named Waialeale ("rippling water") at the corner of Alakea and Beretania Streets.[27]
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Mix_Stanley_-_%27Mrs._Benjamin_Pitman_%28High_Chiefess_Kinoole-o-Liliha%29%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_1849.jpg/220px-John_Mix_Stanley_-_%27Mrs._Benjamin_Pitman_%28High_Chiefess_Kinoole-o-Liliha%29%27%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_1849.jpg)
While in Hawaii, Pitman and his older sister Mary attended Mrs. Wetmore's children's school in Hilo. The school was located at the Wetmores' residence on Church Street. Taught by Lucy Sheldon Taylor Wetmore, the wife of American missionary doctor and government physician Charles Hinckley Wetmore, the two elder Pitman children received their education in English rather than Hawaiian. This was unusual since Hawaiian was the official language of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and all other schools in Hilo were conducted in the Hawaiian language. Mrs. Wetmore taught the children reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic and singing, while also reinforcing the curriculum with a strong adherence to the principles of the Protestant faith. Like the Pitman siblings, many of their classmates were also of half-Hawaiian (hapa-kanaka) descent with a majority of them being Chinese-Hawaiians (hapa-pake).[35][36]
After the death of his mother Kinoʻole in 1855, Pitman's father remarried to Maria Louisa Walsworth Kinney, the widow of American missionary Rev. Henry Kinney. The Kinneys were part of the Twelfth Company of missionaries from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to arrive in 1848. The marriage connected the Pitman children with the American missionary community. They were called "cousins" by the children of the missionaries and considered part of the extended missionary family of Hawaii.[37][8][38] This first stepmother died in 1858 after giving birth to their father's fourth child, a daughter named Maria Kinoʻole (1858–1892).[24][39] The Pitman family returned to Massachusetts in 1860 where his father remarried to his third wife Martha Ball, giving his four children another stepmother.[40][41][42] According to an 1887 biography written by Robert G. Carter, a private who would later serve in the same company as Pitman, he was neglected after his mother's death by his father and stepmother, who "subjected [him] to neglect and treatment, that with his sensitive nature he could not bear".[43] He continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury, Boston, where the Pitman family lived for a period of time.[44][45] The 1860 United States Census registered Pitman under his teacher Solomon Adams as residing and presumably being educated in Newton, also in the Boston area.[7]
Growing into adolescence, he was said to strongly resemble his Hawaiian mother.[43] Robert G. Carter gave a brief description of his appearance in wartime letters first published in 1897:[note 4]
[A] tall, slim boy, straight as an arrow. His face was a perfect oval, his hair was as black as a raven's wing, and his eyes were large and of that peculiar soft, melting blackness, which excites pity when one is in distress. His skin was a clear, dark olive, bordering on the swarthy, and this, with his high cheek bones, would have led us to suppose that his nationality was different from our own, had we not known that his name was plain Henry P. There was an air of good breeding and refinement about him, that, with his small hands and feet, would have set us to thinking, had it not been that in our youth and intensely enthusiastic natures, we gave no thought to our comrades' personal appearance. We can look back now and see the shy, reserved nature of the boy, the dark, melancholy eyes, the sad smile, the sensitive twitching of the lips.[44][45]
American Civil War
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Kingdom of Hawaii under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26, 1861.[47][48] But many Native Hawaiians and Hawaiian-born Americans (mainly descendants of the American missionaries) abroad and in the islands volunteered and enlisted in the military regiments of other states. Individual Native Hawaiians had been serving in the U.S. Navy and Army since the War of 1812, and even more served during the American Civil War.[49] Many Hawaiians sympathized with the Union because of Hawaii's ties to New England through its missionaries and the whaling industries, and the ideological opposition of many to the institution of slavery.[50][51][30]
Enlistment and service
On August 14, 1862, Pitman left school without his family's knowledge and volunteered to serve in the Union Army and fight in the American Civil War.[3] Pitman apparently never informed his family in advance about the choice to join the war because the news of his enlistment was reported back in Hawaii's American missionary community as "Henry Pitman has run away from home and gone [to war]."[37] Carter described Pitman's rationale for enlisting: "In the midst of the clamor of war, when the very air vibrated with excitement, the wild enthusiasm of the crowds, and the inspiring sound of the drum, his Indian nature rose within him. His resolve was made."[43][44][45]
Pitman was a hapa-haole, of part Hawaiian and part Caucasian descent.[note 5] His father was white and his native-born mother was also part Caucasian from her own mother who was the daughter of Captain Cox and a Hawaiian chiefess.[18][35] Despite his mixed-race ancestry, Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian volunteers in this period. Most Native Hawaiians who participated in the war were assigned to colored regiments, but Pitman's fair skin color meant he was able to serve in a white unit, indicating that unit assignment may have been influenced by how dark Hawaiians appeared.[3][30][note 6] Historian Bob Dye and others claimed Pitman was placed in the colored regiments because of his mixed race,[53][1] but regiment records indicate otherwise.[6][5][54]
Pitman served as a private in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Company H.[6][5] This regiment was also named the "Henry Wilson's Regiment" after Col. Henry Wilson, who commanded the unit in 1861. Col. William S. Tilton was the commander during Pitman's brief term of service. The regiment was part of the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac under the command of Major General George B. McClellan. During this period, the regiment fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run[3] and was involved in the Maryland Campaign fighting in the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, and the Battle of Shepherdstown.[55][56][note 7] His regiment was on the march to the Battle of Fredericksburg when Pitman was captured by Confederate troops.[3][55]
Imprisonment and death
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Libby_Prison_by_David_Gilmour_Blythe%2C_1863.jpg/250px-Libby_Prison_by_David_Gilmour_Blythe%2C_1863.jpg)
The most detailed account of Pitman's final fate in the War came from Robert G. Carter. In November 1862, Pitman was captured near Warrenton Junction on the march toward Fredericksburg, Virginia, during the weeks prior to the Battle of Fredericksburg. He had fallen behind the group because his feet had blistered and swollen due to the tightness of "a pair of thin, high-heeled and narrow soled boots" he had purchased. One of his comrades temporarily stayed behind to care for him but later decided to move on with the rest of the camp for fear of disciplinary consequences of falling out without authority. He was urged to move on, but without much success. Pitman's last words to his comrade were, "I will be in camp by night, good by." His fellow soldiers never saw him again and considered him missing. Shortly after he was left, a band of Confederate guerrillas under Col. John S. Mosby captured the weary and defenseless solder without a struggle.[43][44][45] The inscription on his tombstone differs slightly from Carter's account, stating he was captured by J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry instead.[4]
After Pitman's capture, he was marched to Richmond in a weak physical state. He was imprisoned in the Confederate Libby Prison and Belle Isle, which were notoriously harsh prisons. Pitman's letters home described his place of incarceration as the "Pen"[note 8] and "the filthy meat thrown to them as if they were dogs".[2] Carter described how the prisons "wore out the brave spirit" in him.[44][45] During a prisoner exchange, Pitman was released by the Confederate Army at City Point, Virginia, on December 12, 1862, and then sent to Annapolis Parole Camp.[3] [44][45] Suffering from complications due to the conditions of his imprisonment, he contracted "lung fever", which was perhaps pneumonia.[3] Carter wrote later how his friend had "linger[ed] feebly a few weeks, like the flickering of an expiring flame, then quietly pass[ed] away to an eternal life".[44][45] Pitman died at Parole Camp on February 27, 1863, from "lung fever", just weeks short of his eighteenth birthday.[9][13][40][57] According to historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance, Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman "has the unfortunate distinction of being the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War."[3]
Considering him missing, Pitman's regiment didn't discover his final fate until news of his funeral at Roxbury was received in the spring of the following year.[44][45] His remains were returned to his family in Massachusetts after his death in Parole Camp. Benjamin Pitman, his father, had him buried in a family plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery.[3][9][13] On one side of the Pitman family grave marker was placed the inscription:
Timothy Henry Pitman
Born at Hilo, Hawaii
Mar. 18, 1845
Died at Camp Parole
Annapolis, MD, Feb'y 27, 1863
Aged 17 years 11 mos. 9 days
A member of Co. H, 22nd Regt. Mass. Vols., was with his Regiment in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam and Sharpsburg. Was taken prisoner by Stuart's cavalry on the march to Fredricksburg; Imprisoned in Libby Prison, paroled and sent to Camp Parole, Annapolis, and died in camp of pneumonia.[4]
Legacy
The memory of Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was remembered by friends and family members back in Massachusetts and Hawaii. During a return to Hawaii in 1917, his younger brother Benjamin Keolaokalani Franklin Pitman, who became a successful American businessman, and his wife Almira Hollander Pitman, discovered a grandson of a nephew was named Kealiʻi i Kaua i Pakoma (meaning "Chief that fought the Potomac") in honor of his deceased older brother.[58] Similarly, Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman Beckley, the second son of his Hawaiian first cousin George Charles Moʻoheau Beckley, was also named after him.[59][60] Shortly after his death, Pitman was eulogized back in Hawaii by Martha Ann Chamberlain, Corresponding Secretary of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society.[note 9]
Our cousin, Henry Pitman, the first of Hawaii's sons to fall in the war, died at Annapolis Parole Camp, Feb. 27, of lung fever, serving as a soldier in the Union army. His remains were deposited in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, near Boston, Mass. He died in a just cause. Let his memory be embalmed among our band.[57]
After the war, the military services of Hawaiians, including Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman, were largely forgotten, disappearing from the collective memories of the American Civil War and the history of Hawaii. However, in recent years, Hawaiian residents and historians and descendants of Hawaiian combatants in the conflict have insisted on the need to remember "our boys from Hawaii". Renewed interest in the stories of these individuals and this particular period of Hawaiian-American history have inspired efforts to preserve the memories of the Hawaiians who served in the war.[61] On August 26, 2010, on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian Neutrality Proclamation, a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing the "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War", the more than one hundred documented Hawaiians[note 10] who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy. Pitman's great-grandniece Diane Kinoʻole o Liliha Pitman Spieler attended the ceremony. Pitman Spieler stated, "I'm very proud of a young man of his age – he was quite young – who served in the Civil War for his family."[1][64][61]
In 2013, Todd Ocvirk, Nanette Napoleon, Justin Vance, Anita Manning and others began the process of creating a historical documentary about the individual experiences and stories of Hawaii-born soldiers and sailors of the American Civil War, including Pitman, Samuel C. Armstrong, Nathaniel Bright Emerson, James Wood Bush, J. R. Kealoha and many other unnamed combatants of both the Union and the Confederacy.[65][66][67][68] In 2014, Maui-based author Wayne Moniz wrote a fictionalized story based on the lives and Civil War service of Hawaiian soldiers like Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman in his book Pukoko: A Hawaiian in the American Civil War.[69] In 2015, the sesquicentennial of the end of the war, the National Park Service released a publication titled Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War about the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who served during the American Civil War. The history of Hawaii's involvement and the biographies of Pitman, Bush, Kealoha and others were co-written by historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance.[70]
See also
Notes
- ^ His name is given in various ways in the sources. On one side of the Pitman family grave marker at Mount Auburn Cemetery is inscribed "Timothy Henry Pitman" and his enlistment records list him under "Timothy H. Pitman."[4][5][6] In the 1860 United States Census, his name is recorded as "Henry Pitman."[7] In Hawaii, his name was written as "T. Henry Pitman" in the Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, as "Henry Pitman" in his English obituary in The Pacific Commercial Advertiser and as "Henry Hoolulu Pitman (Pikimana)" in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka Nupepa Kuokoa.[8][9][10] His Hawaiian name Hoʻolulu was rarely used during his lifetime, although it has become more prevalent after his death.[3][1]
- ^ Sources differ on his birth year. Peggy Kai presents 1843 as his birth year. The Pitman family marker at Mount Auburn gives March 18, 1845 as his birthdate with the age of death as seventeen years, 11 months, and 9 days. His obituary in Boston's Evening Saturday Gazette stated his age was seventeen years, 11 months, and 7 days. The Honolulu newspaper The Pacific Commercial Advertiser stated he was about twenty years of age when he died.[11][4][9][13]
- ^ During the American Civil War, Captain Thomas Spencer personally funded and drilled a company of infantry composed mostly of Native Hawaiians from Hilo. These volunteers dubbed the "Spencer's Invincibles" offered their services to President Lincoln and the Union. However, in order to avert diplomatic controversy and in defense of the Hawaii's neutrality, King Kamehameha IV and Minister Robert Crichton Wyllie officially denied permission for the men to go as a unit.[28][29][30] When Captain Spencer heard the news, he reportedly bursted into tears.[31]
- ^ The description along with one of the only detailed account of Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman's service in the Civil War was originally written in a letter by an unnamed member of the artillery unit of the 22nd Regiment. Robert G. Carter compiled this and other letters in the 1870s. It was first published serially in the Maine Bugle from 1896 to 1898. In 1913, Carter published the whole work in his book Four Brothers in Blue, Or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion: A Story of the Great Civil War from Bull Run to Appomattox.[46]
- ^ Specifically, he was 3/8 Hawaiian and 5/8 Caucasian.
- ^ During the war, Samuel C. Armstrong, the son of an American missionary in Maui who also enlisted, met two Native Hawaiians named Kealoha and Kaiwi, who were privates in the 41st Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops and 28th Regiment United States Colored Troops, respectively.[30][51][52]
- ^ The inscription on his tombstone also claimed he fought at the Battle of South Mountain.[4]
- ^ The newspaper Hawaiian Gazette speculated in 1910 that the "Pen" referred to Andersonville Prison.[2]
- ^ The three older Pitman children and their half-sister Maria Kinoʻole were lifetime members of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society since their stepmother Maria Louisa Walsworth Kinney and her first husband Rev. William Kinney were both part of the Twelfth Company of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries to arrive in 1848. They were called cousins and considered part of the extended missionary family of Hawaii.[37][8][38]
- ^ As of 2014, researchers have identified 119 documented Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants from historical records. The exact number still remains unclear because many Hawaiians enlisted and served under Anglicized names and little is known about them due to the lack of detailed records.[62][63]
References
- ^ a b c d e Cole, William (May 31, 2010). "Native Hawaiians served on both sides during Civil War". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu.
- ^ a b c "Died in Libby Prison, in Quarrel that Wasn't His'n – Interesting Photograph Recalling the Part Hawaiians Played in the Civil War". The Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. LIII, no. 51. Honolulu. June 28, 1910. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Manning & Vance 2015, pp. 146–149.
- ^ a b c d e Pitman Family Marker, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Mount Auburn Cemetery
- ^ a b c "Soldier Details". National Park Service. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^ a b c Parker & Carter 1887, p. 572.
- ^ a b "1860 United States Census". Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Hawaiian Mission Children's Society 1863, p. 35.
- ^ a b c d "Death". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. VII, no. 48. Honolulu. May 28, 1863. p. 3.
- ^ "Na Mea Hou O Hawaii Nei – Keiki Kupa". Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. II, no. 22. Honolulu. May 30, 1863. p. 2.
- ^ a b Kai 1974, p. 64.
- ^ a b c Pitman 1931, pp. 149–154.
- ^ a b c "Death – Pitman". Evening Saturday Gazette. Vol. XLIX, no. 11. Boston. March 14, 1863. p. 3.
- ^ Merry 2000, pp. 156–163.
- ^ Kuykendall 1965, pp. 307–310.
- ^ DAR 1938, p. 274.
- ^ Massachusetts 1904, p. 445.
- ^ a b McKinzie 1983, pp. 46–47.
- ^ "Ancient Hawaiian Lineage in Bostonian Coming Today". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Vol. XXIV, no. 7737. Honolulu. January 30, 1917. p. 10.
- ^ "Mookuauhau Alii – Na Iwikuamoo o Hawaii Nei Mai Kahiko Mai" (PDF). Ka Makaainana. Vol. VI, no. 5. Honolulu. August 3, 1896. p. 2.
- ^ Kapiikauinamoku (1956). "Peleuli II Brought Up In Kamehamehaʻs Court". in The Story of Maui Royalty. The Honolulu Advertiser, Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library.
- ^ Kuykendall 1965, p. 63.
- ^ Pukui & Elbert 1986, p. 215.
- ^ a b Walworth 1897, p. 96.
- ^ "Death of an Old Kamaaina". Hilo Tribune. Vol. 10, no. 16. Hilo, HI. February 14, 1905. p. 1.
- ^ Kanahele 1999, p. 76.
- ^ a b Pitman 1931, p. 20.
- ^ Dye 1997, p. 77.
- ^ Manning & Vance 2015, pp. 132–135.
- ^ a b c d Vance, Justin W.; Manning, Anita (October 2012). "The Effects of the American Civil War on Hawai'i and the Pacific World". World History Connected. 9 (3). Champaign, IL: University of Illinois.
- ^ Daws 1968, p. 183.
- ^ O'Connor 1997, pp. 208–213.
- ^ Pitman 1931, pp. 74–75.
- ^ "Returning Home After Fifty Years". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Vol. XXIV, no. 7707. Honoulu. December 26, 1916. p. 9.
- ^ a b Kai 1974, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Merry 2000, pp. 174–175.
- ^ a b c Manning & Vance 2014, pp. 161–162.
- ^ a b Hawaiian Mission Children's Society 1901, pp. 86, 88.
- ^ Hawaiian Mission Children's Society 1901, p. 88.
- ^ a b Pitman 1931, p. 21.
- ^ Merry 2000, p. 156.
- ^ Wood, Ben (March 17, 2007). "Museum given manuscript of early Hilo businessman". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Vol. 12, no. 76. Honolulu.
- ^ a b c d Parker & Carter 1887, pp. 215–216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Carter 1897, pp. 139–142.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Carter 1913, pp. 139–142.
- ^ Carter 1913, pp. vii, 204–206.
- ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 57–66.
- ^ Forbes 2001, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Schmitt 1998, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Manning & Vance 2014, pp. 145–170.
- ^ a b Okihiro 2015, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Armstrong, Samuel C. (April 1, 1865). "Extract of a Letter from Col. Armstrong". The Friend. Vol. 22, no. 4. Honolulu. p. 30.
- ^ Dye 1997, p. 80.
- ^ Smith, Jeffrey Allen (August 13, 2013). "The Civil War and Hawaii". The New York Times: Opinionator. New York.
- ^ a b Parker & Carter 1887, pp. 152–221.
- ^ Cox 2013, pp. 101–102.
- ^ a b Hawaiian Mission Children's Society 1863, p. 15.
- ^ "Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin F. Pitman "At Home"". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Vol. XXIV, no. 7753. Honolulu. February 17, 1917. p. 9.
- ^ McKinzie 1983, p. 46.
- ^ DAR 1910, pp. 291.
- ^ a b Manning & Vance 2015, pp. 161–163.
- ^ Davis, Chelsea (October 26, 2014). "Hawaiian Civil War soldier finally recognized". Hawaii News Show.
- ^ Punaboy (June 20, 2015). "Hawai'i Sons of the Civil War". Aloha Valley. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Memorial Plaque". Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ^ Murray, Anthony (July 2, 2013). "Sons Of The Civil War". Midweek Kauai. Honolulu.
- ^ Sodetani, Naomi (February 2013). "Sons of the Civil War". Ka Wai Ola. Vol. 30, no. 2. Honolulu. p. 15.
- ^ Ocvirk, Todd (July 31, 2013). "Hawaii Sons of the Civil War – A Documentary Film". Indiegogo. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ Tanaka, Chris (September 20, 2013). "Hawaii's little known role in the Civil War". Hawaii News Now. Honolulu.
- ^ Pignataro, Anthony (March 18, 2015). "Talking story with author Wayne Moniz about Hawaii's hidden Civil War history". MauiTime. Wailuku.
- ^ Hawaiʻi Pacific University (July 15, 2015). "HPU partners with National Park Service, Hawaii Civil War Round Table for July 17 talk". HPU News.
Bibliography
- Carter, Robert Goldthwaite (1913). Four Brothers in Blue, Or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion: A Story of the Great Civil War from Bull Run to Appomattox. Washington, D.C.: Press of Gibson Bros., Inc.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Carter, Robert Goldthwaite (1897). "Four Brothers in Blue". The Maine Bugle. Vol. 4. Rockland, ME: Maine Association.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Cox, Christopher (2013). History of Massachusetts Civil War Regiments: Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Publishing. ISBN 978-1-304-46992-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Daughters of the American Revolution (1910). Lineage Book, Volume 30. Washington, D.C.: The Society.
- Daughters of the American Revolution (1938). Lineage Book, Volume 163. Washington, D.C.: The Society.
- Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Forbes, David W., ed. (2001). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851-1880. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1863). Eleventh Annual Report of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. Vol. 11. Honolulu: Hawaiian Mission Children's Society.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901). Portraits of American Protestant Missionaries to Hawaii. Honolulu: The Hawaiian Gazette Co.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kai, Peggy (1974). "Chinese Settlers in the Village of Hilo Before 1852". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 39–75. hdl:10524/221.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Manning, Anita; Vance, Justin W. (2014). "Hawaiʻi at Home During the American Civil War". Hawaiian Journal of History. 47. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 145–170. hdl:10524/47259.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Manning, Anita; Vance, Justin W. (2015). "Pacific Islanders and the Civil War". In Shively, Carol A. (ed.). Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War. Washington, D. C.: National Park Service.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Massachusetts. Office of the Secretary of State (1904). Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers.
- McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-28-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Merry, Sally Engle (2000). Colonizing Hawaiʻi: The Cultural Power of Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00932-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - O'Connor, Kaori (1997). "Thomas Spencer and "a Visit to Kīlauea"". Hawaiian Journal of History. 31. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 208–213. hdl:10524/367.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Okihiro, Gary (2015). American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96030-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Parker, John Lord; Carter, Robert Goldthwaite (1887). Henry Wilson's Regiment. History of the Twenty-Second Massachusetts Infantry, the Second Company Sharpshooters, and the Third Light Battery, in the War of the Rebellion. Boston: Regimental Association, Press of Rand Avery Co.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pitman, Almira Hollander (1931). After Fifty Years: An Appreciation, and a Record of a Unique Incident. Norwood, MA: Priv. print., The Plimpton Press.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Schmitt, Robert C. (1998). "Hawaiʻi's War Veterans and Battle Deaths". Hawaiian Journal of History. 32. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 171–174. hdl:10524/521.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Walworth, Clarence Augustus (1897). Walworths of America: Comprising Five Chapters of Family History, with Additional Chapters of Genealogy. Albany, NY: Weed-Parsons Printing Co.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Kam, Ralph Thomas (2009). "Commemorating the Grand Army of the Republic in Hawaiʻi: 1882–1930". Hawaiian Journal of History. 43. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 125–151. hdl:10524/12242.
- "Hawaiians in the Civil War, March 2015" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- "Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War: A Documentary Film". Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- 1845 births
- 1863 deaths
- American people of English descent
- American people of Native Hawaiian descent
- American military personnel of Native Hawaiian descent
- Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
- Kingdom of Hawaii people
- People from Roxbury, Boston
- People of the Kingdom of Hawaii in the American Civil War
- People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
- American Civil War prisoners of war
- Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
- Union Army soldiers
- Deaths from pneumonia